Wayengubani umLungu wokuqala owafika ugu lwe-Australia?

Kuyaziwa ukuthi kwenqubo yokwakhiwa kwamakoloni Australia aqala sibonga izinto ezitholwe uJames Cook. Nguye yamemezela ezweni elisha eyayithengwe Umqhele, wanika amagama capes nasemathekwini, esikuyi ugu zaleli zwekazi. Kodwa-ke, izinto akuzona ngakho elula. I abaMhlophe bokuqala lifika ngasogwini Australia akuyona Pheka. Wayefanele ababengaphambi eziningi, flying ifulegi imibuso emikhulu asolwandle wesikhathi: iPortugal, iSpain ne-Netherlands.

Terra Australis

Ngisho nasezikhathini zasendulo, abantu baseYurophu ukuyichaza ukuthi eNingizimu Nenkabazwe, kufanele kube nezwekazi, kulinganisa eNyakatho Nenkabazwe. Leli zwekazi wasenganekwaneni saba umthombo ugqozi ukuba abahloli Abaklami bamabalazwe. Emzamweni ekucebiseni baseYurophu-ke besethemba ukuthi Terra Australis kuyoba acebe futhi evundile. Kodwa abazange bazame usesho eliqondiwe: yokuthi zindawo eziphakemeyo azizange athembisa yini amatilosi ezinhle. Kwakumelwe abadumile izivunguvungu zabo njalo, futhi akekho wahlamba ngokuthanda kwabo. Ngaphezu umbelesele amatilosi babesaba inkungu ekhasa. It is kakhulu yinzondo nobugovu, mhlawumbe, kukhona isizathu ukuthi Australia kwatholakala kungakadluli eziqhingini ezizungezile.

labantu

Lapho ecabanga ukuthi ubani zafika okokuqala ogwini Australia, kunengqondo ukusho aboMdabu azinza nezwekazi eminyakeni engaba ngu-40,000 edlule. kwavela Okhokho babo base-Asiya futhi bakwazi ukuthuthela e-Australia, ngoba kulezo zinsuku izwe alizange umumo ukuhluka. Ngemva kwalokho, abantu base-Australia yomdabu lalihlukene lonke izwe, isiko labo uye savela kancane kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, abanqobi European kusho izakhamuzi ngazwi linye ngokuthi kubo 'elusizi.'

Ubani lokuqala lifika ngasogwini Australia?

Ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-16, bamakoloni isiPutukezi kahle Sunda Islands. Izakhamuzi Ngabatshela emazweni amanga eningizimu-mpumalanga. I-Portuguese lawela ogwini enyakatho ntshonalanga kuleli zwekazi, wazihlola wathola kuyize. Kunebufakazi kokuhlala kwawo lapha bashiyé: namakhulu ambalwa eminyaka ngemva ogwini Roebuck Bay wathola izibhamu isiPutukezi.

Phakathi nekhulu le-16, kwatholakala esinye bomhlaba bube busha iseduzane isihlobo - Papua (New Guinea). Zonke iziqhingi bathola imisebenzi eminingi kulamadolobha zindawo (ngokuvamile ngengozi), ababebheka njengengxenye elingaziwa South Land, kodwa futhi amaPutukezi noma iSpanishi akuyona indawo entsha umxhwele. Ezingwini zazinzima kakhulu, futhi abantu - abampofu. Nakuba ezwekazini umugqa ugu iye kancane esikuyi, hhayi umlando uye walondoloza igama induna, owayeyizibulo umLungu wokuqala owafika ogwini-Australia.

Imisebenzi-East India Company

Ngesikhathi yokusesha Terra Australis abanesifiso Dutch, abashayeli bemikhumbi Spanish (Mendanya, Quirós futhi Torres) wathola esiqhingini Santa Cruz, kanye eMarquesas futhi eSolomon Islands, kwaqinisekisa nokuthi New Guinea Wik Umhlaba akuyona. Ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17, i-Dutch ashaqe isiPutukezi Sunda Islands, eyasungulwa-East India Company nokuhlanganyela ukuhweba nge India neNingizimu-mpumalanga Asia.

Izifundo ukuthi imikhumbi Dutch ezazisemizini amakoloni Asian, silondoloza isikhathi esiningi, ngaphezu, walala kuqhathaniswa eduze yezinto South Land, lapho i-Dutch ngenkuthalo bafuna. Kukholakala ukuthi abaMhlophe bokuqala lifika ngasogwini Australia induna Dutch Willem Janszoon. Leli qiniso kufanele ubufakazi obubhalwe phansi. Izakhamuzi-Cape Peninsula York wahlangana amatilosi Yanszon ezingaphezu kuka abanamusa, nenduna esephuthuma ngomkhumbi. Lokhu kwenzeka ngo-1606.

ngomkhumbi Tasman

Naphezu Izibuyekezo ezingezinhle Yanszon ezweni elisha nabakhileyo kuyo, East India Company baqhubeka ukukuthumela ngemikhumbi yakhona emanzini wendawo. Umbusi entsha eBatavia (Jakarta) - Anton Van Diemen - ethunywe e 1642 by Abela Tasman e noma yini ukuthola umhlaba omusha.

Naphezu kwesiphepho, imikhumbi ifinyelele ogwini Tasman alimale siqhingi esilandelayo, ethiwa Land Van Diemen, futhi eminyakeni ethile kamuva uqambe kabusha Tasmania. Abela yamemezela elaliyifa lakhe we-Dutch, kodwa akazange aqonde ukuthi ngaphambi kwakhe - isiqhingi noma ingxenye yaleli zwekazi. Khona-ke wathola eNew Zealand, baseYurophu anazi lutho, futhi Tonga kanye Fiji. Kwatholakala ukuthi zonke Islands ngaphambilini wathola aziyona ingxenye yezwe, evamile ngokuthi "New Holland". Imingcele engaziwa South Land esebohlile ezisezansi neningizimu.

Dampier e-Australia

Sailing Tasman babe ezingenanzuzo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, phakathi nekhulu le-17, Netherlands uye wahlupheka uchungechunge ukunqotshwa by England nase ilahlekelwe simo sayo esiphakeme. Izifundo wezilwandle eningizimu benze British. Kulawa, owokuqala ukufinyelela ogwini Australia, uWilliam Dampier. Kabili aya e-Australia (New Holland) wafunda osogwini olusenyakatho-ntshonalanga bese utlole izincwadi ezimbili ngayo. Siyabonga kubo, izwekazi entsha yaziwa emhlabeni (Dutch zonke abakutholile avalelwe).

Luzoba njani uhambo lokuqala kaCook

ULieutenant Dzheyms Awe-Kuk baduma ngenxa ikhono lakhe navigation futhi ekudwetshweni kwamabalazwe. Ngakho-ke, uhulumeni waseBrithani waya ukuhlola New Zealand nezindawo ezizungezile. Nokho, ngokusemthethweni, ayenakho kuphela ukugcina Venus odlulayo yonkana inhlamvu yelanga (lo mcimbi iyathakazelisa izazi zezinkanyezi). Ngaphezu kwalokho, uJakobe wathuma "esigxotsheni ngaphandle" wonke amazwe sitholwe kuye. Lapho Cook wafinyelela Australia, kwaba ngonyaka 1770. Lolu hambo wafunda 1600 km ugu olusempumalanga. Lezi amazwe uLieutenant ngokuthi New South Wales.

Eziningana emathekwini osendaweni ezibalulekile amatilosi yakhe nawo ifulegi British. Pheka wabuye wathola futhi wafundelwa -Great Barrier Reef , wabe usuthola ukuthi kwakhiwa New Zealand is by iziqhingi ezimbili.

ezibaluleke

Lapho Dzheyms Awe-Kuk safinyelela Australia, wazithola esesifundazweni ethekwini, kamuva owaziwa ngokuthi iBotany Bay. Lapha, i-British wabona izitshalo amahle izilwane azitholakalanga emazweni akubo. Kukholakala ukuthi bay owayemuhle wayebizwa ngokuthi iBotany Bay ekuthatheni isinyathelo womkhumbi usosayensi Banks. Kuleli qophelo, iqembu ngokushesha waqala liphambana lalolo hlanga. Eqinisweni, ikoloni laseBrithani, Australia zaqala lapho kubhujiswa yezakhamuzi zendawo, okuyinto ngalezo zinsuku wawubhekwa njengendawo bakhiphe elezinga eliphansi.

Hhayi kude kakhulu laseBotany Bay, Cook Uthole itheku elula kakhulu, okuyinto, Yebo, uhulumeni wathi. Kamuva kwafika ngowokuqala ezwekazini idolobha elisha - eSydney. Amatilosi bamasha agudle ugu olusempumalanga, bese babanjwa futhi enyakatho. Pheka wasesitha amabizo kuzo zonke izindawo ezibalulekile, wahosha ibalazwe ugu. AmaNgisi weyengenandaba ngubani owokuqala ukufinyelela ogwini-Australia. Kubo kwakubalulekile ukumemezela ekunikezelweni kula masimu. Ngakho bamshiya zonke izinhlobo ubufakazi sokuhlala kwakhe, kokusiphakamisela amafulegi futhi ibhalwe ngokucophelela izenzo zabo.

Imiphumela Cook travel

James wabuyela ogwini New Zealand ngesikhathi uhambo olulandelayo, kodwa e-Australia ayisekho ifike. umsebenzi wakhe Sasiwukufakazela ukuthi oluyimfihlakalo Izwekazi Wik isasekhona. Futhi lapho Cook wafinyelela lwase-Australia, ngoba wayekwazi kakade lokho, ngokungafani ababengaphambi zabo, okuyinto etholakala New Holland, hhayi kwenye indawo.

Ihamba sawela kwe-Arctic Circle, futhi waze ukuba zindawo okusezingeni eliphezulu, okuyinto wahlangana iphakethe leqhwa zeqhwa. Pheka wenza ube esefika esiphethweni esinengqondo ukuthi uma Izwekazi Southern, futhi kukhona ke awukwazi ukufika kulo, futhi isithakazelo akusiyo, njengoba ihlanganiswa ice.

Njengoba i-Australia, isivele emva kweminyaka 17 wokuvula yayo ezisemthethweni umkhumbi iBotany Bay wafika iziboshwa waseNgilandi, okwadingeka ukuqala impilo entsha lapha.

okutholakele

Asinakusho ngokuqiniseka owaqala baseYurophu lifika ngasogwini e-Australia, kodwa sasingawohloki Pheka. sokunconywa Its ukuthi cishe wavula nezwekazi futhi, wahlola ngokucophelela, futhi kwavula indlela ikoloni okwalandela.