Umculi Diego Rivera: biography, ubuciko, impilo yomuntu siqu

Umculi waseMexico uGeorge Rivera, ogama lakhe ligcwele izenzakalo eziphikisanayo namaqiniso, ingenye yezibalo zamasiko zaseMexico ezidabukisayo nakakhulu. Umsebenzi wakhe, imibono yezombusazwe kanye nokuphila komuntu siqu kwakuphakathi kokunakekelwa phakathi nengxenye yokuqala yekhulu lama-20 futhi kusacatshangelwa.

Ubuntwana kanye nentsha yomculi

Lo mculi ungumdabuli, uguquguquki nombhubhisi wezinhliziyo zabesifazane, owazalwa ngoDisemba 8, 1886 edolobheni laseMexico laseGuanajuato. Wayezoba ngumsunguli wesikole saseMexico sokudweba kazwelonke futhi alethe abagxekayo ukuba bajabule ngezindlela zokuxuba. Lo mfana wayengahlonishwa impilo enhle kakhulu, kwakukhona amahemuhemu ukuthi wasinda kancane lapho esemncane. U-Diego Rivera wayengumculi wokutshela izindaba, kodwa ngokuqinisekile wazi ukuthi ngo-1893 umndeni wakhe wathuthela enhlokodolobha yezwe - iMexico City. Ngemuva kweminyaka emihlanu, ukuphothula ngempumelelo esikoleni, umculi osemncane wangena eSikoleni Sokubuciko saseSan Carlos. Lesi sikhungo sanikeza le nsizwa imfundo enhle kakhulu ukuthi ekupheleni kwayo yakwazi ukuthola isifundo. Ethatha ithuba, wahamba waya eSpain. Wabe esevakashela e-England, eBelgium, eHolland nase-Italy.

Ukuphila komuntu siqu "we-cannibal"

Ngothando oluthandekayo lwabesifazane nenani elingenakubalwa lokuxhumeka, u-Diego Rivera wabizwa ngegama elithi "cannibal". Yena ngokwakhe wayekuzibonakalisa njengenhlanzi enamafutha, ebamba inhliziyo yomuntu othile emgqeni. Ukugcwaliswa kwemvelo namajwabu anamandla okwenza ukufaniswa ngisho nokubonakala kwangaphandle. Echaza impilo yomuntu womculi ovukelayo, ngokuvamile baxoxa ngomshado wakhe noFrida Carlo. Kodwa wayengeyena owokuqala, futhi nakakhulu ngakho-ke owesifazane kuphela ekuphileni komdali. Emshadweni wakhe wokuqala, u-Diego Rivera osemusha wajoyina uthando olujulile ngomculi waseRussia u-Angelina Belova ngo-1911. Babenendodana. Kodwa ecatshangelwa ukufisa okungapheli kanye nokukhwabanisa, lo mlingani washiya u-Angelina, waya eMexico. Umshado wesibili owawuhlala isikhathi eside waphela uLupe Marin. Inyunyana yayinezithelo futhi yanika umhlaba amadodakazi amabili.

Umfazi nentombi

Ngo-1929, lapho umshado wesibili usuvele uhlakazekile, wahlangana nowesifazane oyinhloko empilweni yakhe - uFried Carlo. U-Diego Rivera washada nentombazane encane kunaye. Ngo-1939, kwahlukaniswa isahlukaniso, kodwa ngo-1940 baphinde bashada. Kuzo zonke izinsuku zokuphila kwakhe, uRivera waqhubeka evulekile futhi ethandwa ngabesifazane. Wathengisa abafazi bakhe ngezindodakazi zakhe, owabeletha izingane zakhe ezingekho emthethweni.

Ubuhlobo phakathi kukaGeorge noFrida bugcwele uthando, uthando, umona futhi ngezinye izikhathi ukuhlaselwa. UFrida enesineke esikhulu waphatha ama-antics omyeni wakhe, wahlambulula isithombe sakhe, wabhala eziningi zezithombe zakhe. Kodwa lapho eshintsha uFrida nodadewabo, akakwazanga ukuthethelela, futhi ngo-1939 ubuhlobo buphukile. Ngokushesha nje lo mlingani, owazithuka ngokwakhe efuna ukuhlukanisa, wancenga umkakhe ukuba abuyele kuye nganoma yimaphi amagama. Wamnika okuqukethwe kwezezimali futhi wanqotshwa ekufuneni kwakhe okuyinhloko. Isimo sokushada kabusha kwakuyisignesha yesivumelwano somshado esinikezela ukulahla ngokugcwele ubudlelwano obuseduze phakathi kwabashade. Ekuphileni kwakhe siqu, kwahlala unxantathu kaGeorge Rivera, umkakhe nenkosikazi.

Le mbhangqwana eshadile yayingenabantwana, 2 ukukhulelwa kukaFrida kwaphela ekutheni kube nokukhubazeka. Ngo-1954, uRivera waba ngumfelokazi, kamuva kwaba nokusikisela ukuthi wasiza umkakhe ukuba afe, kodwa lokhu akukhona nje amahemuhemu. Kuze kube yizinsuku zokugcina zalolu mbhangqwana, imibono yamaKhomanisi kanye nokuxhumana nabapolitiki abavelele baseRussia babumbene.

Umculi kwezombangazwe

Kusukela ekuqaleni kwama-30s, u-Diego Rivera usebe ngumholi ongamangalelwa phakathi kwezikhumbuzo zaseMexico. Ngempela ungomunye wabaculi abadume kakhulu futhi abaphikisanayo nabanobuciko babo bezombusazwe bezobukhomanisi, amafrescoes angenakuphikiswa, okungenakuphikiswa komsebenzi wokudala kanye nokuphila komphakathi okwenza isithombe sobuhlakani. Ubaba owasungula umkhuba omusha ngobuciko bekhulu lama-20 wakhanga ukunakwa kwezwe ngokubanzi nokuningi.

Ukuqala kwe-monumentalist eMelika kuyokwenzeka ngo-1930 edolobheni laseSan Francisco, futhi kakade ngoDisemba 1931 ngesikhalazo sakhe esibucayi sizobanjwa. Emlandweni wemnyuziyamu, lokhu kwakuyi-exposure yesibili yomlobi ofanayo. Inhlonipho yokuqala yanikezwa uHenri Matisse. Ngemva kombukiso, lo mculi uya eDetroit, lapho yena wamema khona u- Edsel Ford. Lapha, enhliziyweni yomcabango wasezimboni waseMelika, umculi u-Diego Rivera uthola umyalelo we-fresco we-Institute of Arts esihloko esithi "Umboni waseDetroit." UHenry Ford wayedumela njenge-anti-communist engaqiniseki. Phakathi kuka-1929 no-1930, abashayeli abayizinkulungwane eziningana baqhubeka bengasebenzi emishinini ye-Ford. Ngokudabukisayo, naphezu kwalokhu, u-Diego Rivera, ozibeka njengomlweli wamalungelo we-proletarian, wamukela umyalo kanye nokukhokhwa kwidayimoni yezimboni.

Ingxenye ye-fresco enobunjwa bokuthi "Ukugonywa" kubonakala sengathi kubhekisela emfanekisweni wezokuzalwa kukaKristu, okwakubangela isiphepho sokuthukuthela nokuphikisana emibuthanweni nasemibuthanweni yesonto ngokumelene nesidumbu. Ukuphakama okukhulu emphakathini waba yingxenye ebalulekile ye-fresco, wabe eseletha idumo elidumile eDetroit.

Indoda e-Crossroads

Ukubukwa kwezombangazwe komculi kubonakala emsebenzini wakhe futhi ngezinye izikhathi kwavusa izingxabano ezinobudlova namakhasimende. I-fresco "Indoda e-Crossroads Efuna Ngethemba Ukukhetha Ikusasa Elisha Nelihle" kwakuyisikhathi sesinye sezizathu ezinjalo. Ukusebenza kuwo kwaqala ngoMashi 1933. Le mpikiswano yenzeka kakade esiteji sokukhetha i-palette, futhi ngenxa yalokho, umdabu waba nombala ngokubambelela komlobi. Kwakukhona izingxenye ezintathu. Phakathi nendawo kukhona umuntu - oyinhloko yezakhi. Njengoba umsebenzi waqhubeka, i-fresco yaba yinkimbinkimbi futhi yagcina imelela amazwe amabili, aphikisana. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izintelezi zezenhlalakahle, nakolunye uhlangothi - izinkathazo ze-capitalist. Phakathi kwabalingiswa ngisho noma othile ebonakala ngubani ofana noLenin. I-fresco yayizodluliselwa emphakathini ekuvuleni kwesakhiwo se- Rockefeller Center ngoMeyi 1, 1933. Kodwa ukukhwabanisa okukhulayo akuzange kuvumele lokhu kwenzeke, futhi naphezu kokuthi umndeni wakwaRockefeller ucabangela ukhetho lokugcina isidumbu ngaphandle kwesakhiwo, kwenziwa isinqumo sokulibhubhisa. Lokhu kwaba ukunqoba okukhulu kukaRivera ekudaleni nasezombusazwe.

Ithonya lobuciko bezwe

"UDiorge ungenza ngingakhathazeki. Wenqaba inkazimulo, ekhetha ukwenza lokho akwenza manje, "kusho u-Alfonso Reyes ngomngane wakhe oseduze. Ukushintshela kubhubism kubalulekile kuDiorge Rivera. Imidwebo ethi "Ukukhulekelwa KweNdodana Yethu" ne "Intombazane enezithelo" ibonisa ukunyakaza komlobi kule ndlela. Isici semisebenzi yakamuva kwakungenakukhubazeka kokuqonda isikhala, nakuba kude ne-cubism. Kuzo zonke izinto umculi ugcizelele ukunyakaza nokuceba kwezwe.

Ithonya elikhulu ekubunjweni kukaGeorge Rivera linikezwe izitayela zaseYurophu zakudala ekudwebeni. Kwakuyimidwebo yodonga lwenkathi yekhulu le-14 kuya kweleshumi le-16 eyanikeza ukudla okuningi okucatshangwayo futhi yanikela ekuphumeleleni kwamafrescoes kaDeorgia. Kusukela ngawo-1940, wathola impumelelo enkulu ekudwebeni kwe-fresco, ngenxa yokuthi wamenywa ukuba azosebenza eMbukisweni Wezwe eSan Francisco, futhi kamuva wabhaliswa uhulumeni ukuba apende iNdlu Kazwelonke eMexico City.

Ukuqedwa kwendlela

UDior Rivera wafa ngoNovemba 24, 1957 eMexico City futhi wangcwatshwa eRorunda yabadali abakhazinyulisiwe. Wayephikisana nakho konke. Wazigcwalisa kalula imithetho yama-capitalist, ekhazimulisa ubuhlanga, ehambisana nokubukwa komphakathi. Babethandana nabesifazane, kodwa babulala izimpilo zabo kanye nempilo yabo ngesifiso esifanayo lapho babhala khona izithombe zabo. U-Diego Rivera, isitayela sakhe esingakaze silandele nangemva kwakhe, asikwazanga ukuphindaphindiwe yimuphi omunye wabadwebi, ashiye izimfihlo eziningi nezimfihlakalo ukuthi amakhulu eminyaka angeke akwazi ukuxazulula.

Njengoba esedlule impilo eneminyaka engama-70 ubudala, wayeseke esindeni umlingani wakhe othandekayo, uFrida, futhi washiya ifa eliyigugu emasiko, emlandweni, ezombangazwe nasezinhliziyweni zalabo abamthandayo.