UTolstoy, isifingqo esithi "Ukufa kuka-Ivan Ilyich"

UTolstoy unendaba ezinikezelwe emlandweni womuntu owabona ukungabi nalutho kwempilo yakhe emngceleni wokufa. Indlela umlobi omkhulu waseRussia abonisa ngayo ukuhlushwa komphefumulo oshisayo ayikwazi ukuqonda ngokufunda isifinyeto esifushane. "Ukufa kuka-Ivan Ilyich" (futhi yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi le ndaba) ngumsebenzi ojulile, okusikisela ukuzindla okunzima. Ukufunda kufanele kube ngokuzilibazisa, uhlaziye ingxenye ngayinye yombhalo.

Kodwa-ke, labo abangafisi ukungena emibonweni yefilosofi ephazamisayo, bayosondela esitatimendeni esicacile sendaba. Kulesi sihloko - okuqukethwe okufushane.

Ukufa kuka-Ivan Ilyich - i-protagonist yomsebenzi - kuyisenzakalo esasungula isisekelo sesakhiwo. Kodwa lo mlando uqala kusukela ngesikhathi lapho umphefumulo wesilwane esishiwo ngenhla usuvele ushiye umzimba ofayo.

Isahluko sokuqala (isifingqo)

Ukufa kuka-Ivan Ilyich kwaba umcimbi ongajwayelekile, kodwa kude nokukhululeka ngokubaluleka. Ekwakha izikhungo zokwahlulela, ngesikhathi sokuphumula, uPeter Ivanovich - osebenza naye oshonile - wafunda izindaba ezibuhlungu ezivela ephephandabeni. Ngemva kokutshela amanye amalungu eseshini yenkantolo mayelana nokufa kuka-Ivan Ilyich, wacabanga kuqala ukuthi yikuphi okuzokwenzeka kuye nakwezihlobo zakhe. Indawo yomuntu oshonile izobe isetshenziswe esinye isikhulu. Ngakho-ke, kuyoba khona isikhundla esisodwa esingenalutho. UPyotr Ivanovich uyombeka phezu kwalo futhi amathise umkhwe wakhe.

Kufanelekile ukukhuluma ngesici esisodwa somsebenzi kaTolstoy, ngaphandle kwalokho akulula ukusho okuqukethwe okufushane. Ukufa kuka-Ivan Ilyich, kanye nezinsuku zokugcina zokuphila kwakhe, kuchazwe endabeni kusukela esikhundleni somlingiswa oyinhloko. Futhi akahlupheki nje kuphela ebuhlungu obungokomzimba, kodwa kusukela emcabangweni wokuthi wonke umuntu ozungezile ulindele ukufa kwakhe. Kule nkolelo embi i-Ivan Ilyich inxenye efanele. Phela, ngamunye osebenza nabo ngemuva kwezindaba ezimbi ufika emicabangweni mayelana nokuthunyelwa kokuthunyelwe okuzayo. Futhi futhi umuzwa wokukhululeka ovela eqinisweni lokuthi isenzakalo esingajabulisi esibizwa ngokuthi "ukufa" senzeke endaweni ethile eduze, kodwa hhayi naye. Ukwengeza, wonke umuntu wacabanga ngemisebenzi eyakhayo yokuhlonipha, ngokusho ukuthi ubani okufanele ahambe ku-requiem futhi adlulise amazwi enduduzo.

Njengoba wazi, uchwepheshe wemiphefumulo yabantu wayeyiLeo Tolstoy. "Ukufa kuka-Ivan Ilyich," okufingqiwe okushiwo kulesi sihloko, kuwumsebenzi ophefumulayo. Umlobi ochazwe ekubunjweni okuncane okuyikusasa leqhawe, yonke injabulo yakhe kanye nezinsizi. Futhi okubaluleke kakhulu - ukucubungula kabusha izindinganiso ezingokomoya, ezenzeka ezinsukwini zokugcina zokuphila.

Umlando ovamile nowesabekayo

Umfundi akakwazi ukuqonda ukujula kwemizwa ka-Ivan Ilyich ngaphandle kokwazi idatha eyisisekelo kusuka ku-biography yakhe. Ngakho-ke, esahlukweni sesibili sikhuluma ngokuphila komlingiswa oyinhloko. Futhi ngaleso sikhathi, kuyo yonke imibala, uTolstoy uchaza ukufa kuka-Ivan Ilyich. Isishwankathelo sezindaba kuphela indaba yokuphila nokufa kwe-hero. Kodwa, mhlawumbe, kuyokugqugquzela ukuthi ufunde okoqobo.

U-Ivan Ilyich wayeyindodana yomeluleki wemfihlo. Uyise wayengomunye walabo bantu abanenhlanhla okwazi ukuphakama phezulu, ukuthola izindawo ezikhohlisayo nomvuzo ongasebenzi. Umndeni womeluleki oyimfihlo wayenamadodana amathathu. Umdala ulungile futhi uphumelele. Osemncane wafunda kabi, umsebenzi wakhe wehlulekile, futhi awuzange wamukeleke embuthaneni oseduze ukuze umkhumbule. Indodana ephakathi yayingu-Ivan Ilyich. Wafunda kahle. Futhi kakade emzimbeni womfundi waba yilokho okwenzeka kamuva ekufeni kwakhe: indoda efuna ukusondelana nezikhulu eziphezulu. Waphumelela.

Lona isithombe somlingisi uTolstoy adalwe. Ukufa kuka-Ivan Ilyich, ngandlela-thile, akukhona ukuphela kokuphela kokuphila kwakhe. Kuyinto yokuzalwa kabusha okungokomoya. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, u-Ivan Ilyich uqala ukuqonda ukuthi ukuphila kwakhe kwakungalungile ngandlela-thile. Nokho, abanye abazi ngalokhu. Yebo, futhi akukho lutho olungashintshwa.

Umshado

Ngesikhathi esemusha u-Ivan Ilyich wayenokuphila nokuphila okulula. Kwakukhona ukuxhuma nabalimi, nokuphuza ngendlu yokugudluza, kanye nohambo lokude lokuzijabulisa. U-Ivan Ilyich wakhonza ngenkuthalo. Konke lokhu kwakuzungezwe ukuhlonishwa, imikhuba ehloniphekile namazwi aseFrance. Futhi emva kweminyaka emibili yenkonzo, wahlangana nomuntu okhethekile owayefanelwe indima yomfazi. UPraskovia Fedorovna wayeyintombazane ehlakaniphile futhi ekhangayo. Kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke - umndeni omuhle omuhle. U-Ivan Ilyich waba nomholo omuhle. I-Praskovia Fedorovna - i-dowry enhle. Ukushada nentombazane enjalo kwakubonakala kungekujabulisi nje kuphela, kodwa kubonakala kunenzuzo. Ngakho u-Ivan Ilyich washada.

Ukuphila komndeni

Umshado wamthembisa kuphela injabulo. Eqinisweni, kwavela ngenye indlela. Izinkinga zokuphila komndeni zingenye yezingqikithi ezaphakanyiswa nguLeo Leo Tolstoy emsebenzini wakhe. "Ukufa kuka-Ivan Ilyich," isakhiwo sakhe esibhekwa kuqala singase sibonakale silula, kuyisimo esiyinkimbinkimbi sefilosofi. Iqhawe lendabuko lazama ukwenza ukuba khona kwakhe kube lula futhi kungabi nenkinga. Kodwa ngisho nasemkhayeni wakhe womndeni kwakudingeka adumale.

U-Praskovia Fedorovna ufanelwe umyeni wakhe umhawu, njalo wayengenelisekile ngento ethile. U-Ivan Ilyich wahamba ngokungafani, wahlelwa nguye emhlabeni. Leli zwe laliyinkonzo. Esimweni sokwahlulela, wabulala wonke amabutho akhe, okwakusheshe akhuthazwe ukuba abe yihhovisi. Kodwa-ke, iminyaka eyisikhombisa elandelayo, izinduna azizange zimhloniphe. Indawo eyifunayo ngeholo lamawaka amahlanu ayengamukelanga, ngoba, ngokuvumelana nokuqonda kwakhe, wayengahlonishwa enkonzweni lapho asebenza khona.

Okuthunyelwe okusha

Kwakukhona umcimbi owawuthinta isiphetho sika-Ivan Ilyich. Enkonzweni, kwenzeka ukuqhutshwa, ngenxa yalokho wathola ukuqashwa okusha. Umndeni wathuthela eSt. Petersburg. Enhloko-dolobha, u-Ivan Ilyich wathenga indlu. Iminyaka eminingana emndenini, isihloko esiyinhloko kwakuwukuthengwa komunye umunye imininingwane noma ingaphakathi. Ukuphila kwaqala ukudlala ngemibala emisha ekhanyayo. Imifudlana enePraskovia Fedorovna, yize kwenzeka njalo ngezikhathi ezithile, kodwa ayizange icindezele u-Ivan Ilyich kakhulu ngaphambili. Phela, manje wayenesikhundla esihle nesimo esibalulekile emphakathini.

Konke kungaba kuhle, uma kungengenxa yokufa kuka-Ivan Ilyich. Qinisekisa izinyanga zokugcina zokuphila kwakhe ngale ndlela elandelayo: wahlupheka futhi wazonda wonke umuntu owazi ubuhlungu bakhe.

Izifo

Lesi sifo safika empilweni yakhe ngokungalindelekile. Kodwa-ke, akunakwenzeka ukuphatha lesi sifo esibi kakhulu ngegazi elibandayo. Kodwa icala lika-Ivan Ilyich lalibuhlungu kakhulu. Akekho odokotela abakwazanga ukutshela ngokunembile, ukuthi yikuphi ngempela okuhlupheka. Kwakuyizinso ezijikelezayo noma ukuvuvukala kwamathumbu, noma ngisho nesifo esingaziwa. Futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, odokotela noma umndeni ka-Ivan Ilyich babengafuni ukuqonda ukuthi kuye akuyona into ebaluleke kakhulu kuye, kodwa kulula njengoba kunjalo, nakuba kwakuyiqiniso elibi. Ingabe uzophila? Ingabe ugulayo ugula, obangela ubuhlungu obukhulu kangaka?

Gerasim

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuthi ukuhlupheka kuka-Ivan Ilyich kwakungenakuqhathaniswa nokuhlukunyezwa kwengqondo. Umcabango wokuthi uyashiya wamenza ubuhlungu obungenakubekezeleka. Umbala onempilo wesikhumba wasePraskovia Fedorovna, ithoni yakhe ezolile nekhohlisayo yabangela ulaka kuphela. Wayengadingi ukunakekelwa komkami kanye nokuhlolwa kodokotela njalo. U-Ivan Ilyich udinga ububele. Umuntu oyedwa owayengakwazi lokhu kwakungu-Gerasim inceku.

Le nsizwa yaphendukela kumnumzane oshonile onomusa olula. Into eyinhloko eyayihlupha u-Ivan Ilyich kwakuwukuthi kwakungamanga. U-Praskovya Fedorovna wazitshela ukuthi umyeni wayegula kuphela, ukuthi kwakudingeka aphathwe futhi ahlale ezolile. Kodwa u-Ivan Ilyich wayazi ukuthi wayefa, futhi ezikhathini ezinzima wayefuna ukuhawukelwa. UGerasim akazange aqambe amanga, wazwelana ngobuqotho nenkosi ebuthakathaka nebuthakathaka. Futhi wabiza ngokuthi lo mlimi olula futhi wakhuluma naye isikhathi eside.

Ukufa kuka-Ivan Ilyich

Funda isifinyeto, njengoba sekushiwo kakade, akwanele ukuzwa ukujula kwengane yomlobi omkhulu waseRussia. U-Tolstoy wachaza imizuzu yokugcina empilweni yomuntu ngokucacile kangangokuthi kubonakala sengathi yena neqhawe lakhe babe nomuzwa womphefumulo oshiya umzimba. U-Ivan Ilyich ngomzuzu wokugcina waqala ukuqonda ukuthi wayehlukumeza izihlobo zakhe. Wayefuna ukusho into ethile, kepha wayenawo amandla okusho igama elithi "uthethelele." Wayengazizwa ukwesaba ukufa, okwaba yinto evamile ezinyangeni zamuva. Kungumqondo wokuphumula kuphela. Into yokugcina u-Ivan Ilyich wezwa kwakuyizwi elithi "Kuphela" elikhulunywa ngumuntu oseduzane.