Russian Space Art. UNikolai Fedorovich Fedorov: Biography, imibhalo

Igama lefilosofi yaseRussia u-Nikolai Fedorov kwaphela isikhathi eside lifihliwe emphakathini, kodwa akazange akhohlwe, ngoba imibono yakhe yaphefumulela ososayensi abavelele njengoConstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky, uVladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky, u-Alexander Leonidovich Chizhevsky, u- Nikolai Aleksandrovich Naumov.

Izazi zefilosofi zaseRussia zekhulu le-19 nengxenye yokuqala ye-20 u-Vladimir Solovyov, u-Nikolai Berdyaev, uPavel Florensky, uSergei Bulgakov nabanye babonga imibono kaFedorov, noVladimir Nikolaevich Ilyin esihlokweni esithi "U-Nikolai Fedorov noMonk Seraphim waseSarov" babeka laba bantu ababili esigabeni esisodwa esivamile , Ukukhokha intela emoyeni ophakeme kanye nobungcwele beqiniso lobuKristu bukaNicholas Fedorovich.

Ubuntwana nentsha

I-Biography N. Fedorova iqukethe izindawo eziningi ezimhlophe. Asikwazi ukusho ukuthi ngabe wayeshadile noma wayenabantwana. Kuyaziwa ukuthi uNikolay Fyodorovich Fedorov wazalwa ngoMeyi 26 (Juni 7) ngo-1829. Ulwazi lomama wakhe alugcinanga. Ungunyana ongemthetho uPrince Pavel Ivanovich Gagarin. Njengoba engekho mthethweni, uNikolai, noma umfowabo nodadewabo abathathu banelungelo lokubiza isihloko nesibongo sikayise. UFyodorov wayengunkulunkulukazi wakhe. Uvela kuye, waqamba igama lakhe. Izimo ezinjalo ngaleso sikhathi zazingavamile: umuntu ohlonishwayo angathandana nomfazi ohluphekayo, kodwa ukuhlukanisa nokushada nowesifazane wesigaba esingaphansi kwalahla amalungelo amaningi omshado nabantwana babo.

Ngokuqondene negama, ngemva kokuya kwesikhala sika-Yuri Gagarin, abezindaba bangaphandle basabela kulo mcimbi ngezihloko ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi "Two Gagarin", okusho igama langempela likaNikolai Fedorovich. USergei Korolev wayesehhovisi lakhe isithunzi sesazi sefilosofi somhlaba futhi, ngokuqinisekile, enquma ukuthi yibaphi abafana abazoqala ukuthumela emkhathini, akunakwenzeka kodwa ucabange ngesibonakaliso esihle.

Ubaba, uNkosana Gagarin, akazange afihlile indaba yakhe engashadile nomfowabo - uKonstantin Ivanovich Gagarin. Wabamba iqhaza ekugcineni kwezingane zakhe. Wathwala ukukhokha kwemfundo kaNicholas. Mayelana nezinye izingane azikho ulwazi. Umzana waseKeyys (esifundazweni saseTambov, manje esifundeni saseRyazan, esifundazweni saseSasovsky) uNikolay washiya, efika esikoleni - waya eTambov, lapho angena khona emzileni wokuzivocavoca.

Lycée Richelieu

Ngemva kokuphothula esikoleni sokuzivocavoca ngo-1849, u-Fedorov waya e-Odessa. Lapho wabhalisa eRichelieu Lyceum edumile e-Faculty of Law. Lesi yisikhungo semfundo esihloniphekile kakhulu. Okubalulekile, kwavela endaweni yesibili ngemuva kweTarskaye Selo Lyceum odumile . Ekubunjweni kwezifundo ezifundwayo, ikhwalithi yolwazi nemithetho efundiswa, wayeyunivesithi kunayo i-lyceum. Ukufundisa kwakwenziwa ngabaprofesa. ERichelieu lycée, izingane ezivela emindenini ehloniphekile neyomnotho zafunda. UNikoi wafunda kulo iminyaka emithathu. Ngemva kokufa kukaMalume, okhokhela izifundo zakhe, le nsizwa yaphoqeleka ukuba ihambe eLyceum futhi iqale ukuzimela. Indodana engekho emthethweni, eyanikezwa ngamathalenta amakhulu kanye nobuhle obuphezulu, ayikwazi ukuthembela kumxhaso wombuso esikhungweni esinjalo semfundo. Nokho, iminyaka emithathu yokutadisha ayizange ihambe ngeze. Ukwaziswa okusemqoka ezenzweni zesayensi nezemvelo, ezitholakala eLyceum, kamuva kwaba usizo kakhulu kumfilosofi wesikhathi esizayo owaqala ubuzenzisi baseRashiya.

Uthisha nomtapo wolwazi

Ngo-1854, u-Nikolai Fyodorovich Fyodorov wabuyela esifundazweni sakhe saseTambov, wathola isitifikedi sothisha futhi wathumela umsebenzi njengomfundisi nomlando wezemvelo edolobheni laseLimpetsk. Kuze kube sekupheleni kweminyaka engamashumi ayisithupha, wayesebenza emisebenzini yokufundisa ezikoleni zesifunda saseTambov, eMoscow, esifundazweni saseYaroslavl naseTula. Kusukela ngo-1867 kuya ku-1869 waya eMoscow, lapho efundisa izingane zangasese eMikhailovsky.

Ngo-1869, ekugcineni uMnuz Nikolai Fyodorovich Fedorov wathuthela eMoscow futhi wazimisela njengomsizi kumtapo wezincwadi eChertkov wavula umtapo wokuqala wezincwadi edolobheni.

I-Fedorov ikholelwa ukuthi umtapo wezincwadi uyingxenye yesikhungo esihlanganisa abantu abangahlotshaniswa ukuhlobana, kepha ngubani oseduze nezindinganiso ezingokomoya - izincwadi, ubuciko nesayensi. Wayephikisana nomthetho we-copyright futhi wakhuthaza ngenkuthalo imibono yezinhlobonhlobo zokushintshaniswa kwezincwadi.

I-Rumiantsev Museum kanye nabafundi

Emtatsheni wezincwadi waseChertkovsky uFyodorov wahlangana nobaba we-cosmonautics - uKonstantin Tsiolkovsky. UKonstantin Eduardovich weza eMoscow ngenhloso yokuthola imfundo e-Higher Technical School (manje eyiBaumanskoye), kodwa akazange angene futhi wanquma ukufunda ngokuzimela. U-Nikolai Fedorovich wamfaka esikhundleni sakhe ngamaprofesa enyuvesi. Kwaphela iminyaka emithathu ngaphansi kobuholi be-Fedorov Tsiolkovsky physics ehlelwe kahle, i-astronomy, ikhemistri, izibalo eziphakeme, njll. Ubuntu abukhohliwe, okufana nokuphumula, okwenziwe ngesikhathi sokuhlwa.

Lapho eminyakeni embalwa kamuva umtapo wezincwadi uhlanganiswa eMyuziyamu yaseRumyantsev, i-Fedorov NF yenza uhlu oluphelele lwekhredithi yezincwadi ezihlanganisiwe. Ngesikhathi sakhe sokuphumula wayesebenza nabantu abasha. U-Nikolay Fyodorovich wasebenzisa umholo wakhe onesizotha kubafundi, futhi wayehlala, ehambisana nokulondolozwa okuqinile, kuze kube yilapho engasisebenzisi izithuthi zomphakathi nanoma ikuphi lapho ayehamba khona.

Okuyinhloko yombono we-cosmism

U-Nikolai Fedorov ubhekwa njengenguyise we- cosmism yaseRussia. Isazi sefilosofi sathi ngemva kokutholakala kohlelo lwe-heliocentric kaCopernicus, ifilosofi yasendulo yayiwukubukeza kabusha imibono yayo mayelana ne-oda lomhlaba. Izithuba zendawo zenze izinselele ezintsha kubantu. Njengoba u-Tsiolkovsky wathi: "Umhlaba uwukuzalwa komuntu, kodwa akusiyo kuze kube phakade ukuba aphile emkhunjini!"

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi isayensi yefilosofi Fedorov ichaza njengomcabango ngaphandle komsebenzi. Ngokombono wakhe, lokhu kungakabiphi kuholela ekuhlukaniseni into yokutadisha nokuphika kolwazi lomgomo. Ulwazi lwamaqiniso kufanele lusekelwe ngomkhuba, futhi inhloso yalo ukutadisha imvelo, impilo nokufa ukuzilawula.

Umkhathi wonke ufunde kahle ngevolumu elinesihlungu kangangokuthi isiphetho ngokwawo siziphakamisa: iNkosi yakha i Cosmos enkulu ngenhloso yokubeka kuwo wonke umuntu owake waphila, nalabo abazalelwa esikhathini esizayo. Ngenye indlela, lokhu akukwazi ukuchazwa. Ngaphansi kwethonya lale ncazelo, izitshalo zaseRussia zeFedorov zazalwa. Uma sicabangela indawo yonke njengendawo enkulu, yingxenye encane nje yesintu esithatha kuyo, isazi sefilosofi sasihlanganisa lokhu ukungalingani okungokwemvelo nemfundiso yobuKristu yovuko. Isikhala samahhala silungiswe uMdali ukuba afake kuzo izigidi zabantu abawake baphila emhlabeni. Imininingwane eminingi mayelana nalokhu ingatholakala ekuqoqweni kwemisebenzi nguNikolai Fedorovich, obumbene igama elithi "Philosophy of the Common Causes." Ukuthuthukiswa kwentuthuko yabantu kufanele kuhloswe ekuhloleni isikhala sangaphandle, ukubuyela empilweni yangokwenyama yabantu abahlala ngaphambili futhi manje bangcwatshwa. Kulokhu, kubalulekile ukudala ukuziphatha okusha okuvumela wonke umuntu ukuba aphile ngokuthula nokuvumelana.

Ukuziphatha Okusha

U-Nikolai Fedorovich wayengumuntu ongokwenkolo. Wabamba iqhaza embusweni we-Church of the Church, waqaphela ukugcoba, avuma njalo futhi ukuhlanganyela. Ngokombono wakhe, ukuziphatha okusha kufanele kuthuthuke ngesisekelo semfundiso yobuKristu kaZiqu-zintathu zikaNkulunkulu. Njengoba izici ezintathu ezihlukene zikaNkulunkulu - uYise, iNdodana noMoya oNgcwele, zihlangana ngokuvumelana, ngakho-ke abantu abahlukene bafanele bathole indlela yokuthula. UZiqu-zintathu ZikaNkulunkulu yikuphikiselwa kwengqondo yasempumalanga yokuqothulwa komuntu ekuhlanganyeleni nakwabantu baseWestern.

Isizathu esihle kakhulu sokwakha ubudlelwane obusha yizinto eziphilayo. Ukunakekela imvelo, ukutadisha imithetho yayo kanye nokuphathwa kwabo kufanele kube yisisekelo sokuhlanganiswa kwabantu bezizwe ezahlukene, imisebenzi kanye nezinga lemfundo. Isayensi nenkolo kufana kakhulu. Imfundiso yobuKristu yokuvuka kwabafileyo okuzayo kumele yenziwe ngaba ososayensi.

Ukuvuka kwabafileyo

Uyini uvuko jikelele, ngokusho kukaFedorov, ukuzalwa kabusha noma ukuzijabulisa kwabantu? Isazi sefilosofi sathi ukufa kuyinto embi abantu okufanele baqede. Wonke umuntu uhlala ngokufa kokhokho bakhe, ngakho-ke, kuyisigebengu. Lezi zindaba kufanele zilungiswe. Ama-akhawunti kufanele akhokhwe ngokuvusa abafileyo. Umqondo wokuvuswa kufanele ube yinto ekhuthaza, ukuxhuma ososayensi abavela kuwo wonke amazwe omhlaba ngenhloso eyodwa evamile.

Indlela yokuvuswa isekelwe emithethweni ye-physics - umzimba ngamunye womzimba uqukethe ama-molecule nama-athomu, aphethwe eduze komunye amandla amandla okukhangwa nokugxeka. Zonke izinto ziphuma emagagasi anjalo. Lezi zenzakalo kufanele zifundwe futhi zicutshungulwe ngokucophelela ngokubuyiselwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo, okungukuthi, ukukhulela izakhamuzi ezedlule zeplanethi kusukela ekugcinweni kwezinto eziphilayo ezigcinwe noma ekuqoqeni amandla abantu ababa nazo ukuze bazihlanganise ngale ndlela. Kunezinketho eziningi zokuvuselelwa, njengoba i-Fedorov iphakamisa.

Ifilosofi yesibonelo sakhe yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle ihlanganisa imfundo yobuhlobo obusha phakathi kwabantu. Njengoba ipharadesi akuyona indawo ephazamisayo lapho imiphefumulo yabalungileyo ihlala khona, noma ukuthula okungabonakali komphefumulo okuye kwavumelana neqiniso, okungaqondisi, kepha izwe langempela lomzimba, kubalulekile ukuguqula noma ukufundisa abantu ngendlela ethi bayakujabulela ukuthembela Imikhuba, eyaziwa ngokuthi inzondo, umona, i-avarice, ukudangala, ukuziqhenya, ukukhonza izithombe, njll Kubalulekile futhi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abantu abahlupheki ngokomzimba, njengezifo, kubanda, ukushisa, indlala nabanye. Lena ngumsebenzi kokubili ososayensi kanye nabafundisi. Isayensi nenkolo kufanele kuhlangane.

U-Nikolai Fedorovich wathola izindlela ezimbili zokuthuthukisa intuthuko yabantu.

Ubuhlobo phakathi kobulili

U-Nikolai Fedorov akazange azinaki lesi sici sobuhlobo bomuntu. Ezweni lethu, ngokombono wakhe, kukhona inkolo yowesifazane nesithando senyama. Ubudlelwane buqhutshwa isitho socansi. Ukuzwela okuningi nokuzwelana okuncane kakhulu.

Ubudlelwane bomshado kufanele bakhelwe emfanekisweni woBuZiqu-zintathu, lapho inyunyana engeyona ijoka, futhi ukuhluka komuntu akuyona isizathu sokungaboni ngaso sonke isikhathi. Uthando phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane kufanele lufanane nothando lwezingane kubazali. Kodwa-ke, akuyona imvume kuphela evunyelwe, kodwa futhi okuphambene nayo - ukuhlukunyezwa, njengoba ubugovu obugcwele nokuziphendulela ngokuphelele kungamukeleki.

Ukubeletha kuzobonakala njengendalo, okungukuthi, ukudalwa kwabantu emhlabeni wonke. Insizwa yethu yocansi iyindiza engokwemvelo ekufeni, futhi ukuzalwa, ekubukeni kwamanje, kuyaphambene nokufa. Uthando lwabazali luzokwenza ukwesaba ukufa kwabo futhi luguqulwe libe yindlela yokudalwa kabusha kobaba.

Indlela yokuqala umuntu angaya ngayo

Izazi kanye nabososayensi emhlabeni jikelele bazosebenza ukuvuselela i-gene pool. Amandla ahlomile ngeke asetshenziselwa ukuhlukumezeka, ukufeza izinhloso, kodwa azosetshenziselwa ukubhekana nemvelo yemvelo, okungukuthi, izikhukhula, ukuzamazama komhlaba, ukuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo, imililo yamahlathi, njll.

Le mboni izomisa ukwenza imikhiqizo, engabizwa ngokuthi i-toy for adults. Ukukhiqizwa okuyinhloko kuzodluliselwa emaphandleni. Ukuphila kuzothuthuka lapho. Amadolobha akhiqiza abantu endaweni yokugcina impahla yabathengi, ejwayele indlela yokuphila eyi-parasitic. Ukuphila emadolobheni kuyabanciphisa izifiso eziphilile, kuzivimbela futhi azibenzi nje kuphela ezingalungile, kodwa azijabuli.

Imfundo ye-Universal iyimfuneko yokufeza uhlelo lovuko.

Ukuphathwa komphakathi kuzokwenziwa yi-monarch, ehlangene nabantu bayo ngobuhlobo bukaKesari nezikhonzi zakhe, kodwa umenzi wezintando zikaNkulunkulu ngenxa yenhle yonke.

Enye indlela

U-Nikolai Fedorov uphinde wasikisela enye indlela yokuthuthukiswa kwentuthuko yabantu, okuzosiholela ekufeni nokuvuka kwabafileyo, kodwa kuJaji Lokugcina kanye neGehena yeMlilo. I-cosmism yaseRashiya ingumqondo wangempela, ongenalutho olufanayo nezingane ezingabonakali zabalobi bezesayensi. Isithombe sikaFerorov sezwe sibonakala sikholwa ngokumangalisayo, nakuba ayephila esikhathini ngaphambi kokuguqulwa kwesayensi nesayensi.

Esigabeni Sokugcina sizoholela emzimbeni wokuzimela, ozobe unqoba ngaphezu kwengqondo. Lokhu kuzovela ngenxa yokuhamba kukaNkulunkulu, ekulahlekelweni kokholo emisebenzini Yakhe, kuyokwenza, ukunakekela nokuthanda abantu. Kusukela kumqondo wokuphepha ongaqondakali kahle, abantu bazoqala ukukhiqiza ukudla ngokuzenzakalelayo. Ukufisa kunqoba ngaphezu kothando, imishado engavamile ngaphandle kokuzala izokuqala ukuvela. Izilwane nezitshalo ezisongela impilo zizobhujiswa. Izoyeka ukukhiqiza izindiza. Ekugcineni, abantu bazozama ukuqothula. Khona-ke uSuku Lokwahlulela luzofika.

Kuyamangalisa ukuthi konke lokhu kubhaliwe ngekhulu le-XIX - uNikolai Fyodorov washona ngoDisemba 28, 1903.

Isayensi ezalwe yizimfundiso zikaFedorov

U-Nikolai Fyodorovich Fedorov, engazi, waphefumulela uKonstantin Tsiolkovsky ukuba azinikele ekudaleni igatsha elisha lezesayensi nobuchwepheshe - astronautics.

Ukuhleleka kwe-oda lomhlaba, okwakhiwa nguNikolai Fedorovich, wanqoba izingqondo zabaningi besikhathi sakhe. Kwakungumqondo kaFedorov owabeletha lezo zayensi njengesikhala kanye ne-heliobiology, aeroionization, electro-hemodynamics, njalonjalo. Ngokombono ososayensi abahilelekile emlandweni oshiywe yi "Moscow Socrates", njengoba abangane nabafundi bebiza ngokuthi iFotorov, wachaza i-vector futhi wanikeza amandla ekuthuthukiseni ulwazi lwendawo yonke amakhulu eminyaka eyedlule. Ukusuka kwakhe, umbono omusha wokuziphendukela kwesintu wazalwa, njengenqubo esebenzayo, eyenziwa ngabantu ngokwabo, esebenza ukudala i-noosphere ekahle.

Iningi lamarekhodi ukuthi i-Fedorov NF eyenzelwe abafundi bakhe basinda. UNikoi Fedorovich akazange ashicilele imicabango yakhe. Imisebenzi yakhe yayilondolozwe abafundi abaningi. U-Nikolai Pavlovich Peterson noVladimir Aleksandrovich Kozhevnikov bawahlela futhi babashicilela ngo-1906. Ukusabalalisa konke kuthunyelwe emitatsheni yezincwadi futhi kusakazwa mahhala kulabo abafisa.

Phakathi nesikhathi sakhe sokuphila uNikola Fedorovich wayengakaze afakwe izithombe futhi akazange avumele ukupenda. Kodwa-ke, uLeonid Pasternak usenzile ngasese isithombe esisodwa. Sasibeka ekuqaleni kwendaba.

Isiphetho

Phakathi neminyaka yamandla aseSoviet e-USSR, lapho imboni yesikhala nesayensi ithola izinkomba eziphawulekayo, uNikola Fedorov wayaziwa emibuthanweni emincane kakhulu.

Ngabaholi abaphezulu kakhulu beqembu lamaKhomanisi weSoviet Union, imfundiso kaFurorov yabonakala iboshwe ngokungathí sina kumqondo wamaKristu wendawo yonke njengesenzo sokudala somqondo oNgcwele kaZiqu-zintathu Ongcwele - uYise, iNdodana noMoya Ongcwele. Umbono wakhe ojulile wenkolo we-oda lomhlaba waphambana nemigomo eyisisekelo yesimo sengqondo yomhlaba wonke womphakathi waseSoviet, owawuhloswe ukwanelisa izidingo zomuntu kuphela. Isiqubulo esiyinhloko sezenhlalo: "Kulowo nalowo ngokusemandleni akhe, yilowo nalowo ngokuvumelana nomsebenzi wakhe", kodwa isiqubulo esikhulu se-communism: "Kusukela ngayinye ngokwezifiso, ngamunye ngokuvumelana nezidingo." Izidingo zazisetshenziselwa izidingo zomzimba kuphela, ngoba umphakathi waseSoviet wawuphika ukuphika komphefumulo, nakuba umqondo wokufundisa umuntu omusha, cishe kungenzeka, uboleke kuye.

Okwamanje, sisengabantu kude ngenkathi uvuko nakuba ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukene - umthengi sengqondo ekuphileni, kanye nebanga elivela kuNkulunkulu siguqulwe, kodwa ngokuvamile eziye zabhekana akuyona kakhulu ushintsho kakhulu.