Binders: izakhiwo, ngezigaba, incazelo, isicelo

Binders zaziwa ukusetshenziswa kwabo wonke embonini yezokwakha ukulungiswa ukhonkolo nodaka elisetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo kanye nezinye izinhlaka. Kukhona izinhlobonhlobo eziningi zazo, futhi namuhla sizobe thinta kafushane phezu subgroups main ekhona.

Ukwahlukanisa binders

Ngokusho imvelaphi yabo bangase ezihlobene iqembu organic noma wezinto ezingaphili. Eyokuqala kungokwalabo amatiyela ahlukahlukene, tars, kuzilandeleli futhi tars. Inkambu eyinhloko isicelo - yokukhiqiza ophahleni Uthwale okungase coiled noma ucezu uhlobo, futhi ezihlukahlukene asphaltic ukhonkolo ubufakazi izinto. The main izinga esasenza zabo - hydrophobicity, okusho ikhono ukuthambisa futhi athathe isimo yokusebenza ngesikhathi ukushisa noma nabo noma yiluphi uketshezi organic.

iqembu Okwesibili - astringents wezinto ezingaphili - siqukethe lime, usimende kanye usimende. Basuke bonke Kudingeka inqubo ukupheka ezihlukahlukene eziphathekako izigqulo. Ukubukeka binders wezinto ethulwa isigayo phansi impahla kokuba impahla ukuxuba amanzi inqubo kukufake mass inhlama-like ketshezi-plastic, lukhuni ukwakha itshe okuhlala.

Zinjani kubo

I izakhiwo oyinhloko wezinto binders imvelaphi - hydrophilicity, plasticity ngamanzi kanye nokuxhumana ikghono esimweni esiqinile kuyinhlama semiliquid. Kuyinto lokhu kuhlukile iqembu lokuqala.

Ngu indlela lukhuni le binders wezinto ezingaphili cabanga emoyeni, wokubacindezela, acid autoclaved. It kuncike ikhono besigaba kuya counter eside ne izici zemvelo zezulu.

Air binders lukhuni, uxhumana amanzi futhi ukwakha idwala eliqinile singaba kulesi simo emoyeni isikhathi eside. Kodwa uma umkhiqizo kanye ezakhiwe enziwe ukusetshenziswa kwabo, kuncike amafutha njalo, mandla izolahleka masinyane. Izakhiwo kanye izakhiwo yalolu hlobo kalula ukungenwa umonakalo.

Yini kuleli qembu? Lezi ngokuvamile zihlanganisa Gypsum magnesian astringents - zobumba, emoyeni lime. Uma sibheka ukwakheka yabo zamakhemikhali, wonke Leli qembu, esikhundleni salokho, kungenziwa ihlukaniswe yaba ezine ngaphezulu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi zonke binders esemoyeni noma lime (okusekelwe oxide calcium) noma magnesia (okuyinto zihlanganisa lezo Magnesite caustic) noma Gypsum isibopho esungulwe esekelwe calcium sulphate Kuphakathi ingilazi uketshezi - silicate potassium noma sodium, ekhona ngesimo i isixazululo aqueous.

Iya izinto "aqueous"

Manje ake sibheke elinye iqembu - binders wokubacindezela. Avame ukwenza lukhuni, futhi unomphela silondoloze izici amandla imvelo, hhayi kuphela emoyeni kodwa futhi amanzi. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kunalokho yabo kuyinkimbinkimbi futhi imele inhlanganisela oxides ahlukahlukene.

Konke lokhu iqembu elikhulu, esikhundleni salokho, zingahlukaniswa zibe usimende silicate umsuka e okwakhiwa kwalo ama-75% we-calcium silicates (ikakhulukazi ukhuluma ngani Portland usimende izinhlobo bakhe, leli qembu yakha isisekelo uhla zakhiwa ngezinto zokwakha zesimanje) nomunye iqeqebana - ukuqinisa aluminate esekelwe calcium aluminate (abameleli edume kunazo - zonke izinhlobo usimende alumina). Iqembu lesithathu ubizwa romantsement nomcako wokubacindezela.

Yini binders okubhekiselwa kulo ngokuthi acid nemithi? Lokhu - Acid asebenza ngebhethri usimende elikhona ngesimo ingxube ka asebenza ngebhethri isihlabathi isigayo phansi nge-silicon. Amvalele ingxube onjalo isixazululo aqueous sodium silicate noma potassium.

Isici sici kuneqembu labasebenzi acid-ngibopha kuyinto ikhono lazo, ngemuva kokuphumelela esigabeni sokuqala lukhuni emoyeni eside ngokwanele ukuba simelane nethonya nolaka acid ezahlukene.

Engokwemvelo ekwakheni

Okunye iqeqebana kakhulu - binders organic (ehlanganisa, njengoba sekushiwo, ikakhulukazi izinhlobonhlobo asphalt futhi izinto bituminous) has a imvelo ehluke ngokuphelele. I asphalt efanayo kungaba imvelaphi bokuzenzela noma ezingokwemvelo. Ngo ukwakheka kuba okuxubile ne itiyela ngesimo amaminerali, limestone, noma sandstone.

Embonini yezokwakha asphalt kabanzi komgwaqo ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo kanye airfields njengoba inhlanganisela isihlabathi, amatshe noma afahlazekile itshe ne itiyela. Ukwakheka esifanayo asphalt lisetshenziswa njengedivaysi ungangenisi amanzi.

Kuyini ibitume? Lokhu - izinto eziphilayo (noma yemvelo noma emishinini), lapho isakhiwo - ephakeme hydrocarbon noma izithako zawo equkethe nitrogen, umoya-mpilo ne-sulfur. Ububanzi ibitume ubanzi kakhulu futhi zokhahlamba kusuka komgwaqo kanye nezindlu ukwakhiwa ukuze amabhizinisi embonini chemical kanye umkhakha upende.

Ngu tars baqonde binders organic ukwakheka okuyinto - elimnandi carbohydrate ephezulu yamangqamuzana nemikhiqizo yalo - sulfuric, acid kanye nitrogen.

izimfanelo zabo ewusizo

Izidingo eziyisisekelo ezikhona ngoba amaqembu eziphilayo binders aqukethe ekubeni degree ezanele viscosity ngesikhathi uxhumana nge eqinile ayezosenza manifest ukuzivikela okusezingeni eliphezulu izakhiwo ogelezayo nokumanzisa ukwakha amafilimu amanzi nemithi. Enye imfuneko - ikhono balondoloze izinga idatha phezu isikhathi eside.

Lezi binders ukuthola ukusetshenziswa e laying imigwaqo yayo nobe emigwacweni yase dolobheni, bamboza zezindiza kanye nemigwaqo, uhlele izindlela zokuhamba kanye phansi ezindlini izakhiwo kanye izicelo ezimbonini.

Manje ake sihlole izinhlobo eziyisisekelo zokwakha okuqondene amaqembu amabili ohlwini. Khumbula futhi - iqembu wezinto ikakhulukazi zihlukaniswe labo ukuthi lukhuni emoyeni futhi lezo bayakwazi ukukwenza i osebenzelana aqueous.

Astringents - zokwakha

Kuyinto owaziwa ubumba yikho okuvame kakhulu binders, lukhuni emoyeni. It ithole isicelo yayo ekwakhiweni ezihlukahlukene izakhiwo. Limelela ubumba inzika, ekhona njengoba inhlanganisela uthuli yobukhulu ezincane nge isihlabathi nobumba esihle inclusions. Owesincane kwazo babizwa ngokuthi emihle. Kuvumela ukutholakala kwabo contact endaweni olumanzi ibe ikhemikhali inhlama-like. Vysohnuv, lolu ngqimba plastic osemanzi simise predetermined khathi kuso kalula.

Uma isimo ukuba ashise, itshe yokufakelwa okuholela has a amandla sezingeni eliphezulu. Njengoba ezinye binders amaminerali, ngenxa yenziwe ngohlobo oluhlukile ngebumba kungaba ezihlukahlukene shades. Kusukela izixazululo on ngesisekelo baba yabo fireplaces futhi izitofu, kanye izitini olubunjiwe. Zingaba Skinny, okunamafutha kanye isilinganiso. Clay ine refractory fireclay-uhlamvu, Nokho esisemqoka kudivayisi fireplaces futhi izitofu.

Kuyini lime

Enye eyaziwa kahle kakhulu futhi has a ububanzi ebanzi isicelo isibopho ngokuthi ukwakhiwa aeronautical lime futhi etholakala emadwaleni okungukuthi umcako, dolomite limestone namathempeli ngokhonkolo namatshe. Oxide main kungase kube isimo esihlukile, kuye ngokuthi umoya lime zingahlukaniswa zibe dolomite, magnesian, i-calcium. Zonke izinhlobo ezintathu yilezi, ukusha umsuka esithandweni limestone elihambisana.

Air kungenzeka lime noma quicklime noma slaked (noma hydrate). Kumiswa mithandazo ngesikhathi esisodwa iyathula we ezintathu ezingenhla.

Uma ubheka i-lime iqembu elikhona, ungakwazi ukuthatha Komkova noma powder. Quicklime ngokwanele izigaxa ezinkulu ukungena nakwamanye amazwe. Phakathi eqeda ngamanzi kwakhiwa it is kusukela lime putty. Ukuze "uthole" kusukela Komkova lime powder, okufanele lukhiqize inqubo hydration (eqeda), noma ugaye izigaxa. Ingasetshenziselwa njengoba izithasiselo, futhi ngaphandle kwazo. Izithasiselo ikhonze njengomPristi slag, amaminerali asebenzayo futhi asebenza ngebhethri isihlabathi imvelaphi.

Zonke ukhonkolo

Ukwaziswa okulandelayo - usimende, eyaziwa nangokuthi Gypsum. It ikhiqizwa ngokuphatha thermally ochotshoziwe Gypsum. Gypsum osemanzi, wedlula ezintathu esigabeni esimaphakathi ehlanganisa ke, kulandele nokonakala futhi crystallization ke kolloidatsiey. Lapho edlulisa esigabeni sokuqala, isixazululo ayegcwele dihydrate Gypsum. Lukhuni, it yandisa bese uba surface bushelelezi emhlophe.

zombala Ukusebenzisa angase abanike izihloko kwanoma iyiphi Gypsum umbala ongafuneki. Inqubo sokushona isibopho ngokuvamile uqala ngemva kokunyamalala imizuzu 4 zisuka yokuhlanganisa. Ukuphela solidification senzeka basukela kamuva imizuzu 6 kuya ku-30.

Ngo inqubo elapha ingxube Gypsum namanzi mix ram ke akuvunyelwe ukuze ugweme ingozi ukulahleka izici esibophezelayo. Gypsum brand kukhona abaningi, basuke okhonjiswe izinombolo ezahlukene, esibonisa degree of amandla compressive.

Bayidayise zahlanganiswa ngo izikhwama letingemasayizi lahlukene. Gypsum isetshenziswa kabanzi kunazo elingaphakathi kwezindlu nezakhiwo zomphakathi. Kusukela ke isikhathi eside ayiswe uyihlanganise ezihlukahlukene ukuma abacaphuni. Gcina kufanele kube kuphela ikamelo ezomile, linendawo eshalofini yokuphila ngenxa ukulahlekelwa okungenzeka amandla njengoba primary izinga ewusizo.

Futhi okwengeziwe yabalingisi

Ukwakha usimende libukeka umbala powder kusuka grey kuya kokumhlophe elikhanyayo. Uma mix it ngamanzi, ukusabela isici iqala, ingxube evuthayo. I Gypsum esithathwayo ukwengeza izinto ezikhethekile, ukubizwa ngokuthi nezinsiza nokugcinwa, injongo okuyinto - ukuthuthukisa ukuvumelana nokubamba ngesikhathi abaluphahleka futhi kancane kwelulwe isikhathi ukuqina.

Ukwandisa inani impahla ngaphandle kokulahleka izakhiwo, iphathwa fillers (isib Perlite zandiswa noma mica). Special ephezulu amandla Gypsum is calcined ngamazinga ashisa kakhulu e crystal amanzi zisuswe kuwo. Wakhe ukuqina eside likhule laba ngu amahora 20, kanye nobulukhuni lingaphezulu kakhulu kunalelo nezinye izinhlobo.

Khonka elifakwe ukunikeza zemabula (qwa, kancane lukhuni futhi esetshenziselwa abaluphahleka evele ingaphakathi), nge womshini ahlukahlukene busuka ke fillers nezinsiza nokugcinwa. Iphuzu eliyinhloko iningi lezi izithasiselo - ukukhonza njengephayona retarder. Ukuze akhiqize plasters zayo ibhalwe imishini ukhonkolo kanye kwalokho okungenzeka fillers ezithile, njenge isihlabathi.

Kule it is etholwe okwakhiwa ngalo la mabhodi noma isakhiwo usimende amabhodi, Gypsum futhi isetshenziselwa ngokugcwalisa emalungeni phakathi kwazo. Ngokuvamile Gypsum putty kokuba izakhiwo efanayo.

Khuluma mayelana ukuqinisa

Yiziphi ezinye izakhiwo binders wokubacindezela? Inqubo ukuqina, elaqala emoyeni, kwelula emanzini, futhi amandla abo lugcinwa ngisho okwandisa. abameleli ejwayelekile futhi kunazo owaziwa womndeni binders wokubacindezela Yiqiniso, ukuqinisa. Basuke Ilebulelwe emandleni kanye brand of isampula ethile kunqunywa liqine umkhawulo umthwalo ukugoba futhi kokucindezelwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngamunye amasampula okufanele zenziwe abanesibalo wathola kasimende nesihlabathi futhi sidlule isikhathi esithile yokuhlola kwezinsuku ezingu-28.

Speed ukubeka usimende, futhi, kungaba ezahlukene - kancane, evamile noma izile ukudla. Ngokufanayo, kuye ngesilinganiso ukuqina kungenzeka iyiphi abavamile usimende, ephezulu ekuseni noma extra kulungiselelwa okusheshayo.

Njengoba isibonelo, leli qembu kungenziwa ngokuthi Portland usimende, ikhona njengenkampani grey a okucolekile nge Tint kancane ogqamile ukwethulwa kungenzeka izithasiselo, okungase kube slag granulated (slag).

Mayelana isilinganiso lukhuni

ikhwalithi ekuhlolweni (nokukhiqiza) binders olwenziwa kuhambisana namazinga eziningi. Ngayinye amaqembu ekhona eyenzelwe imikhawulo kunqunywa imithetho ukubeka zokuqala nezokugcina, kusukela mzuzu ukuxuba ngamanzi.

Enye usimende - Aluminous - libhekisela okusheshayo-lukhuni isibopho wokubacindezela. Ngenxa yalokhu okucolekile Ngaphakathi anombala onsundu, grey, umbala ogqamile noma emnyama (kuncike processing indlela kanye izingxenye sokuqala). Ngokwe fineness kuba kancane ephakeme kunaleyo Portland usimende kanye kudinga ngezwi elithé emikhulu yamanzi.

izinhlobo exube binders - labo ezingaba lukhuni futhi emoyeni, futhi i osebenzelana aqueous futhi asetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni sikakhonkolo-non-kwagcizelela noma nosimende.

Incwadi uma ikhuluma ngebitume nobubanzi zabo

Ngokuqondene binders organic ethandwa kakhulu, umkhaya wabo kuhlanganisa ezihlukahlukene ibitume netiyela, ngemibala ezisukela abamnyama kuya konsundu. endaweni Traditional lapho zisetshenziselwa binders ezinjalo, - ukusebenza ungangenisi amanzi. Lokhu kwaziswa ukwakhiwa namanzi, manzi, amelana weathering futhi nokunwebeka kakhulu. Thambisa bese ushintshela isimo liquid leli qembu kungaba binders bafudumale. Nge nokuncipha lokushisa, viscosity zabo ukwanda kanye ingakulahlekela ngokuphelele.

Leli qembu ikakhulu siqukethe bitumens odabuka yemvelo, futhi etholwe uwoyela. Yabo Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali - amangqamuzana kwakwakhe umoya-mpilo, i-hydrogen, i-sulphur kanye nitrogen. Lapho kwakhiwa lamafutha ibitume funa (ewuketshezi, okuqinile futhi ephuma kabili esiqinile).

Ngokusho injongo yabo njengoba benza akunakubangelwa omunye amaqembu amathathu - ukufulela, ukwakhiwa noma umgwaqo. Kusukela ukufulela inkhulumo lelungiselelwe bakhulelisa Ukwakheka ukufulela impahla kanye ukukhiqiza eningi mastics ezahlukene.

Industrial ibitume okuqinile futhi elastically durum ukukhiqiza ephezulu cleaner yokucwenga indlela nge izinyathelo ezengeziwe, lapho uwoyela amathumba ngamazinga ashisa kakhulu. Ikakhulukazi amelana nokushisa abandayo ezibhekwa umehluko oxidised. Kukhona futhi Izingxube ibitume nge polymers ezinomthelela degree of viscosity. Isici nobuntu zonke yikhono ukushintsha ukungaguquguquki, kuye ngokuthi lokushisa, nge izigaba ezahlukene kungaba enye ngokuphindaphindiwe. Kusekelwe izakhiwo ingcina womndeni binders bituminous.

Yini ayigugu

Isilinganiso ukunwetshwa ibitume ngaphansi okusezingeni eliphezulu lokushisa ukuchayeka ziqhathaniswa impahla amaminerali mkhulu izikhathi 20-30. Okuyigugu izinga yabo - ukumelana namanzi, ukumelana nosawoti, alkalis, acid kanye effluents ezonakalisayo. Njengoba isibonelo kungaba usawoti, okuyinto ifafazwa emigwaqweni e iqhwa ebusika ukuze lincibilike.

Ukumelana encishisiwe bitumens organic izihlanzi, amafutha kanye amafutha, kusukela ukukhanya, ukushisa, umoya-mpilo, oxidize izingxenye zawo ingxenye. Lapho ukufuthelana, izinhlayiya soft shabalala, kanye ebusweni Uqinisa itiyela.

Izinzuzo flammability ongaphakeme, okungukuthi impahla ingeyona oluvuthayo. Petroleum amatiyela akuzona eyingozi empilweni futhi kungukuthi labizwa ngokuthi ezinjalo. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, ungakwazi ukukhuluma thermoviscous, ukwahlukanisa okusezingeni eliphezulu, ogelezayo nokumanzisa ezinhle.

Ukuqina ibitume ukusungula sokungena yenaliti egxilile kubo (ke kukalwa in hundredths of a milimitha) nge umthwalo kwesejwayelekile ngesikhathi esithile endaweni lokushisa ethile ukujula. Inguquko phakathi isimo okuqinile kanye nama-liquid at wabo beya futhi inqunywa iphuzu ukuthambisa ngaphansi kwamazinga okushisa aphansi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimpawu okuthiwa ukwehluleka iphuzu - leli gama elisho lokushisa lapho ungqimba itiyela imifantu bendable noma amakhefu.

ezinye izinto

Yimaphi amanye binders Lokudabuka organic kungenziwa ngokuthi? pekami Carbonaceous emele black izidakamizwa viscous noma okuqinile nasekukhonzeni ziphuzo zazihluzwa umkhiqizo itiyela elifakwe ukufulela. Lokhu kwaziswa kuyingozi ngempela futhi lapho sihlala esikhunjeni kungabangela ukusha. Kusebenza kangcono ke liguqubele noma ekukhanyeni ongaphakeme.

Yamalahle itiyela kuyinto into yakhululwa njengoba ovela eceleni zokukhiqiza coke. Uye wathola isebenza ukukhiqizwa kwe-mastic wokufulela nokwakhiwa komgwaqo.