Yezimbongi ezidumile French

France - leli zwe ngaphambi omunye. Kukulo muzi lapho inguquko sokuqala senzeka, hhayi kuphela nomphakathi, kodwa futhi tetemibhalo, koi ukuthonywa ukuthuthukiswa yobuciko emhlabeni wonke. abalobi French kanye izimbongi izuzwe engakaze ibonwe eziphakeme. Kuvela elinye iqiniso elithakazelisayo wukuthi kwaba eFrance umsebenzi Geniuses eziningi Kuhlolwe phakathi nesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe. Namuhla sikhuluma abalobi ezibaluleke kakhulu futhi izimbongi XIX - ekuqaleni XX leminyaka, kanye asembulele kwesihenqo izikhathi ezithakazelisayo ezimpilweni zabo.

Viktor Mari Gyugo (1802-1885)

Cishe, akunakwenzeka ukuba nezinye izimbongi French bungakubangela esikalini Viktora Gyugo. Umlobi, ngubani akesabi ukukhulisa ostrosotsialnye netingcikitsi amanoveli akhe, futhi ngesikhathi imbongi efanayo romantic, wayephila ukuphila isikhathi eside, izimpumelelo ezixubile. Hugo njengendlela umlobi awuzange nje waqaphela esikhathini sakhe - ukuthi benza izizumbulu zemali ngokwenza lokhu msebenzi.

Emva "Notre Dame" ngodumo lwakhe lakhula. Zikhona abalobi abaningi emhlabeni wonke abaye kungenzeka bakwazi ukuphila iminyaka 4 ngaphandle ngenxa yabo? Ngemva 79 ngonyaka ubudala (ngosuku yokuzalwa Viktora Gyugo) ku Avenue Eylau yamisa lwaleli lokunqoba - eqinisweni, ngaphansi amafasitela somlobi. Ngalo mhlatshelo, ngosuku sekudlule izinkulungwane 600 abayithandayo ithalente lakhe. Ngokushesha lo mgwaqo saqanjwa Avenue Victor Hugo.

Ngemuva Viktor Mari Gyugo kwesokunxele imisebenzi hhayi kuphela ezinkulu futhi inheritance 50,000 franc eliye washiyela abampofu, kodwa futhi iphuzu babezizwe intando. Watshelwa ukuqamba kabusha inhloko-dolobha France - Paris - e Gyugopolis. Empeleni, kuba into okwakuwukuphela cha ababulawa.

Teofil gote (1811-1872)

Lapho Viktor Gyugo wahlushwa ukugxekwa classicist, Teofil gote wayengomunye walaba abasekeli ezigqame athembeke kakhulu. izimbongi French uthole i replenishment esihle sezikhundla zabo: Gaultier hhayi kuphela ngokuphelele kahle inqubo yokuloba, kodwa futhi kwavula inkathi entsha in ubuciko France, okuyinto kamuva ukuthonywa umhlaba wonke.

Ngemva kokukhuthazelela iqoqo yakhe yokuqala in the isiko engcono isitayela romantic, Teofil gote ngesikhathi esifanayo ngaphandle kusukela izihloko yendabuko izinkondlo kanye izinkondlo ushintshe vector. Akazange bhala mayelana ubuhle bemvelo, uthando kwaphakade kanye nezombusazwe. Akukona nje kuphela ukuthi - imbongi bamemezela eyinkimbinkimbi lobuchwepheshe yaleli vesi ingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu. Lokhu kwakusho ukuthi ivesi yakhe, ukuhlala shape romantic, eqinisweni babengesibo - onginike indlela umuzwa fomu.

Ngo iqoqo yakamuva, "Enamels futhi cameos", okuyinto kubhekwa esivelele lokusungula Theophile Gautier, wangenisa Manifesto "esikoleni Parnassian" - "Art". Wathi isimiso 'art ngenxa art sika ", okuyinto izimbongi French wamukele ngaphandle kwemibandela.

Artyur Rembo (1854-1891)

imbongi French Artyur Rembo waphefumulela impilo yakhe kanye izinkondlo kuka kwesinye isizukulwane. Ngo usakhula , ngokuphindaphindiwe wabaleka ekhaya e-Paris, lapho bahlangana noPawulu Verlaine, wathuma isithunywa kuye ngokuthi inkondlo "The Drunken Umkhumbi". Ubudlelwane nobungane phakathi izimbongi lakhula ngokushesha ku uthando. Lokhu kwaba isizathu kokushiya Verlaine umndeni.

Phakathi nokuphila Rimbaud yafika nje 2 lezinkondlo futhi ngokwehlukana - leli vesi DEBUT "Drunken Umkhumbi", okuyinto ngokushesha bamlethela ukuqashelwa. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi umsebenzi imbongi sika bebumfishane kakhulu: zonke izinkondlo wabhala eneminyaka engu-iminyaka engu-15 kuya ku-21. Ngemva Artyur Rembo nje wenqaba ukubhala. Yaphetha. Wafikelwa umthengisi, kuze kube sekupheleni kokuphila ngokuthengisa izinongo, izikhali, kanye ... abantu.

Famous imbongi French Pol Elyuar futhi Giyom Apolliner baziwa ngukhokho Artyura Rembo. emsebenzini wakhe umuntu liphefumulelwe indzaba uHenry Miller sika, "Isikhathi ngababulali!" futhi Patti Smith njalo ukhuluma imbongi kanye amavesi sakhe esicashunwe.

Pol Verlen (1844-1896)

izimbongi French ngasekupheleni XIX leminyaka, akhethwe uPawulu Verlaine zabo "inkosi," kodwana iKosi kwakukhona okuncane kakhulu axokozelayo kanye playboy, Verlaine echazwe ohlangothini ugly ukuphila - ebhuqwini, ebumnyameni, isono kanye nogqozi. Enye "obaba" ka impressionism futhi lalifanekisela izincwadi, imbongi ngabhala nenkondlo, ubuhle umsindo okungakwazi badlulisele noma imuphi wokuhumusha.

Kungakhathaliseki belunjani ngonya imbongi French Rimbaud nendima enkulu esikhathini esizayo zakhe. Ngemva baqala ukwazi abasha Arthur uPawulu wawathatha kuye ngaphansi sephiko lalo. Wayefunda i-imbongi izindlu, ngisho okwesikhashana ukuqasha igumbi, ngisho noma wayengesilo acebile kuye. indaba yabo wahlala iminyaka eminingi: emva Verlaine washiya umkhaya, bahamba, ephuzile bazitike ngezinga ababengenza ngalo.

Lapho Rimbaud wanquma ukuba ubalekele lover wakhe, Verlaine wamdubula esihlakaleni. Nakuba isisulu kubuyiswe isitatimende, uPawulu Verlaine wagwetshwa iminyaka emibili ejele. Ngemva kwalokho, asizange sitholakale. Ngenxa ukungakwazi umphakathi ukulahla Artyura Rembo, Verlaine futhi wahluleka ukusukuma kumkakhe - ubambé isehlukaniso ulichithe ngokuphelele.

Giyom Apolliner (1880-1918)

Indodana Aristocrat Polish, ozalwa eRoma, Giyom Apolliner kungokwalabo France. Kwakungenxa Paris, wayephila sobusha nesokuba umuntu omdala, kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe. Njengezinye izimbongi French kwaleso sikhathi, Apollinaire wayebheke izindlela ezintsha namathuba wafuna ezishaqisayo - futhi baphumelela.

Ngemva kokukhishwa kukamagazini i nephrozi usebenza emoyeni ngenxa yemikhuba yokonakala ngamabomu mini-iqoqo izinkondlo "Bestiary, noma Orpheus inhlabaluhide", eyanyatheliswa ngo-1911, Giyom Apolliner ishicilela zokuqala zesikhathi obuphelele izinkondlo ukuqoqwa "Utshwala" (1913), okuyinto ngokushesha yabakhanga ukuntuleka lolimi, baraque imagery ithoni umehluko.

Collection "Kaligrammy" washo nokungaphezu kwalokho - zonke izinkondlo ezifakwe kuleli qoqo, ibhalwe ngendlela emangalisayo: imisebenzi lemigqa ahlelwe ezihlukahlukene Silhouettes. amehlo yomfundi livela owesifazane isigqoko, ijuba, okuyinto liyachuma ngenhla emthonjeni, vase ka izimbali ... Le ndlela leli vesi ziyadlula. Indlela, ngasendleleni, awumusha - inkondlo waqala ukwakha ngisho British ekhulwini XVII, kodwa ngaso leso sikhathi Apollinaire Kulindeleke ukuvela "ngokubhala okuzenzakalelayo", okuyinto kangaka uyakuthanda Surrealists.

Igama elithi "surrealism" kungokwalabo Guillaume Apollinaire. Wabonakala ngemva okuzobe kudlalelwa "idrama surreal" yakhe "Paps Tiresias" e 1917. Umbuthano yezimbongi naye ngasekhanda kusukela ngaleso sikhathi baba surrealists ezaziwayo.

Andre Breton (1896-1966)

Ukuze u-Andre Breton wahlangana Guillaume Apollinaire osungugqamezweni. Kwathi ngaleso ngaphambili, esibhedlela, lapho u-Andre abasha, udokotela ngokuqeqesha wakhonza njengephayona ehlelekile wezokwelapha. Apollinaire kwaba contusion (insalela projectile hit ekhanda), okwathi ngemva kwalokho akaphindange wabulungisa.

Kusukela ngo-1916, u-Andre Breton kuthatha ukuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo umsebenzi avant-garde izinkondlo. Wahlangana noLouis Aragon, Filippom Supo, Tristan Tzara, uPawulu Eluard, uthola izinkondlo of Lautréamont. Ngo-1919, ngemva kokufa Apollinaire, izimbongi ekuqaleni epatazhisty ukuhlela emhlabeni André Breton. Futhi uya kanye Filippom Supo indzaba "Amasimu Magnetic" kulo nyaka, eyabhalwa indlela "ngokubhala okuzenzakalelayo."

Kusukela ngo-1924, ngemva ukumenyezelwa kwezindaba Manifesto lokuqala Surrealism, u-Andre Breton waba inhloko yalawa ukunyakaza. Ngo indlu yayo phezu Avenue Fontaine kuvula Bureau izifundo surreal waqala ukusakaza omagazini. Kwaba isiqalo ukunyakaza international ngempela Kubonakala sengathi Office avuleka emadolobheni amaningi emhlabeni wonke.

French imbongi Communist Andre Breton ngenkuthalo ekhankasela abasekeli bakhe ukuba bahlanganyele leQembu LamaKhomanisi. He bakholwa izimiso ubukhomanisi, okuyinto Waze wawina umhlangano Lvom Trotskim eMexico (nakuba ngaleso sikhathi base bamukelwe kakade axoshwe Communist Party).

Louis Aragon (1897-1982)

ally Kweqiniso umngane Apollinaire, Louis Aragon owawuqondene isandla André Breton yesokunene. imbongi isiFulentshi, a lamaKhomanisi kuze umoya kwakhe ukungivakashela, ngo-1920 Aragon eshicilelwe iqoqo yakhe yokuqala izinkondlo, "Iziqhumane", abhalwe isitayela surrealism futhi Dadaism.

Ngemva ukungena imbongi e LamaKhomanisi ngo-1927, kanye umsebenzi wakhe ngokumemezela Breton zishintshe. Muhle kwezinye izindlela babe "izwi iqembu," futhi ngo-1931 waquliswa icala ngenxa inkondlo "Red Front", benamandla umoya nokugqugquzela yingozi.

Peru Louis Aragon futhi kungokwalabo "Umlando wase-USSR." Imigomo wobukhomanisi, wavikela kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe, nakuba umsebenzi wakhe yamuva kancane emuva emasikweni okwangempela, hhayi ezinemibala ku "obomvu."