Invasion Batu Rus (kafushane). Imiphumela ayehlasela Batu eRussia

Ukungenelwa Batu Rus (Century XIII) - Army ayehlasela Empire Mongol endaweni emibuso lasendulo. Lo mcimbi washiya uphawu ngokujulile emlandweni Motherland yethu. Ngokulandelako, cabangela indlela ayehlasela Batu Rus (kafushane).

prehistory

Ngahlala isikhathi eside ngaphambi amaMongol izinduna Batu savela izinhlelo kokunqotshwa ezindaweni Eastern Europe. Ngo 1220-yalolucwaningo. It kwenziwa ngendlela ethile ukulungiselela ekunqotshweni esizayo. Ingxenye ebalulekile yokuphikelela kwaba ukushaywa ibutho izinkulungwane ezingamashumi amathathu Jebe futhi Subedeya endaweni South eCaucasus and South-eMpumalanga Yurophu ngawo-1222-24 biennium. Injongo kwaba intelligence kuphela, ukuqoqa ulwazi. Ngo 1223 kwenzeka phakathi nalo mkhankaso, Battle of the Kalka. Impi yaphela ngo-ukunqoba amaMongol. Ngenxa yalokho, ngosuku lomkhankaso abanqobi esizayo kwase kukhona owayeseke wafundelwa izimpi esizayo, safunda ukuthi izivikelo namabutho wathola ulwazi indawo principalities ka Rus. Kusukela emaqeleni Polovtsian Jebe Subedeya ibutho waya Bulgaria iVolga. Kodwa amaMongol banqotshwa lapho futhi wabuyela Central Asia ngokusebenzisa emaqeleni Kazakhstan yesimanje. Ukuqala ayehlasela Batu eRussia kwakuhluke kakhulu okungazelelwe.

Incithakalo yabantu endaweni Ryazan

Ukungenelwa Batu neRussia, ngamafuphi, yayihloselwe ukugqilazwa kwabantu, ekuthatheni nokudliwa edlulela emasimini amasha. AmaMongol yabonakala imingcele aseningizimu Ryazan ubukhulu imfuneko ukuba ikhokhe intela kubo. Prince Yuri bacela usizo George Mihaila Chernigovskogo futhi uVladimir. Izinga Batu Ryazan lenxusa labhujiswa. Grand Duke wahola ibutho lakhe, futhi Murom emashalofini ku impi emngceleni, kodwa izikhulu lalahleka impi. Ukusiza Ryazan Yuri Vsevolodovich wathumela amasosha Union. Kwakukhona emashalofini lendodana yakhe Vsevolod, abantu uJeremiya izimantshi Glebovich, amabutho Novgorod. Leli butho wajoyina amabutho sebefulathele Ryazan. Lo muzi wahlaselwa ngemva kokuvinjezelwa wezinsuku eziyisithupha. regiments Kuthunyelwe kwadingeka alwe abahlaseli eduze Kolomna, kodwa anqotshwa.

Ezenye yezimpi lokuqala

Ukuqala ayehlasela Batu Rus kwaphawulwa ukubhujiswa nje kuphela Ryazan, kodwa incithakalo yonke ubukhulu. AmaMongol ethumba Pronsk ayethunjwe Prince Oleg I Ryazan. Ukungenelwa Batu eRussia (usuku impi yokuqala ohlwini ngenhla) ephelezelwa ukubhujiswa emadolobheni amaningi kanye nasezindaweni zasemakhaya. Ngakho, amaMongol wabhubhisa Sifundazwe Ryazan. Lo muzi engakaze kamuva abuyiselwe. Tula abacwaningi ukuhlonza ngayo zokuhlala ohlelweni band emfuleni, eduze nedolobhana Beloroditsa (16 km kusuka Venev yesimanje). It yadilizwa phansi futhi Voronezh Ryazan. Amanxiwa lomuzi ushiyiwe emakhulwini ambalwa eminyaka. Kuphela 1586 esizeni settlement yayakhiwe nqaba. AmaMongol wabhubhisa futhi angabacwasi owaziwa idolobha Dedoslavl. Ezinye izazi ukuhlonza ngayo komnikazi eduze nedolobhana Dedilovo, ibhange kwesokudla lomfula. Shat.

Ukuhlaselwa uVladimir futhi Suzdal

Ngemva kokunqotshwa kwe Ryazan umhlaba ayehlasela Batu eRussia ke limiswe ambalwa. Lapho abaseMongolia ihlasela izwe uVladimir-Suzdal, evele wabanjwa emashalofini Evpatii Kolovrat - Ryazan boyar. Nale squad ukumangala wakwazi ukushaya laba bahlaseli, kubabulali ukulahlekelwa esindayo. Januwari 20, 1238, ngemva kokuvinjezelwa wezinsuku ezinhlanu, wawa eMoscow. Ukuvikela muzi uVladimir (uthunjana George) noFiliphu umhlengikazi. Ehola squad amathathu iphahlazeka squad eMoscow, ngokusho emithonjeni, kwaba Shiban. Yuri Vsevolodovich, nokuya enyakatho kuze kufike emfuleni Sit, waqala ukuqongelela iqembu elisha, ngesikhathi ilinde azowalekelela kusukela Svyatoslav futhi Yaroslav (abafowabo). Ekuqaleni kuka February 1238-th Pal uVladimir ngemva kokulivimbezela wezinsuku eziyisishiyagalombili. It Kushone umndeni ka-Prince George. Ngo-February efanayo, ngaphandle uVladimir bawela emadolobheni ezifana Suzdal, Yuryev-Polsky, Pereslavl-Zaleski, Starodub-on-Klyazma, Rostov, galich-Mersky, Kostroma, Gorodets, Tver, Dmitrov, Ksnyatin, Kashin, Uglich, Yaroslavl . Bona bathunjwa namadlelo Novgorod Portage Lamsky futhi Vologda.

Isimo e-iVolga esifundeni

Ukungenelwa Batu eRussia wayezifunela udumo kakhulu. Ngaphezu eyisisekelo, amaMongol babe amandla amancane. Ngosizo ekuthatheni zakamuva lwenziwe we iVolga esifundeni. amabutho Secondary eholwa Burundai amasonto ezintathu baqapha kabili ibanga kuka amabutho main-Mongolian ngesikhathi evimbezela Torzhok futhi Tver, futhi bevela Uglich ukuze River City. Vladimirskie emashalofini awunaso isikhathi ukulungiselela impi, sebephila futhi wabhubhisa cishe ngokuphelele. Ingxenye leliqembu labaqaphi bokuzibeka lathunjwa. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo futhi amaMongol balahlekelwa sina. Centre uJaroslav ezibonakalayo walala ngqo endleleni amaMongol ukhushuliwe Novgorod kusukela Vladimir. Pereslavl-Zaleski sathathwa izinsuku ezinhlanu. Wafa phakathi ukuthunjwa Tver, enye yamadodana ka-Prince Yaroslav (igama lakhe engakaze walondoloza). Imibhalo zingenalo ulwazi iqhaza Battle of the City of Novgorod. Akushiwo mayelana nanoma iziphi izenzo Yaroslav. Abanye abacwaningi ngokuvamile ukugcizelela ukuthi usizo wokutakula Torzhok Novgorod akamthumanga.

Imiphumela ekuthatheni emazweni iVolga

Isazi-mlando Tatishchev, ebhekisela umphumela impi, yabhekisela yokuthi osomabhizinisi e-amayunithi amaMongol izikhathi eziningana kube obukhulu kunobukaJohane Russian. Nokho, AmaTatar yakhiwa ngabo ngezithukuthuku iziboshwa. Kwakumelwe ngaleso sikhathi kwaba ngaphezu abahlaseli ngokwabo. Ngakho, ngokwesibonelo, Storming Vladimir yaze yaqala ngemva iqembu wabuya amaMongol ngaphansi kweziboshwa Suzdal.

ukuvikela Kozelsk

Ukungenelwa Batu eRussia kusukela ekuqaleni Mashi 1238 ngowokuqala labetibambile ohlelweni eziqondile. Emva kokuthatha Torzhok izinsalela lamabutho Burundi, ngokujoyina up amabutho main, ngokungazelelwe yaphenduka asemaqeleni. Invaders Novgorod azifinyelelanga cishe 100 amamayela. emithonjeni ehlukene kukhona izinguqulo ezihlukene Kulokhu kuguquka. Abanye baze bathi isizathu kwaba uma kuncibilika iqhwa entwasahlobo, kwabanye - usongo indlala. Kunoma yikuphi, Ukuhlaselwa amabutho ka Batu waya Russia, kodwa ngakolunye uhlangothi.

Manje amaMongol ayehlukaniswe amaqembu amabili. I lamabutho main lidlule empumalanga Smolensk (30 km ukusuka edolobheni), futhi wenza stop e Dolgomostya amazwe. kunobufakazi kwelinye izincwadi amaMongol bahlulwa babaleka. Ngemva kwalokho, iqembu eliyinhloko saya eningizimu. Lapha ayehlasela Russia kwaphawulwa ayehlasela Batu Khan imikhawulo Chernigov umhlaba, evutha Vshchizh, etholakala eduze ezimaphakathi we ubukhulu. Ngokusho komthombo othile, ngokuqondene nazo kulezi zenzakalo Kushone 4 indodana ka Vladimira Svyatoslavovicha. Khona-ke, amabutho eyinhloko amaMongol waphenduka evele mpumalanga. Eshayayo Karachev futhi Bryansk, AmaTatar ashaqe Kozelsk. Eastern Group, Okwamanje, okwenzeka entwasahlobo ka 1238-th eduze Ryazan. amabutho Kwaholela babe Buri futhi Kadan. Ngo Kozelsk ngaleso sikhathi, waba ngukumkani Basil - umzukulu oneminyaka engu-12 ubudala Mstislav Sviatoslavovych. Le mpi for idolobha kwaqhubeka amasonto ayisikhombisa. Ngo-May 1238 la maqembu amabili sasimunye ngaphansi amaMongol Kozelsk walithumba emva kwezinsuku ezintathu, noma nge ukulahlekelwa esindayo.

kuzokwenzekani

Ukungenelwa Russia Batu Khan e Maphakathi nekhulu le-13 waqala ukuba oqabukelayo. AmaMongol yahlasela kuphela emazweni emngceleni, phakathi ukucindezelwa olwathatha ku Kipchak asemaqeleni kanye iVolga esifundeni. Emibhalweni yaminyaka, ekugcineni kwendaba mayelana nomkhankaso we ezindaweni esenyakatho ye-mpumalanga, ibhekisela ezolile elalihambisana ayehlasela Batu Rus ( "Unyaka Wokuthula" - ne 1238 by 1239-th). Ngemva Okthoba yakhe 18, 1239 th wavinjezelwa futhi kuthathwe Chernihiv. Ngemuva kokuwa emzini amaMongol waqala yokuphangwa futhi onakalisa indawo egudle Desna futhi Sejm. Baziqothula babe Rylsk, Vyr, Glukhov, Putivl, Gomiy.

Yokuhamba endaweni e Dnieper

Ukusiza ibutho-Mongolian abathintekayo kulo Trans-Caucasus, sathunyelwa umzimba eliholwa Bukdaem. Lokhu kwenzeka ngo-1240. Cishe ngaso leso sikhathi, enquma ukuthumela Batu Munch, I Tempest futhi Guyuk ekhaya. Amabutho asele obekwe kabusha ngamaqembu, okwenezela bangakunaki isekhondi povolzhtsev eyisithunjwa futhi Polovtsian. I isiqondiso esilandelayo baba insimu ka ibhange kwesokudla Dnieper. Iningi lazo (Kyïv, naseVolyn, Galician futhi, mhlawumbe, Turov-Pinsk ubukhulu) e 1240 kwaba ukuletha ndawonye ngaphansi kwegunya uDaniyeli cornflowers - amadodana Roman Mstislavovich (naseVolyn umbusi). Okokuqala, ucabangela ngokwabo hhayi ukukwazi ukumelana amaMongol waya bangaphambi ayehlasela Hungary. Kucatshangwa injongo uDaniyeli wayesesangweni ukubuza nenkosi yaseBela VI aid in dudula ekuhlaseleni AmaTatar.

Imiphumela ayehlasela Batu eRussia

Ngenxa yalokho we Ukuhlasela ngowezizwe yamaMongol wabulala isibalo esikhulu sabantu yembuso. It phephetha kakhulu emadolobheni amakhulu namancane kanye nasezindaweni zasemakhaya. Kuyaphawuleka abathintekayo Chernihiv, Tver, Ryazan, Suzdal, uVladimir, Kiev. Ukuxolela babe Pskov, Veliky Novgorod, emzini Turov-Pinsk, Polotsk futhi Suzdal principalities. Ngenxa ayehlasela isiko nemizana elikhulu alimala ungalungiseki. Kwase kuphele amashumi eminyaka emizini cishe ngokuphelele ukwakhiwa itshe sanqamuka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezifana izikebhe kuyinkimbinkimbi ushabalele imigexo ukwenza ingilazi, umkhiqizo wokusanhlamvu, iselula, i-Cloisonné, ngenkasa polychrome sobumba. Russia lags kakhulu ngemuva sokugcwaliseka kwaso. It ilahliwe ukuthi emakhulwini amaningana eminyaka adlule. Futhi ngenkathi Western umkhakha inhlangano wakhula at the stage of sokuzuza, izikebhe Russian kwaphinde aphethwe omunye kwesigaba mlando indlela okuye kwenziwa ngaphambi ayehlasela Batu.

On amazwe aseningizimu labantu ixazululwe wanyamalala cishe ngokuphelele. izakhamizi Ukuphumelela waya ehlathini e enyakatho-mpumalanga, ukuyohlala phakathi Oka futhi iVolga, North. Kulezi zindawo, kuye kwaba sezulu esibandayo futhi nenhlabathi evundile ezifana ezindaweni eningizimu, babhujiswe futhi bahlushwa amaMongol. imizila yezohwebo abangu zilawulwe AmaTatar. Ngenxa yalokhu, kwakungekho ukuxhumana phakathi eRussia nakwamanye amazwe aphesheya. nokuthuthukiswa komnotho womphakathi we lawobaba esikhathini zomlandwezi ezingeni eliphansi kakhulu.

Ngokwezazi-mlando sezempi

Abacwaningi baphawula ukuthi lapho inqubo kwetinhlavu kanye nokuhlanganiswa amayunithi zazisuka futhi regiments abagibele amahhashi esindayo, okuyinto ngokukhethekile oqondile igalelo ngocelemba, wasihlephula eRussia ngokushesha ngemuva ayehlasela Batu. Phakathi nale nkathi, kwakukhona ubunye imisebenzi ngaphakathi the bombo of iqhawe inkosi eyodwa. Waphoqwa ukuba adubule umnsalo ngesikhathi esifanayo ukulwa ngenkemba nomkhonto. Kule singaphetha ngokuthi ngisho kuphela elite, izinduna zamaviyo Russian sokugcwaliseka kwaso ilahliwe ngoba ambalwa eminyaka adlule. Annals awaqukethe ulwazi mayelana nokuba khona kwamakamu ahlukene elihamba amayunithi. Lokhu kuyaqondakala. Ukuze ukwakheka yabo zazidingeka abantu abazimisele agqashule ekusebenzelaneni zokukhiqiza ukuthengisa igazi labo imali. Futhi isimo sezomnotho obekukhona kuwo Rus naemnichestvo kwaba ngempela eqolo.