Inkinga yomuntu zefilosofi nemfundiso ukuqonda essence yayo bacondze etindzaweni letehlukene zefilosofi

Ukuba nezwe engaphakathi abantu behileleka wesayensi eziningi, kodwa mayelana nenhloso, indawo kanye nemvelo wefilosofi kuphela ecabanga emhlabeni. Singasho ukuthi inkinga yomuntu ifilosofi ingenye izinkinga zako ezisemqoka. Long njengoba kukhona izincazelo eziningi okuqondene uhlanga lwesintu. Ngisho nasezikhathini zasendulo Entela ekhuluma 'ngokuqondisa a biped ngaphandle izimpaphe ", kuyilapho u-Aristotle uzwakalise kakhulu washo eqinisile futhi ngamafuphi - the man is a politikon zoon, okungukuthi, isilwane okunengqondo, okuyinto abakwazi ukuphila ngaphandle zokuxhumana. Esikhathini Renaissance, Pico della Mirandola , e yakhe "Inkulumo ku okushiwo indoda," kusho ukuthi akuyona abantu endaweni ethile emhlabeni futhi imingcele ecacile - they are ubukhulu babo avuke ephakeme kunezingelosi, futhi imikhuba yakhe ukuba iwe ngezansi amademoni. Ekugcineni, isazi sefilosofi French existentialist Sartre ngokuthi obuntu "khona, obulandela essence", okusho ukuthi abantu bazalwa inhlangano begazi, bese baba ezinengqondo.

Man nefilosofi mkhuba selivela kokuba izici ezithile. Umuntu uyisidalwa uhlobo "project", yena ngokwakhe kudala. Ngakho-ke, akagcini ngokuba namandla emsebenzini kodwa "self-indalo", okungukuthi, ushintsho uqobo, kanye ukuzazi. Nokho, ukuphila imisebenzi yabantu bazimisele futhi engavimba isikhathi, okungukuthi inkemba Damocles ulenga phezu kwabo. Man kudala ngokwabo kuphela, kodwa futhi "yizenzo", isiko, ngakho njengoba Heidegger akubeka, "kabili nenhlalakahle." Ngaphezu kwalokho, uthi sefilosofi efanayo, ubizwa 'nokuba, okuyinto ecabanga ukuthi uGenesise. " Futhi, ekugcineni, umuntu ziwumthwalo umhlaba wonke emhlabeni izilinganiso wakhe. Ngisho Protagoras ukuthi umuntu esilinganisweni zonke izinto zihambe kahle endaweni yonke, nezazi zefilosofi kusukela Parmenides ukuba Hegel Uzame ukuhlonza nenhlalakahle futhi ukucabanga.

Inkinga yomuntu ifilosofi wafakwa futhi ngokobudlelwano nabanye phakathi microcosm - okungukuthi, izwe kwangaphakathi yomuntu, kanye macrocosm - izwe elizungezile. Ngo-Ayurveda, yasendulo Chinese Greek ifilosofi indoda kwaqondwa njengengxenye Cosmos, i- "ukuze" ezingaphelelwa isikhathi kuphela imvelo. Nokho, lasendulo zangaphambi Socratics ezifana uDiogenes ka-Apholoniya, Heraclitus, futhi Anaximenes futhi babenombono ohlukile, okuthiwa "paralellizma" micro- kanye macrocosm, mayelana indoda njengoba kuveza noma wuphawu macrocosm. Kule postulate sekuqalile ukuthuthukisa anthropology okungokwemvelo, indoda kuphela emkhathini (umuntu siqukethe kuphela izakhi kanye izakhi).

Inkinga yomuntu ifilosofi nemizamo yokuxazulula kwaholela futhi yokuthi isikhala nemvelo ngaqala ukuqonda ukuthi laba balobi abakuloba, njengoba ophilayo kungumzimba womoya. Lo mbono sivezwe kula mythologems eminingi yasendulo Cosmological "Umhlaba pracheloveka" (Purusha e-Indian Vedas, Ymir zaseScandinavia "Edda" Pan Gu ifilosofi Chinese, u-Adamu Kadmon samaJuda. Kabbalah). Kule kwaphakama isimo zomzimba womuntu, Ubuye "umphefumulo cosmic" (nalelo bavumelana Heraclitus, Anaximander, uPlato namaStoyiku), futhi lokhu imvelo ngokuvamile utholakala nge uhlobo nobunkulunkulu immanent. Ulwazi jikelele kusukela lo mbono, ngokuvamile uba ukuzazi. Isikhala NeoPlatonists ziyoncibilika ngigeza futhi ingqondo.

Ngakho, ukuba khona umzimba womuntu umphefumulo (noma, ngokunembile, umzimba, umphefumulo nomoya) idale omunye ukungqubuzana ephawula inkinga yomuntu ifilosofi. Ngokusho ekubukeni okukodwa, umphefumulo nomzimba - lawa izinhlobo ezimbili ezahlukene ngokuyisisekelo efanayo (abalandeli Aristotle ezwakalayo), futhi ngokuvumelana nye - they yizinto ezimbili ezahlukene (abalandeli kaPlato). Emfundisweni le ukuguqulelwa kwesinye isimo sokuphila wemiphefumulo (ejwayelekile Indian, isiShayina, waseGibhithe futhi ngokwengxenye Greek ifilosofi) yomngcele phakathi izidalwa kukhona mobile kakhulu, kodwa ukwakheka kwabantu kuphela alwele "inkululeko" ejokeni isondo khona.

Inkinga yomuntu emlandweni nefilosofi livele nezincazelo. Vedanta Ayurveda okushiwo indoda ubiza atman, e kwangaphakathi okuqukethwe ezifanayo isimiso saso esivela kuNkulunkulu - the Brahmin. U-Aristotle, umuntu - isidalwa nangomphefumulo enengqondo futhi amandla ukuphila emphakathini. kuyifilosofi yobuKristu Umuntu oqokwe indawo ekhethekile - kokuba lo "ngomfanekiso kaNkulunkulu", esho ngesikhathi esifanayo ngenxa ukuwa olunjengemfoloko. Esikhathini Renaissance, pathetically wamemezela ukuzimela komuntu. rationalism YaseYurophu Ezikhathini zanamuhla ubani oye wenza isiqubulo salo ukubonakaliswa Descartes ukuthi ukucabanga - uphawu khona. Ongqondongqondo kwekhulu XVIII - Lamettrie Franklin - ezikhonjwe Komuntu nge indlela noma "isilwane, ukudala izindlela zokukhiqiza." nefilosofi German classical waqonda njengendlela ophilayo nobuqotho babantu (ngokukhethekile, Hegel wathi le ndoda - isigaba ekuthuthukisweni kwe-Idea Ingabe Ohulumeni Banalo Lonke), kanye Marxism ezama ukuhlanganisa yemvelo kanye nomphakathi umuntu ngosizo izinto ezibonakalayo dialectical. Nokho, amabili nefilosofi ekhulwini ubuswa personalism, okungadingi ukugxila "Ingqikithi" yomuntu, futhi ehlukile yayo, okwakhe futhi ubuntu.