Plankton - kungcono ukuthi kulula, khulula-sintanta emanzini?

Plankton - ke iyisici bemvelo? Ngakho ngokuthi yini sehlukane ukuze izinhlangano, kodwa iqembu izilwane zasemanzini ukukhukhuleka kukholamu amanzi. Esikhathini ngezigaba yendabuko zonke abakhileyo izilwandle, imifula kanye namachibi komhlaba zihlukaniswe amaqembu amathathu: nekton, benthos ne-plankton. Eyokuqala - inhlanzi, i-squid, izilwane eziphila emanzini nasezweni kanye nezinye izilwane ukukhuthalele ezihambayo. Enamathiselwe yokuphila imikhondo benthos (izipanji, ama-worms, ama-mollusk nabanye).

Plankton - Kuyini lokhu?

Lihunyushwe kwelesiHeberu elithi igama lesiGreki zibukele ezihambayo emanzini eziphilayo kusho "ezidukayo", "lama". Plankton - siphila nezidalwa abangenayo asebenzayo okuyiwa ezihambayo noma ulinganiselwe yabo ukusetshenziswa. Lingelakhe imibuso imvelo ohlazeni oluntanta olwandle kanye namanzi sehlukaniswe 3 main izinhlobo: bacterium, phytoplankton futhi zooplankton. La magciwane kuwo wonke amanzi angenasawoti ezinkulu kanye zasolwandle ukuze amachibi engajulile.

Abamele phytoplankton - ulwelwe kanye cyanobacteria ngokwabo ukukhiqiza izinto eziphuma ezintweni eziphilayo. Badinga ukukhanya ukulondoloza i-photosynthesis. Zooplankton - kungcono elula, ezinamagobolondo, coelenterates, amaqanda, izibungu, okuyinto adla nezinye izinto eziphilayo ezincane.

Kunenye ngezigaba, okuyinto uyakucabangela hhayi indlela amandla, futhi ubukhulu eziphilayo. Ngaphansi kwalesi simiso, iqembu, kusukela nannoplankton (amagciwane) kanye megaplanktonom langesikhatheso ngoKukhulamungu. Okuvame kakhulu emhlabeni - inhlalakahle ezincane kunazo zonke (mayelana 2 microns). Ukuba khona kwalesi iqembu wafunda kuphela in the 1980. Ngu megaplanktonu zihlanganisa jellyfish, cephalopods, ctenophores, nezinye impilo yasemanzini, omzimba angaphezu kuka-2 cm ubude.

Kungani plankton akusho ukucwila?

Ubuningi umzimba ezinye izinto eziphilayo olwandle iseduze nakusondela enjabulweni eyolethwa isisindo ezithile amanzi. Plankton - kulula kakhulu, elintantayo ngokukhululekile kule ndawo. Labo izidalwa eziphilayo, umzimba kwabantu mkhulu kweyodwa, ekumisweni kugcina umsebenzi ayo ngokomzimba.

Sibala izici isakhiwo plankton, okukuvumela ukuba khona ungqimba ebusweni amanzi:

• ezincane noma usayizi ezincane;
• ukuma Planar umzimba;
• izicubu ukugcwaliswa ngamanzi (kufika ku-98%);
• isikhwehlela ezinkulu phezu komzimba;
• igesi vacuoles;
• inclusions amafutha;
• ezihlobene, izinaliti, izinwele, bristles phezu komzimba;
• encane inani izicubu esindayo chemical izakhi.

Ngalunye oluphilayo zakwazi abakhona bonke, 2-3 kusukela uhlu lamadivayisi. Kube okungukuthi esinye isici ukuthi ikuvumela ukuba hhayi echibini unicellular ulwelwe - inyunyana kuleli koloni. Ikhono emangalisayo kwezinye izinto eziphilayo elintantayo - ukuminyana ushintsho kuncike kwezinga lokushisa lamanzi. Endaweni ebandayo, ethize bengqondo bukhula futhi efudumele - kuyehla, okuyinto evimbela ngokucwiliswa.

Phytoplankton futhi bacterioplankton

Iqembu eziphilayo, imayelana 90% azo zonke imibuso izitshalo, kuhlanganise green ulwandle plankton nabakhileyo amanzi ahlanzekile. It volvoxes, dinoflagellate, euglenophytes, Cryptomonad, ikhayeni, ama-bacterium oluhlaza. Ziqukethe chlorophyll umzimba lesi sakhi, afana nezitshalo eliwumhlaba. Phytoplankton ziyoncibilika emanzini ubamba carbon dioxide, usebenzisa i-photosynthesis ukuze umsoco. Abanye abameleli ungakwazi ukugcina igesi ye nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide ne.

izimo ezikahle ekukhuleni nokukhiqizwa phytoplankton:

• amanzi ocebile isikhutha;
• kwelanga;
• ukutholakala izakhi okumbiwa phansi;
• lokushisa nokulinganisela usawoti emanzini;
• encane ukujula.

Ngezinye izikhathi kukhona ukwanda okukhulu kwenani phytoplankton imiphakathi noma elithi "ukuqhuma" yamanzi. Olwandle, isimangaliso esifanayo siyenzeka endaweni enkulu esehlanganise amakhulu amakhilomitha square. inkinga Big kwemvelo "yokuqhuma" ezingabangela ukungatholi amanzi ahlanzekile isetshenziselwe izinjongo ukuphuza. Abanye abameleli phytoplankton ukukhiqiza ubuthi yingozi izinhlanzi kanye abantu.

zooplankton

Animal plankton - Iyini? Ingxenye ebalulekile yokuphikelela iyiphi ecosystem yasemanzini. Ngaphandle leli qembu eziphilayo, izakhamuzi eziningi olwandle, nasemachibini, imifula kanye namachibi asamukelanga umsoco ezidingekayo. Abanye abameleli zooplankton has izinhlaka ukunyakaza ngaphandle kokusebenzisa bathuthe olude. bristles amaqhubu, izinaliti, ihambe ezidingekile navigation eziphilayo anjalo esikhathini ezungeze amanzi ivolumu futhi zibheka.

Yande ukunyakaza ovundlile inikezwa yi "Angenzi ihaba" nemisinga. Ngokwesibonelo, izibungu ezinamagobolondo, echinoderms, amaqanda izinhlanzi plankton kukhona esingaphansi kwezinyanga ezimbili. Phakathi nale nkathi basusa kusukela ndawo yasekuqaleni namakhulu amakhilomitha. Njengengxenye zooplankton kungatholakala izigaba elalikudle lapho liseyisibungu ka izipanji, ulwandle anemones, izimpethu, molluscs, izinkalankala, ama-lobster futhi starfish. Ziningi amalungu eqembu - copepods futhi krill, izimpilo zabo cishe ngokuphelele kuncike ukutholakala kokudla - diatoms.

Abadla plankton?

Ngo eziwukudla , umzimba ngamunye kubalulekile, ngaphandle kungaba khona lonke. Small ezimila emanzini namagciwane ehilelekile-photosynthesis, abakhiqizi izinto eziningi eziphilayo. Izilwane ifomu yobuleza emanzini eziphilayo kungamathonya ayinhloko. abasebenzisi owesincane ulwelwe nama-bacterium. Zooplankton ukhonza njengelungu isixhumanisi phakathi ama-bacterium, ulwelwe, nemizimba enkulu izakhamuzi amanzi.

ezinamagobolondo Tiny, krill futhi pteropods sidle inhlanzi, izimbaza, ezinye izinyoni ngisho imikhomo baleen. Ukunciphisa inani plankton esongela inhlalakahle yonke ecosystem kwezilwandle. Ososayensi basafunda lolu daba maqondana kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni wonke, kuthinta izinga lokushisa, usawoti namanzi ukucaciseleka - naphakathi planktonic ndawo.