Umkhonyovu leminyaka. imikhonyovu Famous nabakhwabanisi

XX Century langena umlando njengoba ikhulu lokukhwabanisa nokukhohlisa grand. Yamadivayisi i-Eiffel Tower, mbhoshongo zezimali MMM, ukugqekeza, nodokotela-mbumbulu yezokwelapha - uhlu akuphelele lokukhwabanisa ukuthi bathintitha esintwini. Ngakho, sethula wena phezulu 10: ambitious kunazo umkhonyovu leminyaka.

10 ndawo. Laba bobabili, abangakwazi ukucula

Isilinganiselwa we bakhohlisi omkhulu kwekhulu XX kuvula othandwayo kuleli-yalolucwaningo 80-90. pop iqembu German Milli Vanilli. Rob Pilatus futhi Fabrice Morvan wehlela emlandweni njengoba duo abangakwazi ukucula.

Milli Vanilli - protégé umkhiqizi odumile German Frank Farian. Laba bobabili kwamiswa ngasekuqaleni 80-yalolucwaningo kwekhulu elidlule kanye baqashelwa ngokushesha emhlabeni wonke. imibukiso ezinkulu, ukusebenza emizini enkulu yeYurophu, izigidi abalandeli - konke lokhu usuyafezeka ngoba abadansi wangaphambili futhi Rob Faris. Isiqongo ukuthandwa duo kwakungu ngonyaka 1990 lapho Milli Vanilli wathola ohlonishwa-Grammy Award esigabeni "New Artist". Nokho, umsebenzi iqembu sasheshe saphela ngenxa ehlazweni. Phakathi ekhonsathini e Bristol (United States), lapho Rob futhi Faris wahlabelela "bukhoma", kwakukhona ukuhluleka lobuchwepheshe idiski ku esalotshwa ngengoma. Ngenxa yalokho, ibinzana ingoma edumile «Girl Bewazi It True» is kaningi, futhi duo waphoqeleka ukuba ashiye yesehlakalo. Kwavela ukuthi ngesikhathi ukunandisa kwakhe Pilatus futhi Morvan walingisa ukucula, namazwi yasekuqaleni kwakungekaNkulunkulu singers American Charles Shaw, Brad lakwaHowell noJohane Davis.

Ngemva nehlazo kwalandelwa Isivivinyo eside. Ngenxa yalokho, lo duo waphoqeleka ukuba alahle konke imiklomelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abafundi ngiphucwe offset izindleko amarekhodi atholwe Milli Vanilli, namathikithi amakhonsathi abo.

indawo 9th. Miracle Dzhona Brinkli

indawo 9th e simo sethu lokukhwabanisa yezokwelapha "wokuvelela kunazo umkhonyovu ekhulwini" wathatha Dzhona Brinkli. Lo muntu owakwazi eminyakeni embalwa siguqulwe kusuka boy ompofu nomzana multimillionaire!

Dzhon Brinkli wazalelwa edolobhaneni elincane American. Lapho esemusha ayenakho omningi. Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi, uJohane uqala ukuzibuza nomholo emthethweni. "Othisha" Brinkley waziwa e North Carolina imikhonyovu nabakhwabanisi.

Ngo-1918, uJohn uthenge ngezinga yezokwelapha futhi waqala ukuba asebenzise ezihlukahlukene bakhohlisi. Lzhedoktor ukubhekana nezindaba ezihlobene potency besilisa. Wanikela iziguli zakhe "namakhambi" yamanzi anombala distilled. Khona-ke uJohane Brinkley Kwakunenye umbono omuhle kakhulu. Ngokushesha yena lzhedoktor ukukholisa wonke amadoda ukuthi ukuxazulula inkinga nge potency zizoshintsha zangasese imbuzi. Ngemva kweminyaka emibili, ibhizinisi elisha uMnu Brinkley laqala ukuletha imali eyiphinda Amazing. Ingakapheli inyanga, yena nozakwabo baye baqhuba imisebenzi okungenani 50! Ngo-1923, i- ochumayo eseke esiteshini lalo umsakazo, lapho amagagasi ikhangiswe umtholampilo uDkt Brinkley.

Esikhathini-yalolucwaningo 30. lzhedoktor kwadingeka ukuba ugcwalise zokwelapha. UMnu Brinkley ku kumangala eziningana ngenxa ukufa kweziguli wangaphambili athunyelwe. Ngo-1941, i-Spy abadumile limenyezelwe ungeke uzithole usuwile.

indawo 8. Lowo okonile-umculi

Ekuqaleni le XX leminyaka Russian Empire, kwakusondela igagasi lokushisekela bakhohlisi ebhange. Amabhange ngobukhulu kuleli zwe baye balahlekelwa imali eningi. Inkinga isikhathi eside ngenhliziyo, njengoba inhlangano akafunanga balahlekelwe ithemba zimali zayo abayizinjinga. Kamuva kwathi zonke lezi imikhonyovu, ukuphanga Kwakuseshwa ngaphansi kokuqondisa othile Michael Tsereteli. Ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene Russia wayaziwa ngamagama ahlukene: Prince of Mist, Eristavi, Andronikov.

Tsereteli abamenyiwe ukuba ubambisane abacebe kunabo bonke e umbuso, wasusa ama-passport abo futhi eyabiwe ezifakwa yabo ebhange. Ngo-1913, ubugebengu lakwazi ukuqhuba umkhonyovu emikhulu eJalimane. Wahlela izimali ukwakhiwa kanye nokuvuselelwa kwazo yemikhumbi, bese iphathe isizumbulu.

Esinye isici esibangela umsebenzi Tsereteli sahlaselwa abaphangi emakhosazaneni nezicebile zokungcebeleka European. Le nsizwa ngokushesha wagcoba ku trust, bese bayengelwa abesifazane eningi.

Ngo-1914, ngaphansi kwegama Prince Tumanov Tsereteli ayephila e-Odessa. Ngemva konyaka eboshwa. Kwavela ukuthi kuphela 1914-1915 GG. okopelayo cranked out imikhonyovu ezinkulu ezingaphezu kuka-10! Noma kunjalo Tsereteli akakaze wabheka nezaba, wavele wathi: "Angiyena isigebengu, mina - Umculi '.

indawo 7th. Catch Me Uma You Can

Frenk Abigneyl iminyaka 5 ukwenze lenqwaba ukukhwabanisa grand. Lo muntu weza ku umlando Melika njengoba okopelayo enkulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, esekelwe ekuphileni we umkhwabanisi ubuhlakani yathathwa Stivena Spilberga "Catch Me Uma You Can." Ngakho, liyini edumile Frenk Abigneyl?

I umkhonyovu omkhulu uMnu Abagnale zazihlobene manga kwemibhalo ebhange. imisebenzi yabo lobugebengu Frank waqala eneminyaka engu-16, bakhohlisa uyise wakhe. engu-21 insizwa "wahlulelwe" yemisebenzi eminingi. Yena wayengumbulali wezingane, Uprofesa wesayensi yokuhlalisana kwabantu ngisho Attorney General of Louisiana! Kusukela namaqhinga uMnu Abagnale abathintekayo emabhange kwamabhange 26 amazwe aseYurophu.

Ngezinye 21 umkhwabanisi waboshwa. Kodwa eminyakeni 5 kamuva it wadedelwa masinya isimo ukuthi ubugebengu zangaphambili ngeke abambisane FBI. Ngenxa yalokho, ngemva kweminyaka engaphezu kuka-40 Frenk Abigneyl belulekwa Bureau of Investigation futhi basizwe ekudaluleni imikhonyovu.

indawo 6th. Rockefeller inkohliso

Christopher Rokankurt wazalelwa edolobhaneni elincane French. Eminyakeni engu-20 azenzile ubugebengu yakhe yokuqala - ukuphanga Geneva ebhange. Ngemva kwalokho, uMnu Rokankurt kwesokunxele-USA. Okokuqala, Christopher wayeyilungu ukuthembeka abesifazane abacebe, ukuzenza indodana Sofi Loren osashona Dino De Laurentiis. Ngokushesha uMnu Rokankurt wasungula legend entsha. Waba ilungu waseMelika uJames Rockefeller umnikazi umndeni, umsunguli odumile Standard Amafutha. ukuphila Rich, ukunakekela indiza siqu zabesifazane - konke lokhu usuyafezeka ngoba empofu wangaphambili. Kristofer Rokfeller owethulwa ngokushesha ku ukuqiniseka abantu edume kunazo zonke. abangane bakhe baqala Jean-Klod Van Damme futhi Mikki Rurk. Kodwa inkazimulo Rockefeller zamanga yaba ngeyesikhashana. Ngo-2000, uChristopher Rokankurt waboshwa. Ngemva ibheyili waseLenasia ngiya eHong Kong, lapho aqhubeka khona umkhonyovu yakhe. Ngo-2001, lapho aphinde waboshwa khona futhi kwamane abhekene necala lokweba $ 40 million.

indawo 5th. NN

5 endaweni th e simo we swindles omkhulu kuthatha iphiramidi zezimali MMM. Mavrodi Sergey kubhekwa umhleli we imikhonyovu enkulu emlandweni Russia. Isakhiwo yasungulwa ngo-1989 futhi uye waqhubeka kwaze kwaba ngo-1994. Ukuhlela MMM, Mavrodi banquma ukwenza igama kusuka izinhlamvu zokuqala amagama abasunguli balo (Sergey Panteleevicha umfowabo futhi Olga Melnikova). Ekuqaleni inkampani wahlanganyela ukudayiswa amakhompyutha. Kusukela ngo-1992, le nhlangano yaqala ukukhiqiza ukwabelana ayo ababethengiselwe ngokushesha okukhulu. Khona-ke Mavrodi waqamba okuthiwa MMM amathikithi. Inani ithikithi ngalinye 1/100 nokwabelana. Ngaphandle base afana ruble Russian, kodwa maphakathi iphepha kwaba isithombe Mavrodi. Ngo-1994, MMM, kwakunabamemezeli abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-12 abafaka izimali zabo emabhange. Ngo-August 1994, umsunguli impikiswano mbhoshongo zezimali, waboshwa, futhi imisebenzi MMM kumisiwe. Ngokusho idatha ahlukahlukene, uSergei Mavrodi lokukhwabanisa abathintekayo abangaba yizigidi ezingu-10 abafaka izimali zabo emabhange.

ukukhwabanisa lwezezimali - yezinkinga eziyinhloko kwekhulu XX. isakhiwo Sergey Mavrodi wathola izinkampani ezimbalwa kuyiphi izigidi zabantu ziye zaphathwa hhayi kuphela. Uhlu imibhoshongo zezimali XX leminyaka ungabona ngezansi.

Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke mbhoshongo izikimu

• Pyramid Dona Branca. Ngo-1970, isakhamuzi ePortugal, uDonna Brank wavula ibhange lalo. Ukuze ukuheha izimali yena wathembisa izinga nyangazonke hhayi ngaphansi kuka-10% amaklayenti ngamunye. Izinkulungwane zabantu abavela ezweni lonke BEKA imali yabo ebhange. Kodwa ngo-1984 Don Brank waboshelwa ukukhwabanisa grand mbhoshongo isikimu ngiyaquleka.
• Isikimu Lu Perlmana. kwengobe ngokonga idume kokuba ithengiswe ukwabelana abacishe babe yizigidi ezingu-300 izinkampani non-akukho.
• "European Royal Club" - inkampani adalwe Hans Shpahtholtsem futhi Damar Bertges. Ngenxa yalokho lenhlangano zokukhwabanisa izinkulungwane zimali abavela emazweni ehlukene elahlekile mayelana $ 1 mrld.

Izinhlelo zomasikhuphulane xxi

Izinhlelo zomasikhuphulane - hhayi nje inkinga kwekhulu XX. A ezihlukahlukene ukukhwabanisa izikimu uqhubeke ukuba lusebenze kuze kube manje. Sethula uhlu lwethu edume kunazo mbhoshongo Amacebo ngekhulu xxi.

• "Hlolisisa" - isikimu athuthukiswe uthisha evamile kusuka Pakistan, Syed Shah. Okokuqala, wenza isiphakamiso omakhelwane bayo, ethembisa ngokushesha kabili izimali zabo. Ngokushesha, lo mbhoshongo liye landa kulo lonke leli. Ngenxa yalokho, Shah ephethwe ukuba abaphambe emabhange imali engaphezu kuka $ 800 million.
• Barnard Madoff mbhoshongo - umkhonyovu ezinkulu, eyayihlelwe usomabhizinisi American, kubhekwa omunye ukukhwabanisa ezinkulu zezimali emlandweni. Ngenxa Isikhwama utshalomali Madoff bekhohliswa babe abantu abangaphezu kuka-3 million. Ngomonakalo owenzeke yilabo abatshala izimali, balinganiselwa ku $ 65 billion.

indawo 4th. ubuhlakani lwezezimali ka Charlz Pontsi

indawo 4th e simo kwethu "umkhonyovu wokuvelela kakhulu kulelo khulu leminyaka" ukukhwabanisa zezimali hlala Charles Ponzi. UMnu Ponzi kubhekwa omunye imikhonyovu enkulu emlandweni we-US. umkhwabanisi Ikusasa zezimali kuleli laseNingizimu Afrika ngo-1903. Ngokwe Ponzi kakhulu, ephaketheni lakhe kwaba "$ 2 dollar ayisigidi amathemba." Ngo-1919, wathatha sika umngane $ 200 futhi wasungula mbhoshongo sakhe sezimali SXC. Ponzi ahlinzekwa emabhange abo nomholo ukudayisa nokuthenga izimpahla emazweni ahlukahlukene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, scammer uthembise amakhasimende ayo 50% ukubuya ku idiphozi izinyanga 3. Ponzi uhlelo waqala ukusebenza ngempumelelo. Nokho uhlelo elihlakaniphile zigoqiwe lapho umngane Charles, wayeke ayemnike lona imali, wafuna izinto ngenkani uhhafu we Ponzi engenayo. Kube Isivivinyo eside, phakathi kwesikhathi lapho "ngqondongqondo zezimali 'kwathiwa yimali futhi kwelakubo. Charlz Pontsi wafa eRio de Janeiro, lapho wangcwatshwa endleleni yokugcina $ yakhe 75.

indawo 3rd. Ubugebengu prodigy

indawo 3rd kule simo "wokuvelela kunazo umkhonyovu ekhulwini" wathatha Martin Fraenkel ukukhwabanisa. Le ndoda, kanye Charles Ponzi, umkhwabanisi kubhekwa omkhulu kunayo yonke emlandweni US. Kusukela ebuntwaneni Martin, begxeka isiphetho ophumelelayo. Umfana kuphothula esikoleni samabanga aphakeme ekuseni, bese baya eyunivesithi.

indlela lobugebengu yakhe ubugebengu elihlakaniphile yaqala ngo-1986, wasungula imboni yabatshali-zimali Creative Partners Isikhwama LP. Ngenxa yalokho, Martin Frenkel ephethwe ukuba abaphambe nabatshali zimali mayelana $ 1 million. Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva conman eyasungulwa omunye Isikhwama utshalomali futhi ngaleyo ndlela ukwandisa izimali zabo.

Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva Frankel necebo umkhonyovu omusha, futhi waqala ukuthenga izinkampani zomshuwalense ezifundeni ezehlukene.

Ngo-1998, i-waseLenasia elihlakaniphile eseke ezimbili ewusizo kakhulu: inxusa American e-USSR futhi umpristi odumile ongumKatolika, Baba kaJakobe. Ngosizo lwabo, esehlela ukuba kube Isikhwama esiza abantulayo ekusekeleni esontweni American, okuyilokho, eqinisweni, enye kumasikhuphulane.

Imisebenzi uMnu Frenkel sanqamuka kuphela ngo-2001, ngesikhathi eboshwa futhi wagwetshwa iminyaka engu-200.

indawo 2nd. 419 umkhonyovu

indawo 2nd e simo yethu iyona ukukhwabanisa ngobukhulu zezimali kwekhulu XX. Kulo mfanekiso, yangena ngokuthi "incwadi Nigerian" noma "419 umkhonyovu". Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi isikimu esethwe ngezansi, Sizoqhubeka nokusebenza kuze kube yilolu suku.

419 umkhonyovu lwaluqala 80s. ekhulwini elidlule leminyaka. Ngalesi sikhathi, kunokuba abe nezigelekeqe kwakheka Nigeria, yona eyaqala ukwenza i bakwenze inqubo endala ukukopela izakhamuzi kalula. Kungakabiphi, kwaqala lo ukukhwabanisa amasu sandile ku-intanethi. Kuyini izinhlamvu Nigerian?

Imeyili kubantu abavela emazweni ahlukahlukene ukuba incwadi Nigeria noma kwamanye amazwe ase-Afrika. Umthumeli unxusa umamukeli ukusiza wezigidigidi dollar imisebenzi, ebathembisa iphesenti eningi. Njengoba ojwayelekile, umthumeli livela eNkosini zangaphambili, yindlalifa ocebile noma umnikazi. Le ncwadi iqukethe isicelo usizo ukuhunyushwa isizumbulu kwelinye izwe noma ukuthola inzalo yabo ifa. Uma umamukeli uyavuma ukusiza umthumeli, ngeke nje akwazi ukwamukela imali uthembisile, futhi ilahlekelwa siqu sakhe.

indawo 1st. Yamadivayisi i-Eiffel Tower

Ngakho, endaweni 1st e simo yethu iyona yokuqala kakhulu esibhekene XX leminyaka. Kuthathwa umhleli Victor Lustig. Lokhu conman wehlela emlandweni njengoba indoda owayethengisa-Eiffel Tower.

Ngasekuqaleni kwawo-XX leminyaka, ongowokuzalwa e-Czech Republic Victor Lustig ukuhlala eParis. Lapha cranks a imikhonyovu ambalwa, bese bathuthela e-United States. Ngo-1925, Lustig wabuyela Paris. Lapho, emakhasini iphephandaba ngifunda umlayezo othi i-Eiffel Tower cishe bawela labhidlika futhi edinga ukulungiswa noma ukubhidliza. Lolu lwazi Wawugujelwani umkhonyovu omusha elihlakaniphile. Lustig, posing njengesikhonzi sesikhathi isiFulentshi, ithumela tycoons acebe Europe amathelegramu ebamema ukuba iqhaza engxoxweni isiphetho obengeziwe uphawu oyinhloko Paris. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ke kubaqinisekisa isidingo ukugcina le mfihlo lwazi. Ngenxa yalokho, i-$ 50 eziyinkulungwane. Victor Lustig ithengiswe ilungelo bachithe Eiffel umbhoshongo Andre Poisson. Kulandelwe ngemva kwalokho neziphathimandla French scandal ukuthi obugcwele up.

Lustig bethuthele US, kodwa eminyakeni embalwa kamuva wabuyela Paris kanye futhi ithengiswe Eiffel Tower (kulokhu ayizinkulungwane 75. Dollars).