Umthetho wokuqala nowesibili wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto

Ngaphambi kokuba sihlole umthetho wokuqala nowesibili wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto, kubalulekile ukuchaza ukuthi kusho ukuthini igama elithi "wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto." Kulokhu, izwi liyazikhulumela: kulula ukunquma nezinye ezimbili - "ezishisayo 'futhi' ashukumisayo". Lapho ngesiGreki uphendulela "lokushisa ukushisa" nelithi "amandla, ukunyakaza, ushintsho." Ngamanye amazwi, wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto umele omunye amagatsha physics, ukufunda izici ukushisa ukuguqulwa nezinye izinhlobo zamandla, noHezekeli. Kulesi simo ezinyakazayo ezishisayo lezinto microcosm (ama-athomu, amangqamuzana, izinhlayiya) akufakwanga wathi kwesigaba futhi ufundwa kwezinye izindawo nesayensi. Thermodynamics futhi iphatha yonke izinhlelo Macro, izimpawu lemali, ingcindezi nokunye.

Lokhu isayensi isekelwe izici ezimbalwa eziyisisekelo (zero, kuqala, umthetho wesibili wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto), yokutholwa postulates. Babezimisele Ucwaningo kanye kuqinisekiswa izibalo theory. Ubudlelwano phakathi kwayo kube ngokungaqondile kuphela, kusukela ekuqaleni okukhipha ngqo ka omunye nomunye akunakwenzeka.

Kunezinhlobo ezine isiqalo - nge zero olwesithathu. Ake aveze okushiwo yilowo nalowo kubo. Zero umthetho wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto uthi yiluphi uhlelo ivame ukuba yakhoibrium thermodynamic, ngakho ekugcineni kukhona ukulingana ne ukunyamalala isenzo zangaphandle. Kungase kube uhlelo angawodwa unomphela.

Omunye main - kuyinto umthetho wokuqala wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto. Waqale washayelwa ekhulwini le-19. Empeleni, kuba umthetho ukulondolozwa amandla maqondana kwenzekani macrosystems izinqubo thermodynamic. By the way, ngokuvamile ngosizo lokhu postulate waphika ukuthi kungenzeka ukuba khona a esiphakade ezinyakazayo umshini, ngoba ukwenza umsebenzi odingekayo ngaphandle ukuxhumana olwengeziwe amandla uhlelo. Ngokusho kwakhe, e irherho le-closed angawodwa ukubaluleka amandla uhlala njalo okufanayo.

Umthetho wesibili wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka ejwayelene kuwo wonke umuntu kusukela ebuntwaneni. Ngokusho kwakhe, amandla ezishisayo kungaba ngokwemvelo luthunyelwe isiqondiso eyodwa kuphela - kusuka umzimba ukufudumala ukuze evuthayo kancane. Ngokwesibonelo, kungani ebusika emgwaqeni kubonakala sengathi abandayo, kusukela ezingeni lokushisa elifanele lingaphansi kunalokhu ukuthi umzimba womuntu owakheke ngayo, elibangela ukushisa. Umthetho wesibili wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka ingenye edume kunazo zonke. Omunye imiphumela yayo sisikisela ukuthi wonke amandla sangaphakathi sohlelo alinakuguqulwa ngokuphelele ku umsebenzi ewusizo. Kuyini ezithakazelisayo, umthetho wesibili wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kukhona izibalo provable. Ngokubeka sebuningini ucwaningo, lo mkhuba elisuselwa, bakwamukela kamuva njengenhlangano Axiom.

Yikuphi ingenye izici eziphawula umthetho wesibili wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka? Entropy! Leli gama ngesiGreki lisho "ukuguqulwa." Entropy sici engasekelwe ohlelweni thermodynamic futhi umsebenzi kahulumeni. Ngokuvamile-ke kungenziwa bazitshela ukuthi entropy kubonisa kutibophelela ukungasebenzi uhlelo. R. Clausius, ngubani ezihlongozwayo elisho izinqubo thermodynamic njengoba incazelo wenza isibonelo amanzi umnkantsha: amele amanzi esimweni liquid at umngcele zero degrees Celsius. Kuwufanele it ukubika ingxenye amandla zangaphandle sufficient ukungalingani, uketshezi liphenduka isimo okuqinile (ice). Lapho lolu shintsho ngenxa Sakhiwo sangekhatsi amandla ikhishwe. Kulokhu, kuyinqubo emuva. Ngakho, ushintsho entropy kuyinto ratio isamba energy ezishisayo kuya ngokuphelele izinga lokushisa value. Omunye umphumela bubonisa ukuthi izinhlelo avaliwe ngaphandle kwethonya zangaphandle entropy iyakhula.