Uyini-cuneiform? umbhalo we-cuneiform-Aramu Naharayimi

Omunye oluyimfihlakalo kunalo lonke futhi impucuko kakhulu lasendulo Naharayimi kubhekwe. Ngakho lalibizwa amaGreki, siphinde kunjengoba eMesophothamiya ezaziwayo. Le ndawo, esemgwaqweni phakathi nemifula emibili emikhulu, ngokunikela ngokuphila nesifunda. Omunye wabo Tiger, elinye - i-Ewufrathe. Kwakukhona emadolobheni omkhulu nemithetho ekhethekile, amasiko ahlukile, inkolo kanye worldview. Kulesi ezweni iminyaka engaphezu kweyisithupha yinkulungwane edlule, Ngazalwa uhlelo yokuloba ngokuthi i-cuneiform owawuthandwa kakhulu eMesophothamiya.

Kungani wabhala amagejambazo?

Okhokho bethu babe oqaphelayo kakhulu, ngoba wabavumela siqhubeke siphila ezimweni ezinzima. Futhi bakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezwe elibazungezile, thatha okudingayo kuwo. Uma Egypt wakhula ngobuningi sebungu ungase uthole matshe ukuba kubakhiphe izinhlamvu zabo, laseMesophothamiya kwakungeyona. Kepha kwakukhona lobumba eyakha indlu, nokwenza izitsha. Izakhamuzi wabona ukuthi impahla ezimanzi sihleli iminonjana izilwane, ngakho azama ukuyisebenzisa ukuthatha amanothi. Kodwa ukudweba amamaki eziyinkimbinkimbi zobumba kwaba kahle, kwaba lula kakhulu ukungena kuso nezakhamuzi induku elibukhali elinesihloko base esingunxantathu. kwavela Kanjalo-cuneiform odumile yase-Aramu Naharayimi, lowo owasikhipha imininingwane eminingi mayelana nabantu okuyimfihlakalo esifundeni.

incwadi ubumba

Ngakho, liyini-cuneiform, siyazwisisa. Manje asikhulume kancane ngalokho ukubhala naphezu kwabakhileyo yaseMesophothamiya yasendulo. "Izincwadi" bahlukile. Uma ubumba Pancake besihloselwe abafundi umzimba encwadini (kanye nezikole besemizini Naharayimi), khona-ke usuke hhayi womile. Ngemva amakilasi, ngigeze ebhaliwe kanye plate sisetshenziswe futhi. Kodwa kungashiwo omisiwe elangeni, ke ulwazi olulondolozwe eside. amaphilisi Okubalulekile kwashiswa umlilo, futhi agcinwe zamakhosi.

Abafundi abafuna ukufunda incwadi yasendulo, okuqala ayefundisa amasu wokwenza ezibhebheni zobumba. Akulula, kusukela impahla has a lot of ukungcola, kusukela lapho kufanele uhlanzeke. Okulandelayo, kwakudingekile ukubeka umugqa intambo Cuneiform izimpawu yahamba ngokushelela. Futhi kuphela ke umbhali waya extrude "izinhlamvu."

Ukubhebhetheka izinhlamvu ongaqondakali

Clay kwaba impahla ezishibhile, yibo bonke izingxenye sabantu. Ngakho-ke, ngokubhala eMesophothamiya ngineminyaka engu ujwayelene hhayi kuphela izigwili nezikhulu lombhalo nelungelo (abapristi), kodwa futhi abavamile. Mhlawumbe yingakho kukhona wabhala zonke, izinkondlo sakhiwa, kuhlanganise uhlamvu nobuqhawe.

Cishe zonke manje ukuthi yini i-cuneiform. It wasetshenziselwa kabanzi eMpumalanga Ephakathi - Sumerians, abase-Asiriya, amaPheresiya abaseBhabhiloni. Mhlawumbe le ndlela yokubhala yasendulo luzosetshenziswa khona namuhla, kodwa kwadingeka eyodwa ethile enkulu. Clay amabhuku uthole esinda kakhulu futhi okukhulu, ngakho kwaba nzima ukuthutha.

we-cuneiform eYurophu

Izwe Elidala sathola ukuthi kungakanani esikwazi cuneiform eminyakeni engaphezu kwamakhulu amathathu edlule. Ngokokuqala ngqá izibonakaliso ongaqondakali ngesimo izikopelo owethulwa emhlabeni izihambi Italian ngegama Pietro della Valle. Wabhala incwadi mayelana zakhe eMpumalanga Ephakathi futhi wawubonisa elilotshwe ukuthi ongaziwa, okuyinto kubonakala ku isibhebhe sobumba e Pheshiya. we-cuneiform Wasendulo kwakuhluke kakhulu kulokho zezilimi ezisetshenziswa e-Europe, ngakho ubizwa kungacatshangelwa nokucatshangelwa ngokubhala uhlelo. Kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amazwe aseNtshonalanga Izibhebhe zobumba zithinta imbulunga edalulwa. Ngakho-ke, wavusa isithakazelo umphakathi nososayensi.

Inani elikhulu Izibhebhe zobumba, abavubukuli bathola at indawo ye-dolobha yasePheresiya of Persepolis edume ashisiwe Aleksandrom Makedonskim futhi ozithandayo yakhe - Athens hetaera Thais. Njengoba kwaziwa kahle ubumba umlilo kuphela eba namandla ngokwengeziwe, + ngakho umtapo eyigugu kakhulu endala ukuze ezisekhona. Nokho, ngaleso sikhathi akekho ozokwazi ukufunda izimpawu ongaqondakali sihleli ababhali abanekhono.

imfihlakalo phendla

Umlando we-cuneiform iminyaka engaphezu kwenkulungwane. Kodwa labo ababeka ezibhebheni zobumba izimpawu ongaqondakali, befile, futhi ulwazi lwabo - elahleka. Ososayensi ebuka izincwadi ezindala, ukuqonda ukuthi liqukethe ukwaziswa okuwusizo kakhulu. Kodwa-ke ngeshwa, akekho owayengenza ulifunde. Imizamo wokufunda amagejambazo kanye clove kuthathwe ekuqaleni nucleation Assyriology isayensi. Futhi ekugcineni, isihluthulelo iphazili Kuye kwatholakala! Nokho, kwenzeka ngempela muva nje, ekhulwini nesishiyagalolunye.

Imizamo yokuqala ukuqhaqha ukuthi kwathela izithelo, eyenziwa sezilimi German George Grotefend. Ivame ukubizwa genius ngobusuku obubodwa ngenxa yokuthi 'wayethobekile e ingxabano "baqala umsebenzi engenakwenzeka futhi akhiphe ke. Khona-ke wabuyela izikebhe wakhe - wayesebenza njengoba uthisha. Kodwa ekuqaleni inkomba wabeka indlela yokubhala efihla incazelo.

Ngo-1872, kungakhathaliseki Grotefend IsiZulu womqophi Dzhordzh Smit wayekwazi ukufunda uphawu, okuyinto uthe kukaZamcolo. Flood wathumela onkulunkulu, kodwa eyasiza indoda ngubani, efana uNowa waseBhayibhelini, asindisa wakhulula abantu. Lo msebenzi wabe esengena isayensi ngokuthi "INgoma Gilgamesh."

Banikela ngendlela ebalulekile lokhu kwenziwa Genri Roulinson, a attache lempi. Abeke ukuphila kwakhe engozini, wafundiswa futhi ukopishe le mibhalo eqoshiwe omkhulukazi zamakhosi WasePheresiya Behistun rock futhi entabeni Elvand. Ziqukethe inqwaba amagama efanele (zozalo yamakhosi), ukuze wasiza ukwembula isimiso sokubhala ezintathu ze-cuneiform, esifika ngezindlela ezintathu.

esikhundleni isiphetho sendaba

Ngakho-ke, siyaqonda ukuthi le-cuneiform, bathatha uhambo olufushane kwelakubo - laseMesophothamiya. Yini enye sikhumbula leli lizwe, okuyinto Sekuyisikhathi eside ashona lokulibala? Iqiniso ukuthi, naphezu ukudlula zeminyaka, iminonjana yayo basesemhlabeni unina emhlabeni. Futhi engqondweni yomuntu yesimanje emasikweni abantu ababehlala phakathi iTigrisi ne-Ewufrathe wayesaphila. Sonke khumbula umuzi odume kweBabiloni, idume okuvimbezela zaso ezinkulu futhi ziggurats, amasango ezihlotshisiwe kanye eziqoshiwe. Ngo lo muzi, yebo amanxiwa umbhoshongo edumile, iBhayibheli lithi. Nokho, ungoyedwa ongazazi mayelana eNineve, umuzi lapho ungafuni ukuya umKristu ulungile? Akunakwenzeka ingasaphathwa-Asiriya, ogama amasosha hhayi kuphela onekhono futhi abanesibindi, kodwa futhi abanolaka kakhulu. Futhi-ke, ka Persepolis, sombuso uMbuso WasePheresiya, okuyindawo umlotha wahlala.