Zamagama Etruscan. Ulimi Etruscan. I zodumo zamagama Etruscan

Izinhlamvu Etruscan iqoqo izinhlamvu owenza ulimi Etruscan, ulimi oluyimfihlakalo kunalo lonke emhlabeni angafundwa kepha ngeke waqonda. Naphezu inani elikhulu izikhumbuzo owaziwa zamagama Etruscan, ababebalelwa kunezinkulungwane zamakhophi abhalwe emhlabeni wonke, ososayensi ungakakwazi ukuxazulula le mfumbe.

Ayengobani Etruscans

I Etruscans - abantu enamandla owayehlala e-Italy ne-9. BC. e., ngaphambi obhekwe amaRoma. State Etruria kwadingeka isakhiwo sikahulumeni futhi lalinabashumayeli emadolobheni ezimele 12. idolobha ngalinye has inkosi yayo imithetho, kodwa ngekhulu lesi-4. BC. e. Izicukuthwane athatha izintambo.

umongo Commercial nezezimboni, State wasekela Etruscans kusukela IGrisi yasendulo (eKorinte), njengoba kufakazelwa izithombe mibhalo. Found eduze Tarquini ubumba urns nezitsha ngemigwalo ukukhombisa ukuhlobana okuseduze phakathi ubuciko Etruscans namaGreki. Ngokusho kweminye imithombo, omunye abadwebi ngesiGreki unamakhono futhi alethwe zamagama. Iqiniso lokuthi zamagama Etruscan ethathwe esiGrekini, futhi uthi ukuma amagugu izinhlamvu zawo.

Sokuthuthwa kwempahla Etruria State

Etruscans State kabanzi ukuthuthukisa ukuhweba nemisebenzi yezimboni. Primorye Territory kusukela Tarquinia kuya ePersian emhlabeni iVesuvius kwaba esilungele amatilosi, ngakho Etruscans wazama wokukhipha amaGreki ukuhweba eMedithera. In the state ezakhiwa kahle ezolimo kanye yezandla. Ubufakazi ukuthuthukiswa ubuciko wokwakha izinsalela nezakhiwo zasendulo emathuneni, imigwaqo nemisele.

Vakaza azi - lukumony - wengamela ukwakhiwa kwemizi, ukwenziwa ezihlanganyela yokufuna yinkazimulo izimpi futhi kuphangwa omakhelwane babo.

Okuningi okukulesi manje kubhekwe ungumRoma bomdabu, eqinisweni, benza Etruscans futhi osungulwe, isibonelo, zethempeli lasendulo eCapitol Hill lakhiwa izingcweti kusukela Etruria. Amakhosi eRoma lasendulo nakho kuvele uhlobo Tarquins, abaningi amagama Latin lathathwa Etruscan, futhi umsuka zamagama kwababekhona ngesikhathi soMbuso WaseRoma, izazi-mlando eziningi futhi udumo Etruscans.

Sokuthuthwa kwempahla Etruria States ebangela 535 BC. e., lapho ibutho abaseCarthage kanye Etruscans ngilinqobile amaGreki, kodwa ngemva kweminyaka embalwa ngenxa nokwehlukaniswa isimo eRoma ngempumelelo ukuthola imizi emisha Etruscan. Ngu phakathi 1st ekhulwini BC. e. isiko lamaRoma ubamba ngokuphelele zendawo ulimi Etruscan isetshenziswa ayisekho.

Ulimi kanye art e Etruria

Ngesikhathi Etruscans ezakhiwa kahle ubuciko: ukukhiqizwa kwe ukubaza zemabula, ubuchwepheshe zethusi ekusakazeni. Esifanekisweni odumile we yena-impisi osancela abasunguli komuzi kukaRomulus futhi Remus, sidalwe ngokunembile izingcweti Etruscan abakufunda amaGreki. Painted ubumba ebaziwe izici walondoloza abantu Etruscan: kancane atshekile amehlo alimondi, nekhala elikhulu, izindebe ezigcwele. Izakhamuzi Etruria zifana kakhulu abakhileyo e-Asia Minor.

Inkolo nolimi Etruscan wehlukile izizwe ezingomakhelwane ngenxa foreignness. Ngisho amaRoma ayikwazanga ukuqonda ulimi. Ukuze ezisekhona isaga lamaRoma 'Etruscan ukufunda »(etruscum non legitur), okuyinto kunqunywa isiphetho zamagama Etruscan.

imibhalo Iningi Etruscan okuye eziye zatholwa abavubukuli ekhulwini leminyaka elidlule kuze - a omngcwabo nemibhalo eqoshiwe okunikezela ku tombstones, isitsha sezimbali, imifanekiso eqoshiwe, izibuko kanye jewelry. Kodwa iyiphi imisebenzi yesayensi noma wezokwelapha (ngokuvumelana kweminye imithombo, ukwelapha izidakamizwa babengabafuni ithuthukiswe Etruria) Cishe iningi ngeke wathola.

Imizamo wokufunda Etruscan kwathatha iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-100. Izazi eziningi ziye wazama ukukwenza esebenzisa isifaniso ne Hungarian, Lithuanian, waseFenike, isiGreki, isi-Finnish ngisho ulimi lwasendulo. Ngokusho kwemibiko yamuva, lolu limi kubhekwa esihlukaniswe nazo zonke ezinye izilimi zaseYurophu.

zamagama Ranneetrussky

Ukuze wokufunda amazwi ngolimi olungaziwa, ososayensi sebeqala ukubona amagama (amagama, iziqu, izihloko) bese wenza ukudluliswa kusuka olimini eyaziwa, uzama ukuthola ukuphindaphindwa kwamagama noma amafomu nokusetshenziswa kolimi. Uqondile Ngakho-syntax kanye nesilulumagama selulwimi i Ukwakheka engaziwa.

Namuhla eminyuziyamu kanye isitoreji izindawo emhlabeni wonke kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-10 eziyinkulungwane. Umbhalo (ku izitsha, phezu kwezitsha, njll ..), Ukusebenzisa zamagama Etruscan. Umsuka izazi zayo ezihlukahlukene zahumusha. Abanye abacwaningi ukuyibiza pelasgskim (prototirrenskim) futhi bakholelwa ukuthi ungaphandle kwazo yena owehla evela pre-Greek, abanye - Doric, laseKorinte, futhi abanye - Chalcis (zapadnogrecheskogo).

Ezinye izazi zisikisela ukuthi kuye ekuphileni kwansuku zonke kwaba ngaphezulu zamagama lasendulo, okuyinto evamile kubhekiselwa kuye ngokuthi "protoetrusskim" kodwa ubufakazi nobe kulwati elotshiwe. I zakudala zamagama Etruscan, ngokuvumelana usosayensi R. Umbazi, cishe, lalinabafundi "ngesiGreki eziningana" futhi yasungulwa ngo 8-7 e. BC. e.

Funda okufakiwe ngolimi Etruscan nendawo kusuka kwesokudla kuya kwesokunxele, ngezinye izikhathi lapho eqoshiwe wenza boustrophedon (umugqa othi "inyoka" yena, omunye - kusukela kwesokudla kuya kwesokunxele, elinye - kusuka kwesokunxele kuya kwesokudla). Amagama kaningi zizalwa zingazange bahlukana.

Lokhu zamagama libizwa severoitaliyskim futhi bakubheka bavela waseFenike noma ngesiGreki, futhi ezinye izincwadi zakhe zifana kakhulu Latin.

zamagama Etruscan ne ukuhumusha kabusha ososayensi ekhulwini le-19. Ukulibiza incwadi ngayinye zamagama Etruscan eyaziwa, futhi yimuphi umfundi ufunde. Nokho, wokufunda ulimi ngenkathi akekho okwaziyo.

Marsiliansky alfabhethi

Ukubhala Etruscans uvele ngaphambi maphakathi nekhulu 7th. BC. E., Futhi butholakala ezinye izinto zasekhaya ngesikhathi abavubukuli: ke emibi imibhalo eyayikulo imikhumbi izinto ezibalulekile ethuneni.

Isibonelo ephelele kunayo zamagama Kwathi lapho ithebhulethi watholakala kusukela Marsiliany de Albegna lapho bemba enkulu yamathuna (manje Archaeological Museum yase-Florence). It is ezenziwe ngetshe lendlovu, usayizi 5x9 cm futhi embozwe izinsalela wax ngamagama Embossed. It kungabonakala 22 izinhlamvu waseFenike (Middle East) kanye 4 zamagama ngesiGreki ekupheleni, 21 yencwadi kanye 5 onkamisa. Incwadi yokuqala kakhulu zamagama - incwadi "A" - kuyinto ngakwesokudla.

Ngaphansi ezizathwini of abacwaningi ipuleti wakhonza njengephayona primer indoda bafundze kubhala. Ukuhlola ke, ososayensi baye baphetha ngokuthi zamagama marsiliansky ethathwe esiGrekini. Ifonti izinhlamvu kuyafana Chalcis.

Okunye ukuqinisekiswa zamagama kuba khona ku vase yayo, lokwatholakala Formello, nomunye eyafunyanwa ethuneni e Cerveteri (manje eminyuziyamu Rome). Bobabili uyathola ezangesikhathi 7-6 eminyaka. BC. e. Umbhalo omunye wabo ngisho has a uhlu amaqoqo (sillabary).

Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-alfabhethi

Ukuze siphendule lo mbuzo, kanjani ukushintsha zamagama Etruscan, kanjani izibonakaliso eziningi ayelapho isiqalo uma inani labo washintsha kamuva, kubalulekile ukulandelela wathola futhi kuchazwe "liveza nokubhala" Izazi.

Sibheka kamuva okutholwe ngemivubukulo inkathi (ukuze 5-3 cc. BC. E.), It sishintsha kancane kancane, lapho kungabonwa ngokuqhathanisa amasampula ku zezinhlangothi Viterbo, Collet et al., Kanye zezilimi of Ruzell futhi Bomarzo.

Esikhathini 5th ekhulwini BC. e. zamagama Etruscan kuye kwadingeka 23 izinhlamvu, t. Ukuze. Ezinye zazo ingaludli ngaphezulu. Ngu-400 BC. e. Wasungula "zakudala 'zamagama ehlanganisa izincwadi 20 kakade:

• 4 onkamisa: uhlamvu A, bese E, ngicabanga;
• 16 ongwaqa: G, U-kohlamvu lokuqala, C, H, Th, L, T, N, P, S (i), R, S, T, Ph, KH, F (ayisishiyagalombili).

Pozdneetrusskie kwakunemibhalo eqoshiwe uyawasebenzisa kakade noma kunjalo: emva indlela "kwesokudla" wasebenzisa boustrophedon esikhathini esizayo ngaphansi kwethonya ulimi lwesiLatini wasebenzisa indlela "kwesokunxele kuya kwesokudla". Khona-ke kukhona imibhalo eyayikulo 2 izilimi (Latin Etruscan +), kanti ezinye izincwadi Etruscan zifana Latin.

zamagama Novoetrussky isetshenziswa amakhulu amaningana eminyaka, lalibizwa likuthonyile lwesigodi Tuscan e-Italy.

Izibalo e zamagama Etruscan

Thola izibalo Etruscan futhi kwaba yinto okunzima. Isinyathelo sokuqala sokunquma izinombolo wakhonza njengephayona godsend e Tuscany phakathi nekhulu le-19. ezimbili dice ne ubuso 5 amazwi: izibalo, thu, huth, ci , sa. Ukuzama ukufanisa amalebula namanye amathambo nigqoke ubuso iphuzu, abacwaningi abakwazanga ukucacisa okuthile, t. Ukuze. Amagama Kwasetshenziswa nemiyalezo.

Khona-ke baqala ukuhlola emathuneni, ngaso sonke isikhathi ibe nezinombolo, futhi ekupheleni Kwatholakala ukuthi Etruscans wabhala izinombolo usebenzisa summation zamashumi nabathandekayo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi wathatha izinombolo ezincane kusukela amakhulu (20-2 = 18).

Usosayensi esuka eJalimane Gerhard Stoltenberg wenza systematization ka lethuna kwakunemibhalo eqoshiwe futhi yathola ukuthi "50" inombolo kunqunywa izwi muvalch, futhi '5 »- Mach. Ngokufanayo izimpawu ngamazwi 6 no-60 atholakele t. D.

Ngenxa yalokho, Stoltenberg baphetha ngokuthi zamagama Etruscan wakhonza njengephayona-prototype ye zesi-Roman.

Plates ka Pyrgi

Ngo-1964, phakathi amapuleti ithempeli eduze port lasendulo Pyrgi ezilandisa Etruria idolobha Perret abavubukuli bathola ku 3 amapuleti 6-5. BC. e. legolide kwakunemibhalo eqoshiwe, omunye owawusegqumeni ulimi baseFenike, futhi 2 - i-Etruscan. Ukuba khona kwalezi amaphilisi libonisa uxhumano waseCarthage, ngangokuba kwakhamuluka umuzi Etruscan ka Pyrgi. Ekuqaleni, ososayensi wathatha inhliziyo, kokusikisela ukuthi likhulu izilimi ezimbili (liyefana yini nombhalo izilimi 2), futhi bazokwazi ukufunda imibhalo eqoshiwe Etruscan. Kodwa ngeshwa ... Ematheksthi kwakungafanele ngempela okufanayo.

Ngemva kokuzama ukuqhaqha lezi amapuleti ososayensi ababili eyaziwa futhi Pallotino Garbin, kwaphethwa ngokuthi okucashunwe elivezwa unkulunkulukazi Uni-Astarte eziqoshiwe noma ithempeli. Kodwa on ipuleti ezincane kuqukethwe izinkomba Teferi Velinasa futhi kuchazwe imihlatshelo isiko. Kwavela ukuthi kokubili imibhalo Etruscan zinendawo efanayo, kodwa ukuqaqwa ephelele ayikwazanga ukwenza kubo.

Imizamo wokufunda imibhalo kulezi amapuleti benziwa ngokuphindaphindiwe ososayensi emazweni amaningi, kodwa isikhathi ngasinye okushiwo umbhalo uthola ezahlukene.

Ukuxhumana ngolimi Etruscan kanye nozakwabo wase-Middle East

Omunye babhekwa zamagama Etruscan ukusetshenziswa kancane kakhulu, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ukuntuleka onkamisa. Ngokusho ukuma izinhlamvu uzophawula ukuthi izinhlamvu ayafana Etruria waseFenike.

Kuye kwanyatheliswa izincwadi oMdala eMpumalanga Ephakathi efana "waseFenike" futhi zenziwa ngolimi esasetshenziswa Etruscans. Kusukela lokho singaphetha ngokuthi esikhathini kusukela ngekhulu le-13. futhi 3-2 eminyaka. BC. e. ulimi olubhalwayo e-Italy, eMpumalanga Ephakathi coast, enyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Afrika, futhi nguye kuphela efanayo Etruria.

Ekuqaleni nkathi yethu umbhalo oqoshiwe Etruscan kulezi zindawo zinyamalale, esikhundleni isiGreki nesi-Arabhu. Cishe, lokhu kwakubangelwa okuqinisekile zomlando yokuqinisa amandla wonke uMbuso WaseRoma.

"The Book of the mummy" nakuleminye imibhalo

Omunye imibhalo Etruscan enkulu watholakala ngekhulu le-19. Izivakashi Croatian alethwe Zagreb owesifazane mummified eGibhithe. Kamuva, yena unwound kusuka imibhalo emapheshana nelineni, ososayensi baye bathola, eyayibonakala kamuva esabizwa ngokuthi Etruscan. incwadi nelineni siqukethe 12 izingcezu lendwangu, ngokuhlanganisa ukuthi wathola ubude umqulu 13,75 m. Umbhalo siqukethe 12 amakholomu zifundwa kusukela ngakwesokudla kuya ngakwesokunxele.

Ngemva kweminyaka yocwaningo kwaphethwa ngokuthi "Book of the mummy" kuyinto ikhalenda, okudinga ukuthi ikhomishana emikhosini yenkolo ezihlukahlukene.

Omunye umbhalo ofanayo Etruscan enkulu watholakala ngesikhathi umsebenzi wokwakha emzini Cortona, okuyinto ngaphambili elinye lamadolobha eyinhloko Etruria. Cortona mbhalo uphenyo sezilimi V.Ivanov eyaziwa ababeze esiphethweni sokuthi nokuzwelana Etruscan futhi North Caucasian izilimi.

Omunye iziphetho usosayensi kwaba ukwamukelwa nethonya elinamandla lemithombo isiko Etruscan nezincwadi LamaRoma, Latin.

Ukuqhathaniswa Etruscans kanye Lezgin

Enye inguqulo ye imvelaphi yokufundwa ulimi Etruscan yanyatheliswa ngo-2013, abacwaningi, izazi zolimi Yaraliev J. noN Osmanov ngokuthi "Umlando we Lezgins. Etruscans ". Athi baye bakwazi wokufunda zamagama Etruscan, futhi okubaluleke wenze ukuhumusha umbhalo, usebenzisa Lezgi, omunye izilimi zanamuhla kwegatsha Dagestan.

Yayikwazi ukufunda yonke imibhalo Etruscan etholakalayo, e t. Ch. Amakhasi 12 "encwadini yezindaba mummy" nomunye amaphilisi 320 nge imibhalo Etruscan. Idatha etholwe, bathi kungembula izibopho zomlando wasendulo phakathi eMpumalanga Ephakathi eCaucasus.

"Slavyanskaya" inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela umsuka Etruscans

Abasekeli Proto-Slavic umsuka Etruscans wayekholelwa ukuthi Etruscans bazibize "Rasen" noma "Rosen", okungukuthi ungwaqa ngegama elithi "Abantu baseRussia". Bahola nezinye ubufakazi we budebuduze lezi amasiko nezilimi.

Sokuqonda izibhebhe ezazisezandleni Pyrgi yabakhanga abasekeli theory lenqaba umsuka ulimi Etruscan. Omunye wabacwaningi abathanda ngokubhala Etruscan, kwaba usosayensi Russian Osipov. Wenza umzamo kabusha umbhalo Etruscan evamile yokubhala isiRashiya ohlangothini okujwayelekile (kwesobunxele kwesokudla), ngisho ihlukaniswe amazwi. Futhi ngathola ... incazelo obungokwesiko of esikisela ucansi Revels Solstice lasendulo.

Osipov udonsa zokuchaza kanye Slavic iholide ka-Ivan Kupala. Ngemva wokuvula yayo, usosayensi wathumela umbhalo elihunyushwe kusuka Pyrgi nezincazelo zawo izazi imibhalo Etruscan emazweni ahlukahlukene. Kamuva, wenza inguqulo emashumini ambalwa kwakunemibhalo eqoshiwe indlela yakhe, kodwa ososayensi kuze kube manje ungazange asabela ngayo intuthuko enjalo ocwaningweni.

Omunye usosayensi Russian Vladimir Shcherbakov isihambile le nkolelo-mbono ukuthi Etruscans ukubhala ngemfihlo ingasetshenziswa izibuko wethusi abakufaka ethuneni. Ukusebenzisa izibuko, umbhalo ingafundwa bacondze etindzaweni letehlukene, futhi ezinye izincwadi kungenziwa nabokhulumile.

Izazi-mlando bathi lokhu kubangwa yokuthi okuyinhloko wenza imibhalo ayinawo ephethwe I diploma noma i usukope incwadi evela nezibuko, futhi izinhlamvu izibuko isithombe abangu ijikelezwe noma ziphenywe. Ngu ezihambayo esibukweni, Scherbakov wenza umbiko wakhe sokuqonda umbhalo.

Ucwaningo Z. Maiani nezinye

Imizamo ukufunda ukuhumusha izimpawu Etruscan ngokuqhathanisa zamagama Etruscan futhi staroalbansky, benza usosayensi French Z. Maiani owaphana 2003 wanyathelisa incwadi ethi "The Etruscans uqala ukukhuluma," kwaduma kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Wachitha 300 etymological izichazamazwi ukuqhathanisa phakathi kwalezi zilimi (Etruscan futhi Illyrian), kepha wathola ukusekelwa zezilimi.

Ukubhala kulokho okutholakele abacwaningi ukubona izinhlobo eziningana pozdneetrusskih amagama, ezihlanganisa amagama severnoetrussky kanye Alpine, futhi Rutsky Venetic. Ngokwejwayelekile kwamukelekile iqiniso lokuthi ekuqaleni zamagama Etruscan wakhonza njengephayona isisekelo ngabo. Futhi zonke lezi zincwadi zazisetshenziswa izakhamuzi Tuscany futhi Italy ekuqaleni 1st ekhulwini BC. e., ngemuva ukunyamalala Etruscan yasekuqaleni. Lapho abantu bazwisise ulimi Etruscan, futhi usalokhu uyimfihlakalo zeminyaka edlule.