Uyini umbandela weqiniso ifilosofi?

Isimo sokunquma weqiniso - le ndlela, lapho ulwazi, coinciding ne ayekufundisa, ungabahlukanisa esiphambekweni. Bamafilosofi kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo wafuna ukuthuthukisa umbono wolwazi, okuyinto iyohluka ubuqiniso ngokuphelele, hhayi abangele impikiswano futhi ngeke iholele nikhuluma amanga e ukuhlaziywa into ngaphansi cwaningo. Izazi lasendulo Parmenides, uPlato Rene Dekart, futhi kamuva isazi semfundiso yenkolo medieval Augustine ithuthukiswe imfundiso kaZiqu-esingokwemvelo zinto kweqiniso futhi imiqondo. Ukukhuluma yolwazi, babefuna izimpawu ukucacisa umnqopho kanye nokunemba ukuhlaziywa izakhiwo, izinga kanye nohlobo izifundo. Ngakho-ke, le ndlela yokunquma weqiniso kukhona ithephu ngawo ukuze ziqiniseke iqiniso umgomo ka cognition.

indima umkhuba

yezazi zasendulo bamenyiwe ukuhlola ukunemba ucwaningo umkhuba, kusukela indlela enjalo yokuhlaziya isimo kungabonwa todvwa kusukela umcabango subjective kanye azifele ukuthi kungukuthi ezihlobene into yokuhlola. Lemibandela kweqiniso njengoba ulwazi ngokusebenzisa okuhlangenwe nakho, waqinisekisa ukuthi abantu ngenkuthalo futhi ngenjongo lusebenza ku ngokoqobo inhloso, kanyekanye nokulifunda. Phakathi umkhuba zobuntu noma iqembu kudala isiko noma "yizenzo", bazisebenzisa izinhlobo ulwazi, njengoba lwesayensi, futhi zokukhiqiza impahla, yezobuchwepheshe kanye nemisebenzi yezenhlalakahle.

elemukweni lakhe ungumthombo ulwazi ngaye nangemibono yakhe yisandla, ngoba ngibonga kule umbandela abakwazi kuphela sibone inkinga, kodwa futhi ukuthola izici ezintsha kanye izakhiwo into wafunda noma mkhuba. Nokho, ukuhlolwa kolwazi ngezindlela umkhuba, akuyona yesikhathi esisodwa nithathe isinyathelo, futhi iba nesimiso sobuntu sokuhlalisana ngokuthula isikhathi inqubo. Ngakho-ke, ukuze abone iqiniso ufuna ukusebenzisa nezinye izici weqiniso, okuzokwenza umphelelisi ukuba yiqiniso ulwazi etholakale kule nqubo ye cognition.

nenqubo yangaphandle

Ngaphezu umkhuba, okuyinto emibhalweni zefilosofi kwekhulu XIX wabizwa ngokuthi "izinto ezibonakalayo dialectical", ukuze abone ukuthi ayiqiniso kangakanani ulwazi etholakale yososayensi ezihlongozwayo ukusebenzisa ezinye izindlela. Lokhu nenqubo "yangaphandle" weqiniso, zihlanganisa ukungaguquguquki futhi iwusizo, kodwa imiqondo le zibhekwa ambiguously. Ngakho, ukuhlakanipha okungokwesiko ayikwazi kubhekwe kweqiniso, njengoba ngokuvamile khuphela ukubandlulula, akubonisi ngokoqobo umgomo kuya ngokugcwele. Ngokuvamile, iqiniso wokuqala umuntu oyedwa kuphela noma embuthanweni elilinganiselwe abantu, futhi kuphela ke iba yindawo yoMkhandlu iningi.

The self-ukungaguquguquki futhi hhayi okunqumayo, ngoba uma uhlelo ezivamile ulwazi ujoyine nezinye okutholwe yisayensi, alikho ezingqubuzana lwamasethingi oluvamile, awusebenzi ukuqinisekisa ubuqiniso ukwahlulela entsha. Nokho, le ndlela elinesimo core okunengqondo, ngoba somhlaba sibhekwa njengesenzakalo iyonke, kanye nolwazi ngesihloko esithize noma mkhuba kufanele uhambisane base kakade angokwesayensi aye atholakala. Ngakho ekugcineni ungathola iqiniso, ukuba embule ukuthi yayiyini eluhlelweni kanye abonisa ukungaguquguquki yangaphakathi maqondana olwamukelwa ulwazi.

imicabango yabantu zefilosofi

Ekunqumeni ukuba yiqiniso ukwahlulela kanye nezilinganiso into kokuba ihlaziye izikole ezahlukene ezisetshenziswa izindlela zabo. Ngakho-ke, le ndlela yokunquma weqiniso ifilosofi ezininginingi futhi kungqubuzana nomunye. Ngokwesibonelo, Descartes futhi Leibniz ukholwe wulwazi sobala kokuqala nokumangalelwe bafunde ngosizo umuzwa bokusungula. Kant wasebenzisa kuphela umbandela esisemthethweni-okunengqondo owawuthi ulwazi liyadingeka kusebenzisane imithetho jikelele okucabanga nokuqonda.