UPapa John XXIII: imiphumela yomsebenzi

Pope - isikhundla eliphakeme kunawo wonke emhlabeni wamaKatolika, inhloko ebonakalayo of the Church, isivumokholo theological and ohlwini lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli. Banikezwe isimo eliphezulu Upapa ongcwele futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ikhanda zenkosi Vatican State, bonke abembethe ingubo lesi sihloko okusezingeni eliphezulu, angabizwa ngokuthi nabantu abavelele ngempela. Kodwa ngisho phakathi izinzalamizi zesonto zazingavumelani abantu oluvelele ikakhulukazi, lapho kulotshwe khona ngomlando uzokhumbula phakade.

Lezi kungaba nangokunembile kuchasiselwe uPapa John XXIII. ukhetho saKhe sobukhosi kwakukhona ebulalayo, izazi-mlando namanje ukwabelana umlando iSonto LamaKatolika esikhathini sangaphambi Wesibili WeVatican, ibizwe John XXIII, futhi isikhathi emva.
inqubomgomo Ohlakaniphile elinganisiwe ibenesandla imvuselelo Umbhishobhi omkhulu ezinkolelweni zabantu emandleni aphakeme, ngobuhle nobulungisa. Kuyinto lolu ukholo lweqiniso yacishe wangcwatshwa ngaphansi nezimfundiso zenkolo engapheli, imithetho efile wokulunga izimfundiso yisikhathi.

Biography saint ngaphambi ukhetho zakhe lopapa

UPapa John XXIII, emhlabeni Andzhelo Dzhuzeppe Roncalli, empeleni ozayo evela ompofu, ongumlimi umkhaya omkhulu. Wazalwa elisenyakatho ye-Italy esifundazweni olunothile Bergamo ngo 1881.

Kakade eminyakeni yokuqala yokufunda esikoleni samabanga aphansi esifundazweni umlimi osemusha alungiselela ukungena sabefundisi. Ngosizo umpristi wendawo, umfana wafunda Latin. Yena ngempumelelo iziqu sobufundisi Bergamo ngo-1900, ngemva kweminyaka emine, futhi Theological Faculty of Pontifical Seminary eRoma. Ngo-1904 wamiswa umpristi futhi waba ngunobhala umbhishobhi D. Radin Tedeschi. Futhi wafundisa umlando wenkolo esikoleni sobufundisi ofanayo Bergamo.

Phakathi kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala yena waba yisosha njengoba ehlelekile yezokwelapha esibhedlela, bese umfundisi lempi. Ngo-1921, Andzhelo Dzhuzeppe Roncalli wayeyilungu iBandla Elingcwele okholweni.

UPapa John XXIII: umsebenzi zamanxusa, Nunciature, ukwenza ukuthula

Roncalli impumelelo njengoba inxusa sobupapa (nenxusa) simelwa ukunakekelwa okukhethekile. ukubekezelelana High, ukuhlakanipha kanye erudition usomaqhinga wamsiza ukuxhumana ngempumelelo nabantu yezinkolo ezahlukene, izinkolelo zenkolo namasiko. Wagomela ukuthi abantu akudingeki ukuba silukhulume kahle ulimi umbhedesho, amathiphu ezinhle futhi anamahlazo, futhi ulimi ukuhloniphana, ukulalela imibono ehlukene, ukuvuma ukuba khona amaqiniso ambalwa egameni ubuhle nokuthula.

Phakathi ukugcotshwa kusuka 1925 kuya ku-1953, eneminyaka engu-nenxusa ekhatsi Sofia, Ankara, i-Athene nezindawo Paris. Wakhe zamanxusa razvertelas umsebenzi eminyakeni enzima, okuyinto ayehambisana nezimpi, ekuvukeleni izinguquko kuhulumeni, njll Yena kwasiza ngokuthula yokuxazulula izingxabano emazingeni ahlukahlukene - .. Kusuka imishado izinkolo ukuba ezombangazwe.

Futhi ngo-1953, Roncalli wakhethwa impunga Venice, Cardinal.

John XXIII: ukuqala isevisi

ukhetho Pope ngo-1958 zazingelula futhi ayehambisana nenhlekelele zokuphatha ESonto LamaRoma Curia. Umzabalazo for the post ka wezinzalamizi ophakeme olwenziwa ikakhulukazi phakathi kwala makamu amabili: Cardinals-emthethweni futhi "progressives." Ngasinye sasinobuso ikhandidethi ayo, kodwa akekho oye enganikwanga inombolo ezanele wamavoti.

Ekugcineni, ngo-round-11 conclave wakhethwa uPapa Roncalli, "ihhashi elimnyama" phakathi okhadinali izicelo. Waba upapa endala akhethwe ngesikhathi (eneminyaka engu-77 ubudala.) Roncalli abakhethiwe igama lesonto lamaKatolika John XXIII. Lokhu ethandwa kanye phakathi obaba igama kwaba uhlobo "isiqalekiso". Ngaphambi kwalokho, eminyakeni engu-550 noyedwa pontiffs wakhetha umuntu othanda inkolo igama uJohane njengomlobi banengeke uJohane XXIII Balthazar Cossa - Antipope - ngakho Wazibiza ngokuthi. Kodwa Roncalli wagcizelela ukuthi akhetha leli gama behlonipha St. Ioanna Predtechi futhi umPhostoli Ioanna Bogoslova , futhi abasenkumbulweni kayise. Walondoloza ubuhlobo obuseduze nabazali babo, abazalwane nodade zonke izigaba umsebenzi kobufundisi. Umfundisi omkhulu wesonto wabuye wathi John XXIII (Antipope) kwakungelona uPapa esisemthethweni, njengoba "imithetho" ngesikhathi Uqhekeko Western, ukuthi uyisoni ababi, futhi yayingenalo ilungelo lokuthola ukugqoka leli gama elingcwele.

Ukhetho uPapa John XXIII kwaba uhlobo isinyathelo ophoqelelwe, lapho noyedwa kwabazabalazayo main yehlulekile ukuthola amavoti anele phakathi okhadinali. John XXIII Baden kwaba "upapa zesikhashana", okwakuthiwa abuse kuze kube iSonto LamaKatolika akuzange ukucacisa Yiqiniso yokugcina ngemibono (olandelanayo noma okuqhubekayo). Mhlawumbe abanye babenezikhundla ngesinqumo sesiKhulu Cardinals ukudlalwa kanye neqiniso lokuthi nokubusa kaJohane ayikwazanga isikhathi eside, ngoba wayengumuntu uNkulnkulu 77 ubudala. Kodwa eqinisweni, lokhu "daddy odlulayo" waba sibalo lwezinhlangano ezingathandwa ezibhekwa emhlabeni yobuKristu, lesi sibalo mathupha isikhathi sakhe esiningi. Phakathi nenkathi emfushane pontificate wakhe, wakwazi ukwethula izinguquko eziningi ezivusa amadlingozi.

imizamo uPapa Church

Njengoba udokotela lempi ke nenxusa, John XXIII wabona, wazizwa nanolwazi eningi amaqiniso eziphikisanayo, bahlangabezana nezinkinga okwethusayo nomphakathi, ukuxhumana nabantu abanezinkolelo ezihlukile, wabona izinhlekelele eziningi ngaphambili nokufa, ludvweshu, ukubhujiswa. Uyindoda oqonda kangakanani esintwini ubhekene impi enzima kanye Iminyaka yangemva kwempi ka ochithayo: nobubha, izifo, ubumpofu. Futhi wayazi ukuthi uzwela, nothando, yokukhulekela amaqiniso kuyaqondakala, ezifana ubuhle, ubulungiswa kanye nokholo okugcono - yilokhu abantu balindele esontweni, hhayi canons njalo, nezimfundiso zikhuleke phambi yezinzalamizi.

Ubaba wayengafuni ngidlale lo umuntu onekhono kakhulu, waya Vatican ngaphandle retinue, akazange asebenzise isikhundla sakhe ukukhuthaza nomndeni wakho noma abangani kumibuthano kwezombusazwe nakwezenkolo. Akazange senqabe ukuhlangana masters noma abasebenzi kanye isiphuzo emgwaqeni. Kodwa naphezu eyinqaba ezinjalo, wayethembekile umthetho kaNkulunkulu.

Waqaphela ukuthi iqiniso kwemiyalo kaNkulunkulu yikho angasindisa abantu kuphela lapho sisebenzelana amaKristu ngolimi lwabo, ukulalela umbono nizithibe yabanye, sibahloniphe kangakanani esikholwa nabo.

Yena waqeda genuflection, le Kissing yendabuko iringi, ngaphambilini nokususwa isichazamazwi amazwi ehlotshisiwe zezinhlobo "glubokochtimy umlomo" nesithi "monk Izinyathelo".

Ubaba wavula ibandla lezwe. Uma kuzo zonke izizukulwana futhi engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu lamashumi amabili, ubuKatolika kwakuhambisana nezinga authoritarianism, ngemva kokubusa kwakhe, isimo uye wathuthela kusukela iphuzu efile. Isonto laqhubeka uwine emuva ukhiye zezombusazwe, umsebenzi ngemibono, kodwa igunya abefundisi saphela inviolable.

Ngaphezu inkhulumomphendvulwano eduze inter-benkolo, uJohane XXIII - Umhlaba Ubaba - okuqalwe inqubomgomo entsha ukubhekana abameleli zonke nabezinye izinkolo ezingezona ezobuKristu. Amemezela izimiso lokuhlonipha umoya wabo amagugu, amasiko amasiko, amasiko, isimo sengqondo nomphakathi.

Waqale wavakashela neJerusalema esashiwo axolise kuya namaJuda iminyaka eminingi ukushushiswa, ubudlova, kwamaJuda. New uhulumeni sobupapa wavuma ukuthi ukumangalela kwaleso amaJuda ukufa kukaJesu Kristu baloko, kanye nobuholi obusha Catholic akuzange kube njengokungathi ujoyina kubo.

UPapa John XXIII wamemezela ukuthi bonke abantu kufanele uhlanganise izwe, ukholo okuhle okungcono ukuhloniphana, isifiso ukusindisa izimpilo zabantu, kunokuba qotho kuwo canons. He is mhlawumbe okokuqala kwezithelo zonke izinhloko Vatican wavuma ukuthi akubalulekile kangako, lokho ulimi uqhutshwa kwenkonzo yesonto, ibandla Ungami noma uhlale. Padre ngakho ngendlela esifike ngesikhathi futhi engenzeleli yabhekisela yokuthi ibandla, esikhundleni abantu babuyisane abenza babe ngcono nokuningi obunobunye ngaphezulu ephambanisa yabo futhi lihlukana, siphakamise isidingo ulandele uhlu ngqo amasiko angokwenkolo ezingalingani ukuze ihlelo ngamunye: ilungelo abhapathizwe, Asikhothamise kahle futhi ziziphathe sesonto.

Wathi: "Ngo-emasikweni lombhishobhi isonto obusa emoyeni lidala lokukhunta, udinga ukuvula iwindi kancane ebanzi."

Wesibili WeVatican

UPapa John XXIII ngokugcwele Unleashed luthemba le Cardinals kanye Curia kwakhe enesizotha hlangothi, zingakapheli izinsuku ezingu-90 ngemva umsebenzi lopapa, uPapa uzwakalise inhloso yakhe libize emkhandlwini wenkolo yobukristu. Ukusabela sasingekho ekuvumeleni Cardinals. Bathi kuze 1963 kuzoba nzima kakhulu ukuba balungiselele futhi abize Council, ngesikhathi uPapa wathi esihle, bese ulungela ukuba 1962.

Ngisho nangaphambi kokuba lombhishobhi Giovanni ezwa ukuthi unomdlavuza, kodwa wenqaba ukusebenza okuyingozi ngoba efuna ukuphila ukubona usuku oluqondile lapho kuvulwa isikhalazo Cathedral ukuze abantu abathembekile ecela ukuthula, umusa nesihe.

Injongo lombhishobhi kwaba ukujwayela iBandla ukuhlangana nezwe lesimanje, wenze abangane, inkhulumomphendvulwano, futhi mhlawumbe kabusha uMnyango amaKristu. Ngesikhathi Cathedral futhi bamenyiwe abameleli bomphakathi Orthodox waseGreece Russia, Poland, eJerusalema.

Waba yini umphumela wesibindi Vatican II, okwaphela ngemva kokufa uPapa John XXIII, kwaba ukwamukelwa uMthethosisekelo omusha wokwelusa "Injabulo Nethemba", lapho izindlela ezintsha imfundo yenkolo ziye kuxoxa ngazo, inkululeko of inkolelo nesimo sengqondo amasonto angewona awobuKristu.

Ezenye kanye nokuhlola

ukusebenza True ezinhle wayenesikhundla sokuba Maximus ungase ukulinganisa abalandeli bakhe kuphela eminyakeni embalwa kamuva. Kodwa wonke umuntu bazohlangana ngamafuphi imiphumela ezinye wokubusa kwakhe, ngokuqinisekile elinde ingxube elimangalisayo lokuthola imizwa ukuthi kukhona okwakungahambi on the esengozini injabulo nokumangala. Phela, imiphumela imisebenzi Pope kukhona ziyashaqisa.

Ungase uthi ngisho ukuthi waqhubeka ukuthonya emhlabeni Katolika ngoba ngemva kokufa kwakhe iminyaka eminingi. Ezwa yokugula kwakhe esibulalayo, uPapa John XXIII covertly ukulungiselela umlandeli wakhe Cardinal Giovanni Battista Montini, owaba uPapa omusha ngemva kokuba uJohane eseqedile lombhishobhi yesibili futhi baqhubeka izinto ezinkulu ezinhle zenkosi yayo.

Akwaziwa osopolitiki yaseYurophu, ehlanganisa i Samuweli Huntington, futhi wagcizelela indima yebandla ekukhuleni komphakathi e kwekhulu lamashumi amabili. Ikakhulukazi kulokho umsebenzi ukudlalwa kule nqubo uPapa John XXIII, imiphumela imisebenzi yalolu Upapa omkhulu futhi zazibonakala ukuthuthukiswa intando yeningi emhlabeni wonke.

Sv "umsebenzi" yami iDemo esihlalweni sobukhosi iSonto uPapa ekhishwe 8 imibhalo ekhethekile sobupapa (Encyclicals). Kuzo, waveza umbono omusha of the Catholic Church ngendima umfundisi zanamuhla umphakathi, umama, ukuthula, intuthuko. Novemba 11, 1961 wakhipha Encyclicals "Ukuhlakanipha Okuphakade Kwaphezulu ', okuyinto waveza omuhle umbono thina ecumenism - ubunye nemibono vsehristianskogo. Wancenga Orthodox futhi "abafowethu" ngesiGreki Sunni.

UPapa Giovanni XXIII ubudlelwano nezimboni

Ngisho John XXIII ngokuthi "uPapa Yokuthula" noma "Red UPapa" Walandela yisimo sakhe sengqondo ukubekezela isithwathwa maqondana emazweni sezenhlalo kanye nesifiso nokuqalisa uhlobo "ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni yenkolo". Wagcizelela ukuthi kusizakale bonke abantu kufanele esekelwe amalungelo, ethanda futhi umuntu ngamunye, kodwa ilawulwa kwezinkambiso zokuziphatha nabezenkolo. Umalusi waphawula ukuthi ngesisekelo ikhambi wezinkinga zomphakathi kufanele kugcile yokusizana zobuntu. Wakhuluma esivuna inkululeko yokuzikhethela yomsebenzi, ngoba iSilekeleli Sokwazisa amathuba alinganayo abantu kuwo wonke amazwe.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi izinto ezibonakalayo futhi lamaKhomanisi ukubukwa ke njalo uyithola ishanelwe eceleni ngengozi yokulawulwa yiSonto LamaKatolika njengoba zezihlubuki. UPapa John XXIII wabonisa nokuhlakanipha engakaze ibonwe, ukusekela enobudlelwane ne-Cuba, iSoviet Union, njengoba umbusi woqobo isimo Vatican. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, wagcizelela ukuthi kunoma yisiphi isimo ingamukeli ukubukwa ezikhuthaza ukungakholelwa kuNkulunkulu, futhi kukhona kuphela wamaKatolika kweqiniso futhi 'uyinceku kaNkulunkulu ". Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ngokuqondene ukubukwa kazwelonke yabo bonke abakhileyo emhlabeni. Futhi ligxile indima nokuhloniphana nokubekezelelana e ukunqandwa kokushayisana nezimpi.

Enkulumweni yakhe wentokozo, John XXIII ngokuthi enhle kakhulu futhi eziyigugu emhlabeni emhlabeni. Phakathi nesikhathi sokubusa kwayo iVatican iye saphela wobushiqela, waqinisa, ethembeke kwaze kwaba amasiko inhlangano efile, ziphenduka isikhungo ogunyaziwe sesonto, benamandla sverhneytraliteta umoya.

April 11, 1963 uPapa ekhishwe Encyclicals 'Wokuthula Emhlabeni', okuyinto igxile Social Affairs, okuthiwa ku isidingo inkhulumomphendvulwano emkhatsini Socialists futhi capitalists futhi ugxile yokuthi azikho ukuphikisana ngemibono ezingeke ingaxazululwa, uma senza igama ukuthula nobulungisa.

Abaphikisi Upapa Inqubomgomo John XXIII

Kwakuthinta bazitshela ukuthi nezitha John XXIII Baden futhi ngeke ukwazi sokuqongelela, ngoba ukhetho yakhe, Chancery sobupapa ukuhlolwa nizithibe yobudala bakhe kanye nesimo sempilo. Engeza kuleli ukungathathi hlangothi zawo zezombangazwe kanye ukubekezelelana sekuphenduke umkhuba. Wabonwa njengoba Isitatimende ezinjalo padre abadala yasemakhaya emkhayeni ompofu, ome njengeqanda exhegwini, nabanomusa ngikhetha. Kodwa okhadinali ku conclave kakhulu phansi nokuqina kokholo kanye intshiseko ukudalwa luhambisana nezenzo ezinhle.

Initiative, le encyclical uPapa abangu yamukelwe kahle ngengozi yokulawulwa yiSonto LamaKatolika we "yezwe yesithathu", kodwa eRoma neVatican okhadinali bamukela eziningi izinguquko, uma sikubeka kahle, kahle.

Eyengeziwe kulelo isikhungo isonto ubelokhu 'uvalwe ngilunge. " Futhi yizinto ezifanayo uPapa John XXIII okuqaliswe ukuqedwa eziningi zesonto futhi afana "kwehlisa" egunyeni abefundisi bamaKatolika. Iningi imibhikisho lizwakalise izikhonzi seVatican, yeHhovisi Elingcwele.

Ukufa upapa, le nokunxusa, nokunxusa

Juni 3, 1963 wafa, uPapa John XXIII. umzimba Pope wagqunyiswa ngokushesha ngesikhathi Catholic University of Sacred Heart likaJesu Gennaro minnow futhi wangcwatshwa Imigede ka Basilica St kaPetru.

Namuhla, amanxiwa Padre egcinwe ebhokisini lokungcwaba crystal e sokukhulekela ka Cathedral St Peter BakaJehova eRome. Ngo-2000, uPapa uJohn Paul II uye zibalwa esasisandulele ekhazimulayo kuya beatified, futhi ngo-2014 bobabili kwakubhekiselwa kubo ngokuthi osanta. ISonto LamaKatolika ihlonipha inkumbulo uPapa Giovanni XXIII, iholidi behlonipha kwakhe ngo-October 11.

A ifilimu mayelana uPapa John XXIII

Ngo ngokwanele ukubonga edume Papa Giovanni XXIII, ngegalelo lakhe ekuthuthukiseni ukholo, ukuthula nomusa wonke can, uma ulalela iseluleko sakhe, wathatha izinyathelo ezimbalwa ngase self-ukuthuthukiswa nokusebenzela ukusiza abanye. Kodwa ngenxa yezindlela ezinkulu ukubonga Upapa ngenxa yosizo lwakhe kungenziwa ngokuthi ifilimu "John XXIII. Pope kokuthula." Izinkulumo ifilimu mayelana 2002 Dzhuzeppe Ronkalli, kuhlanganise esengumntwana e Bergamo, esikoleni, umsebenzi isonto kanye nomsebenzi sobukhosi likapapa. Lokhu emangalisayo asemkhathini Italian ifilimu oqondisa Dzhordzhio Kapitani bale midlalo ibonisa ubuntu the Pope, ukuzinikela kwakhe izimiso intsha, inkululeko yomuntu siqu, ukubekezelelana mutual ukungakubekezeleli.