Usimende - ke ... Ukwakheka, izici, izinhlobo kanye ukukhiqizwa usimende

Ngazo zonke izikhathi abantu izidingo zabo siqu eyingoduso ukwakhiwa kusukela nezakhiwo zasendulo ukuze wobuciko yesimanje lobuchwepheshe. Ukuze izakhiwo kanye nezinye izakhiwo wahlala eyizingqabavu, kumele kube ikhemikhali ngeke ubole izingxenye abamelwe ngokwehlukile.

Usimende - a ukwaziswa isetshenziselwa kweqembu izakhi isakhiwo. Ukusetshenziswa Its likhulu ezweni lanamuhla. Isetshenziselwa amazinga kahulumeni ahlukahlukene umsebenzi womuntu, futhi inquma isiphetho zonke izindawo.

Umlando nesenzakalo

izinto ekuqiniseni zaqala ukusetshenziswa endulo. Okokuqala kwaba ubumba eluhlaza. Ngenxa kalula yayo yokuthola kanye nokusabalalisa izindatshana ke isicelo yonke indawo. Kodwa ngenxa viscosity ababuthakathaka nokuzinza ubumba wakhala ukufudumeza izinto ngayo.

EGibhithe zokwakha izinga lokuqala Babekulungele. Lokhu lime ayibhade. Sinenkosi ikhono lukhuni emoyeni, futhi ngaleyo ndlela baye esetshenziswa. Lezi izinto zokwakha nezimfuneko, ongakabi waqala ukuthuthukisa navigation. Kuze kwadingeka kwenziwe into entsha okwakuyoholela simelane isenzo yamanzi.

Ekhulwini XVIII, ke yasungulwa impahla - romantsement. Kuyinto umkhiqizo ezingase lukhuni emanzini futhi emoyeni. Kodwa ukuthuthukiswa okwandisiwe umkhakha adinga izinto kangcono futhi izakhiwo esibophezelayo. Ekhulwini XIX ke yasungulwa kwenziwe into entsha ngoba ngibopha. Ibizwa ngokuthi Portland usimende. Lokhu kwaziswa kusetshenziswa kuze kube yilolu suku. With ukuthuthukiswa isintu ukuba isibopho eziphoqelelwe kwezidingo. Ukuze umkhakha ngamunye usebenzisa brand ayo, okuyinto ine izakhiwo ezidingekayo.

isakhiwo

Usimende - iyona Isakhi esiyinhloko embonini yezokwakha. Izingxenye ezisemqoka kuwo ubumba namathempeli ngokhonkolo namatshe. Basuke ezixutshanisiwe waquliswa ukufudumeza ukwelashwa. Khona-ke mass okuholela is nepepper a okucolekile. Mpunga ingxube enhle - lokhu usimende. Lapho exutshwe namanzi, isisindo uyogcina ube njengetshe. Isici esiyinhloko kuba ikhono lukhuni emoyeni futhi simelane umswakama.

Ulungiselela grout

Ukuze ukwakha mass besiyikhwalithi edingekayo kumele okungenani ibe namagama angu- 25% liquid. Ukushintsha isilinganiso kunoma iyiphi imiphumela isiqondiso ekusebenzeni izakhiwo engezansi isixazululo kanye izinga layo. Kuthathwa ngemva kwemizuzu engu-60 ngemva kwalokho yamanzi, futhi ngemva kwamahora angu-12, ingxube ilahlekelwa umswakama waso. Zonke incike lokushisa emoyeni. Ayanda kunjalo, ngokushesha lo mass lukhuni.

Ukuze isixazululo kudinga isihlabathi kulo usimende sengezwe. Ingxube kwaphumela kwaba okuxubile kahle wathela amanzi. Kuye isixazululo umsebenzi ekhiqizwa kungaba ezivamile noma lufinyelele ezingeni eliphezulu. Eyokuqala siqukethe olinganise 1: 5, kanti eyesibili - 1: 2.

Izinhlobo kanye usimende ukukhiqizwa

Okwamanje, kwenza eziningi izinhlobonhlobo isibopho. Ngalinye libhekene degree ayo ubulukhuni, okuboniswe e uphawu.

Izinhlobo ezinkulu yilezi:

• Portland usimende (lime). Kuyinto umsunguli zonke izinhlobo. Noma yiluphi uphawu lomkhiqizo usebenzisa ke njengoba isisekelo. Umehluko kuba ubuningi kanye nokwakheka izithasiselo okuyinto lidlulisele efiselekayo izakhiwo usimende. I powder ngokwayo has a umbala grey-oluhlaza. Uma wengeza ketshezi Uqinisa futhi prochneet. Ayisetshenziswa ngokwalo ekwakheni, futhi njengesisekelo ukudalwa materials oluyinhlanganisela.
• A ukwakheka plasticized kunciphisa izindleko, uyakwazi ukususa isixazululo ukuhamba kanye umelana kahle amakhaza.
• Slag usimende. Lena yi yokuwela clinker, ngokufutha komoya-somlilo slag futhi kwengezwa ejenti asebenzayo. Asetshenziswa ukwakhiwa ukwenziwa izixazululo nokhonkolo.

• Aluminous. It possesses okusezingeni eliphezulu izinga umsebenzi kulungiselelwa (45 emaminithi) kanye solidification (egcwele kwenzeka phakathi namahora angu-10). Futhi isici esiphawuleka yilona ukumelana kwabaningi umswakama.
• Acid. Kwakheka ngokuxuba Silica isihlabathi kanye sodium silicofluoride. Soda sengezwe ukulungiselela isixazululo waterglass. Inzuzo kasimende ezinjalo - ukumelana acid. Ububi - a lifetime encane.
• Umbala. Kwakheka ngokuxuba Portland usimende kanye sombala izinto. Umbala engavamile isetshenziselwa zokuhlobisa.

ukukhiqizwa Usimende yakhiwa izigaba ezine:

• Isizinda of izinto zokusetshenziswa kanye nokulungiselela yayo.
• Labadubuli futhi ukukhiqizwa clinker.
• Ukugaya a okucolekile.
• Okufakiwe okuphothula kunesidingo.

Izindlela ukukhiqizwa usimende

Kukhona izindlela 3, okuyinto kuxhomeke ukulungiselela impahla eluhlaza ekwelashweni ezishisayo:

• Wet. Nale ndlela, ubuningi zonke izigaba ukukhiqizwa usimende edingekayo okusamanzi likhona. Isetshenziselwa ezimweni lapho izingxenye eziyinhloko abakwazi ukubamba iqhaza enqubeni ngaphandle kokusebenzisa amanzi. It is umcako nge wokuqukethwe eliphezulu umswakama, ubumba plastic noma limestone.

• Ezomile. Zonke usimende yokukhiqiza izinyathelo yahlolwa izinto oqukethe ubuningi esiphansi amanzi.
• Kuhlanganiswe. ukukhiqizwa Usimende kuhlanganisa kokubili izindlela ezimanzi futhi omile. Kokuqala usimende ingxube ikhiqizwa ngamanzi, bese kwathiwa ehlungiwe esiphezulu imishini ekhethekile.

ukhonkolo

Lokhu ngeziningi zezinto zokwakha, kwakhiwa ngokuxuba usimende, a yamathebhu, futhi izithasiselo uketshezi oludingekayo okuyinto. Ngamanye amazwi, kuba inhlanganisela saphenduka, okubandakanya luthuli itshe, isihlabathi, usimende namanzi. Ukhonkolo libhekene Ukwakheka yayo nasekwenzeni yamathebhu osayizi.

ngezigaba

Kuye onjani isibopho esetshenziswa, ukhonkolo kungaba:

• Usimende. Uhlobo oluvame kakhulu ukwakhiwa. Ngesikhathi enhliziyweni Portland usimende isetshenziswa, kanye ezihlukahlukene zalo.
• Gypsum. It liye landa ngamandla. Indaba isibopho esithathwayo Gypsum.
• Polymer. B kusekelwe polyester resin. Ifanele umsebenzi ezindaweni evundla mpo. Kuyinto impahla kakhulu ekuhlobiseni nokulungisa igceke.
• Silicate. Binder impahla material siliceous nomcako. Ngokusho impahla yayo kakhulu efana usimende kanye isetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni kwagcizelela izakhiwo zikakhonkolo.

Kuye isicelo, ukhonkolo kungaba:

• Jwayelekile. Asetshenziswa ukwakhiwa ezimbonini kanye civil.
• Special. Ngathola isebenza izakhiwo wokubacindezela, kanye umgwaqo, ekuvikeleni kanye amaphepha zokuhlobisa.
• injongo ekhethekile. Lokhu ukhonkolo amelana zamakhemikhali, ezishisayo nezinye ukucindezeleka ethize.

Izindleko kasimende

Abakhiqizi ukukhiqiza imikhiqizo ezipakishiwe ngesisindo. Isisindo amasaka kasimende kuyinto 35, 42, 26, no-50 kg. Kuyinto kunenzuzo kakhulu ukuthenga inguqulo yakamuva. Luhle kakhulu thwebula futhi ikuvumela ukuba ugcine kwikhava. Kuye ngendaba, okuyinto oyokwenziwa umsebenzi wokulungisa usebenzisa usimende, izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene, izinto ezinenzuzo lalo. Uma inkokhelo ubalwa yonke isikhwama kasimende. wentengo iduduzekile futhi ingase yehluke kuye ngesistimu izimangalo umthengisi.

Ngaphambi kokuthi uqale ukubala izindleko imali, kumelwe unqume kwenye ehilelekile ngaphezulu. Ngezinye izikhathi ungase ubone izikhangiso, lapho kunani elicacisiwe ingaphansi ejwayelekile. Akufanele awe kulolu gibe. Ezimweni ezinjalo, i usimende ezibizayo buhlanjululwe eshibhile. Ukunqoba ruble ezimbalwa, ulahlekelwa njengendlela yokwakha.

Thatha isaka 50 iphawundi kasimende. Inani brand M400D0 kuyoba ruble 220. nezinye izindleko ziyahlukahluka, kodwa ngokwesilinganiso kuba:

• M400D20 - ruble 240.
• M500D0 - ruble 280.
• M500D20 - ruble 240.

Uma ufuna ukusebenzisa kuphela ambalwa amasaka kasimende, bayizithunywa enenzuzo kakhulu ukuthenga esitolo sendawo ukudayisa zokwakha. Futhi uma udinga inqwaba, sicela uxhumane endaweni yokukhanda.

ukusetshenziswa usimende

Ngaphambi kokwenza noma yimuphi umsebenzi wokwakha kukhona umbuzo mayelana kangakanani usimende kuyadingeka futhi yini ukungaguquguquki iwukuba kube isixazululo. Kahle kahle, amandla kumele zigcinwe zikhona bese kuthi kungabi kudlulwe izingxenye proportionality.

Lapho ukuba umsebenzi wemfanelo futhi sina, ukuxuba usimende nesihlabathi "by iso" akwamukeleki. Uma ungenalo bazisole impahla cementitious, ngoba izinto eziningi ezinkulu kuzobiza izizumbulu zemali.

Ngakho malini usimende kuyadingeka sokwenza umsebenzi? Phendula izimiso zokwakha usizo (SNIP). Lokhu ucabangela zonke izici ezithinta ukukhiqizwa ingxube. Ukugxila sha kokuqanjiwe futhi ikhumbula zonke izici, singakwazi ngokucacile ukuhlonza usimende ukusetshenziswa izinga ngalinye 1 imitha cubic solution.

Isici esiyinhloko, okungadingi acabangele onjiniyela abaningi - wukuthi usimende kwasakazwa imigodi phakathi izinhlayiya zesihlabathi. Khumbula ukuthi indlela yokwakheka has umsebenzi. Ngezinye isitoreji eside egumbini 500 uphawu kwezinyanga ezimbalwa kungaba 400. Ngakho-ke, uma uthenga kufanele ngaso sonke isikhathi ucele isitifiketi kusukela osukwini lokukhishwa kwaso.