Zaziyini izimfanelo ukuhweba ngekhulu le-17? namanye amazwe futhi ezifuywayo eRussia

Ikakhulukazi ukuhweba ekhulwini le-17 baye baba izici eziyinhloko e ukuthuthukiswa izinhlobo ezintsha ubudlelwane kwezomnotho. Esidala wezandla Uhlelo kancane kancane abe ongasasebenzi, esikhundleni wuhlelo ukukhiqizwa elincane. Bekuyiziphi izici ukuhweba ekhulwini le-17 njengoba ifomu ubudlelwano obusha eRussia nakwamanye amazwe - ukubheka ngezansi.

ezintsha obuciko

Mayelana ukuthi Yaba yini izici ukuhweba ekhulwini le-17, kungenziwa cishe yahlulelwe izimiso ukuthuthukisa ubudlelwano zokukhiqiza. Okokuqala yentuthuko wezandla esenzeka kohlaka umnotho bezinga - ingcweti akakwazanga ukuhlinzeka semali imikhiqizo yayo siqu - ezihlukahlukene ngezinto ezenziwe oda. Ukwanda ubudlelwane ukuhweba kwenziwa ukuhlanganiswa kungenzeka zokukhiqiza - manje ingcweti engenza izimpahla "sesikhathi esizayo ', ngokusekelwe umthengi esizayo. Kukhona lunye lemisebenzi yezandla - kwezinye izindawo emazweni Russian kuyizinto abakhiqizi eyinhloko yokuthutha izimpahla ezehlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, Belozerye idume nezinkezo zalo, Nizhny Novgorod izingcweti wenza sivala ezinamandla, Vologda craftswoman beluka lace emangalisayo. Ngakho tente izindawo ngobuciko ahlukahlukene.

Imboni yokuqala

Uma umkhakha ukukhanya yayisekelwe umsebenzi ngamunye, sokuthuthukisa yokusansimbi, ukukhiqizwa izimayini kanye izikhali edingekayo usizo lukahulumeni. Mhlawumbe yingakho lo oseduze kakhulu edolobheni laseMoscow - Tula, Kashira, Serpukhov - ekubeni phakathi kwabokuqala kakhulu yokusansimbi Russian. Ukusebenza, njengoba ibhizinisi kakhulu, kudla isikhathi, kudingeka Manpower abalulekile - ngakho kancane kancane waqala ukusebenzisa zabasebenzi esiqashiwe. I manufactory lokuqala okuyinto esetshenzisiwe waqasha zabasebenzi, baba Cannon egcekeni, esadaleka ngekhulu le-15. Zonke ekhulwini le-17 sidalwe izimboni ezahlukene ngamatshumi amathathu. Ngokokuqala ngqá akha lwamakhosi of nezimboni - Sveteshnikovy, Demidov, stroganoff kanye nabanye.

Ukuthuthukiswa yohwebo yasekhaya

Zaziyini izimfanelo ukuhweba ekhulwini le-17 e-Russia? Leli zwe kancane kancane unqobe ngabodwa futhi afinyelele ezimakethe European. Ngaqala ukwakha imboni entsha kazwelonke kanye izikhungo zabo yohwebo. A indima ebalulekile udlalwa ngu zemibuthano yezohwebo emikhulu - Arkhangelsk, Irbit, Nizhny Novgorod. Kwakuba abathengi lokuqala - Wholesalers, ethengwayo ngobuningi ukuthengisa phezu wholesale. Sabalalisa korobeynichestvo - kokuba uthenge ngesikhathi fair amabhande, scarves, amakamu, izithombe broadside nelula imigexo abathengisi sidabula nemizana ukuthengisa izimpahla zabo izakhamuzi zendawo. Ukuvela izimboni, uhwebo lwezitolo kanye nokuthuthukiswa inethiwekhi Fairs - lawa iziphakamiso main, anikeza umbono walokho babe nezici ukuhweba ekhulwini le-17 e-emakethe yasekhaya Russian.

amasiko isimemezelo

Ekuqaleni ezifuywayo ukuhweba sebehlushwa eziningi zangezifiso ekhulwini incurred phakathi nesikhathi kwehlukana. okufuze lokho eziningi sebehlushwa sina okukhuthaza imikhiqizo emakethe, okwenza ukuhweba umsebenzi akuzuzisi futhi ezibizayo. Kodwa Customs isimemezelo wakhishwa 1653, okuyinto eseyiqedile amalevi mezhduuezdnye, owethulwa imithetho ezivamile ngoba intela. Ngakho, kungani umbuso waseRoma wawunamandla wazama ukuvuseleleka ukuhweba ngaphakathi ezweni.

namanye amazwe

Zaziyini izimfanelo namanye amazwe ngekhulu le-17? abathengisi isiRashiya, hhayi kuphela ngenkuthalo ekuthuthukiseni ukuhweba yasekhaya, kodwa wayevele ukufinyelela ezimakethe amazwe asenyakatho yeYurophu. Ngeshwa, ukufinyelela ice-free Baltic Sea ngaleso sikhathi akatholakalanga. Abathengisi kwadingeka ukuba asebenzise ngaphezulu kuka nezinyanga zasehlobo navigation ukuze uthole khona kusuka nezimbobo enyakatho e-Sweden, e-England, Denmark. Ngenisa futhi ukuthekelisa izingxenye namanye amazwe kule nkathi azizange zishintshe eqhathaniswa izinkathi odlule, ngakho ngokomongo namanye amazwe kunzima ukusho ukuthi yiziphi izici ukuhweba ekhulwini le-17. Njengenjwayelo, izinto eziyinhloko ezithunyelwa kwamanye babe okusanhlamvu, uboya, yefilakisi, Hemp, tallow, lesikhumba. Russia amazwe izimpahla okunethezeka, indwangu, imishini ezimbonini, itiye, ikhofi kanye nezinongo.

Anti-okulahlwa

Kodwa sibonga izinyunyana ukuze kwema- nabadayisi basemazweni emakethe Russian sekuvame. Bavame kuphazamisekile intengo abathengisi Russian. izikhalazo eziningi abathengisi Russian sekuzwakala, futhi yamukelwa 1667. okusha Trade iziqondiso, lapho abathengisi abangewona ama-ayengasekho amalungelo wangaphambili nenkululeko emakethe Russian yasekhaya. Abezinye Izizwe zingase kuphela bahlanganyele wholesale lwezeMpilo ezinkulu - ukuhweba iimfesi kwaba ngabo ngaphansi kokuvinjelwa. Faka imisebenzi ekhethekile yezimpahla ezingena, ngenxa okuyinto izindleko izimpahla ezifuywayo amazwe bucishe bulingane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imisebenzi emisha ngempumelelo agcwaliswa le umcebo wasebukhosini.

Kufinyeta, singasho Yaba yini izici ukuhweba ekhulwini le-17. Okwesikhashana sebehlala ukuvela ubudlelwane emisha yokuhwebelana, yokuncishiswa imithetho yohwebo, ukuthuthukiswa emakethe yangaphakathi, imizamo yokuqala ukuvikela abakhiqizi ezifuywayo nasezilweni abameleli besigaba yomthengisi ukugxambukela angaphandle. A isinxephezelo nezindleko kwezimpahla Russian kanye angaphandle ngokwethula izintela ekhethekile zagxila ukuthuthukiswa imboni yasekhaya.