Ukwakhiwa kwe-Caspian Flotilla yaseRussia

I-Caspian Flotilla iyimfihlo yokuphepha kweRussia futhi iqinisekise ukuhambisana nezithakazelo zayo esifundeni saseCaspian Sea. Ukwakhiwa kwalesi nhlangano ye-Navy kuvuselelwe njalo. Lesi yisibopho sokulwa kwemikhumbi kanye nokuhambisana kwayo namazinga anamuhla. Ukubunjwa kwe-Caspian Flotilla, kanye nomlando wayo omfushane, kuyoba yinkinga yesifundo sethu.

AmaRussia kuLwandle lwaseCaspian

Ukuze uqonde indlela okwakhiwa ngayo i-Caspian flotilla, kuyadingeka ukuba ungene emlandweni.

Okhokho bethu bavela eLwandle LwaseCaspian (ngaleso sikhathi labizwa ngokuthi yi-Khvalynsky) ngisho nasenkathini yezwe elidala laseRussia. Khona-ke amaRussia enza ama-Caspian awaziwayo, okumele afakaze ithonya lawo esifundeni futhi alethe imali engenayo ekutholeni imizi. Ukuhamba okudumile 910, 914, 987 no-1030-1032 iminyaka. Kodwa edume kakhulu kwakuwumkhankaso we-943, lapho umuzi waseBerdaa uthathwa khona. Kukhona futhi idatha emkhankasweni we-1174 kakade ekupheleni kwe-Kievan Rus, kodwa kaningi ukuqiniswa kwayo kuxoxwa.

Kodwa uRus wabhidliza, isikhathi sejoka elisindayo saseMongol-Tatar saqala. Umbuso waseRussia ungaqala kabusha umzabalazo endaweni yasemanzini yaseLwandle lweCaspian kuphela emva kokuhlanganiswa kwamazwe aseMoscow. Ngo-1466 U-Afanasy Nikitin wenza uhambo lwakhe oludumile lwaseNdiya ngokusebenzisa lolu lwandle.

Amakhosi amakhulu aqala ukucabanga ngokudala imoto kulwandle emva kokunqotshwa kuka-Ivan The Terrible yi-Astrakhan Khanate, ngenxa yalokho umbuso waseRussia owafika ogwini lwaseCaspian Sea.

Imizamo yokuqala yokudala imoto

Umzamo wokuqala wokudala izimoto zeCaspian wenziwa kuphela ngo-1634. Ngaphambi kwalokho, ama-Cossacks awalandela imingcele yaseCaspian yaseRashiya. Ngaleso sikhathi abameleli bezwe elincane laseJalimane banikeza i-tsar yaseRussia ukwakha imikhumbi yezindiza eziya eCaspian kuya ePheresiya. Ukwakhiwa kwe-Caspian flotilla kwakufanele kube nemikhumbi engu-10. Yakhelwe umkhumbi owodwa - "Frederick", futhi ngokushesha wagijimela phansi. Ukwakhiwa kwemikhumbi esele kwashiywa.

Ngo-1668 umkhumbi waseRussia wokuqala "u-Eagle", isikebhe, i-yacht kanye nezikebhe ezimbili zakhiwa. Kusukela kubo i-flotilla yamaCaspian yayizokwakhiwa. Ukwakhiwa kwale mikhumbi kwashiswa ngesikhathi sokuqhuma kukaStean Razin e-Astrakhan ngo-1670.

Ukudalwa kwe-Caspian Flotilla ngaphansi kukaPeter I

Ngaphansi kukaPetru Omkhulu, umbuso waseRussia waba namandla kakhulu, waba umbuso futhi waqala ukubonisa ukuzama ukwandiswa kwamanye amazwe, kuhlanganise nesiqondiso seCaspian. Kulesi sifundazwe, umbangi omkhulu waseRussia yiPheresiya. Ngakho-ke, umbuzo wokwakha izimoto zethu eLwandle lweCaspian uye waba yiphuthumayo kunanini ngaphambili.

Ngo-1704, i-Admiralty yasungulwa eKazzan futhi kwakhiwa imikhumbi. Ukwakhiwa komkhumbi we-flopila yaseCaspian kwakuzoba nemikhumbi engu-45 yemikhumbi kanye nezikebhe ezingu-200 zokuhamba emifuleni.

Ngokwesimiso sikaPeter I, ekugcineni i-Caspian flotilla yakhiwa ngoSeptemba 1722. Wabamba iqhaza ngempumelelo empini yaseRussia nasePheresiya ka-1722-1723. Ekupheleni kwalo mkhankaso, i-Caspian Flotilla yayinezikebhe ezinkulu ezingu-80.

Ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kwemikhumbi

Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, umlando we-Caspian flotilla ubalekile. Iqhubeka ithuthukiswe futhi ithuthukisiwe.

Ngo-1781, i-Caspian Flotilla yathunyelwa eGulf of Astrabad empini nePersia. Ukwakhiwa kwemikhumbi kwakufana nalokhu: ama-frigates angu-20 nezibhamu, izikebhe ezimbili kanye nomkhumbi owodwa we-bombardirskoe. I-flotilla ithathe isinyathelo esisebenzayo empini zakamuva ngokumelene nePersia, ngokwesibonelo, ngo-1813. Ngokwesivumelwano sokuthula esiphethweni ngemiphumela yale mpi, uMbuso waseRussia waba yedwa uhulumeni owayenelungelo lokugcina izimoto zakhe eCaspian.

Ngo-1818 ukwakhiwa kweCaspian flotilla yaseRussia kwagcwaliswa izitsha ezintsha. Zaba uchungechunge oluphelele lwe-corvettes enamatshe amathathu, ngalinye lalinamatholethi ayishumi nesithupha. Umkhumbi odumile kakhulu kulolu chungechunge u-Kazan.

Ngo-1867, izinqola zeCaspian zathunyulwa ukusuka e-Astrakhan kuya eningizimu kuya edolobheni laseBaku.

Phakathi nekhulu le-XIX, ukubunjwa kwemikhumbi yeCaspian Flotilla yaseRussia kwakushintsha, kodwa ngalesi sikhathi izitsha ezilandelayo zanikelwa:

• Ama-corvettes angu-16 ahlome izibhamu;
• 4 lugera;
• Abafundi abangu-13;
• 3 bombardirskih umkhumbi;
• I-steamer engu-22;
• Amathenda amabili;
• Ama-brigs angu-18;
• 26 izithuthi zokuthutha.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, imishini yokubhukuda yamasayizi amancane nayo yanikezwa.

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 i-Caspian Flotilla yaba yimizimba futhi engaphelelwe yisikhathi. Ukwakhiwa kwemikhumbi kwakufana nalokhu: 4 izikebhe zokudoba, izikebhe ezimbili, izibani ezintathu ezihambayo, ibhasi elilodwa lokuhamba ngomkhumbi kanye nezikebhe ezimbili zokudoba. Ukuze kuncishiswe ukubuyisela emuva kwezobuchwepheshe kusuka ezinganeni ezingase zibe khona, okungenzeka kube iBrithani noma iJalimane, ngo-1910, izibhamu ezimbili ezakhiwe ngezibhamu zakhiwe ngokuqondile i-flotilla - i-Ardagan ne-Kars.

Phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, izindiza zeCaspian azizange zihlanganyele ekuhlaselaneni nesitha.

Ubukhulu bemikhumbi ngesikhathi seMpi Yombango

Phakathi neMpi Yomphakathi, i-Caspian Flotilla ekuqaleni yayiyingxenye yebutho le-White Army. Ngo-1919, imikhumbi yavimbela umlomo we-Volga, ukuze kuvinjelwe i-Red Army ukungena eLwandle lweCaspian. Ngalo msebenzi umkhumbi wawukwazi ukuphatha kahle ngempumelelo, okwenza i-Caspian ivaliwe endaweni "yamanzi" ebomvu.

Ukubunjwa kokulwa kwe-Caspian flotilla ngaleso sikhathi kwakunezibhamu ezingu-7, izikebhe ezingu-9, nezindiza eziyi-10.

Kodwa ngonyaka we-1920 i-Red Army yakwazi ukuphatha izikebhe eziyinhloko zesisekelo samanzi - iKrasnovodsk noGuryev. Ngakho-ke, le mikhumbi yadluliselwa ku-Baku. Ekugcineni, ingxenye yayo idluliselwa kuhulumeni wase-Azerbaijan, ingxenye yawela eceleni kwe-Red Army, futhi imikhumbi esele yafakwa iBrithani, yabe ishayiswa yiSoviet Russia.

Isikhathi Soviet

Ngo-1931, iSoviet Union yakha i-Caspian military flotilla. Umsebenzi wawo kwakuwukuqeda usongo ku-USSR kusukela eningizimu. Ukwakhiwa kwe-Caspian military flotilla kwakhiwa ngemikhumbi yamaRiphabhulikhi ase-Union. Ngokuyinhloko, kufaka phakathi izikebhe ezibhekiswe ngaphambili ezikhulunywe ngazo i-Ardagan ne-Kars, okuyiyo, eyinsalela yemikhumbi ye-White Army, ifakiwe ku-flotilla yase-Azerbaijani. Kuphela manje le mikhumbi ithola amagama amasha - uTrotsky noLenin.

Phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yesibili, i-Caspian yezempi flotilla yahlanganyela ekusebenzeni kwe-Iran. Ngemva kwalokho, wayephethe imizi eminingi yase-Iranian port, wenza umsebenzi wezimayini, wanikela ngempahla evela e-United States ngokuqashisa imali, wahlanganyela e-Battle of Stalingrad. Ekupheleni kwempi, izinsizakalo zakhe zanikezwa i-Order ye-Red Banner.

Ngemuva kwempi, kuze kufike ukuwa kweSoviet Union, i-Caspian yezempi flotilla yayingeyona into ebalulekile kakhulu, kodwa nokho ibonisa ukuqiniswa kwesifunda. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlobo ezintsha zezikhali zahlolwa lapha.

I-Caspian Flotilla ye-Russian Federation

Ngemva kokuba iSoviet Union ingenele, kwaphakama umbuzo wokuthi yini okufanele iyenze nayo yonke i-Union Caspian military flotilla. Kwahlukaniswa phakathi kwama-republic asendulo afinyelela ku-Caspian: i-Russian Federation. Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan naseTurkmenistan. Ingxenye yaseRashiya yemikhumbi yadluliselwa esuka eBaku eya e-Astrakhan naseMakhachkala. Kwakuyi-Astrakhan eyaba iphuzu eliyinhloko lokuthunyelwa kwe-flotilla entsha.

Uma ngaphambili uLwandle lwaseCaspian luvaliwe, hhayi ukubala umkhakha oseningizimu we-Iranian, manje sekuvele izibalo ezimbalwa esifundeni, okusho ukuthi imisebenzi eyayibekwe ngaphambi kwemikhumbi yayiyinkimbinkimbi.

Ukwakhiwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo zezinqola zeCaspian kwahlelwa kancane kancane. Ngokubaluleke kakhulu, inqubo yokwakha kabusha yaqala eminyakeni eyishumi leminyaka yekhulu lama-21.

Ngo-2010, izinqola zeCaspian ngenxa yesigaba esisha seRussia zaba izifunda zempi zafakwa eSifundazweni SaseNingizimu.

Ekupheleni kuka-2015, i-flotilla yaba nengxenye ekusebenzeni kokuqala kwezempi amashumi eminyaka amaningi. Kwakuyi-operation eSiriya ngokumelene "nesimo samaSulumane". Izikhundla zamaphekula zazihlaselwa imicibisholo yemikhumbi.

Ibuyekeza imoto

I-Caspian flotilla yeRussia Federation ibuyekezwe kanjani? Ukwakhiwa kwezimoto kwakugcwele imishini.

Ngo-2011, umkhumbi omncane we-Argumenton Volgodonsk wawufakwe kule mikhumbi. Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, imikhumbi emincane ye-rocket iGrey Sviyazhsk no-Uglich yanezelwa. Umkhumbi we-patrol "Dagestan" ohleliwe ukuthunyelwa ezindizeni zeCaspian ngo-2012 wonakaliswa futhi wadluliselwa kancane kancane. Manje usekuthunjweni kwemikhumbi futhi ulungele ukwenza imisebenzi.

Ngo-2014, lonke uchungechunge lwemikhumbi encane ye-missile "Buyan" yajoyina i-flotilla. Ekuqaleni, kwakulungiswe ukwethula inani elikhulu lemikhumbi, kodwa ngenxa yezigwegwe zaseNtshonalanga, ezinye izinto nezinto ezidingekayo ukwakha imikhumbi ayengakwazi ukuthengwa, ngakho-ke izinsuku zokuqedela ukwakhiwa zihlehliselwa ezinsukwini ezizayo.

Ukuvuselelwa kokuhlanganiswa kwemikhumbi ye-Caspian flotilla ngo-2010 kwaphumelela, ngokujwayelekile. Okwamanje imoto iqukethe imikhumbi engaphezu kuka-85% yemikhumbi emisha. Lokhu kusivumela ukuthi sithi lihlangabezana nezidingo eziyisisekelo namazinga esikhathi sethu.

Ukwakhiwa kwamanje kwe-Caspian Flotilla

Ake sibheke ngokuningiliziwe ukuthi yimiphi imikhumbi i-Caspian military flotilla yaseRussia eyakhiwe. Ukubunjwa kwalo kuboniswe ngezansi.

Imikhumbi yaseCaspian inemikhumbi emibili yokulandelela, imikhumbi eyisishiyagalombili yempi, izikebhe eziyisithupha zokulwa, izikebhe eziyisishiyagalombili zokugibela kanye nezimboni ezincane eziyisikhombisa. Ingqikithi yamayunithi angu-31 emishini yamanzi.

Imikhumbi ye-Sentry

I-Caspian flotilla inemikhumbi emibili yokulandelela - iTatarstan neDagestan. Zombili zenziwe esitshalweni saseZelenodolsk. Kuphela usuku lokuthunyelwa kokuqala kwalokhu ngu-2003, kanti okwesibini ka-2012.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, umkhumbi "iTatarstan" uyisikebhe esiphezulu se-Caspian flotilla.

Imikhumbi yempi

Izikebhe zeCaspian zinamayunithi angu-8 emikhumbi yempi encane. Omdala kuneminyaka engu-R-101 isikebhe se-missile "Stupinets", esikhishwe ngo-1985. Khona-ke izikhali eziphezulu zilandelwa umkhumbi omncane we-Artificial MAK-160 ka-1988.

Ngaphakathi kwephrojekthi "amabutho amancane" e-Buyan "Astrakhan", "Volgodonsk" futhi entsha - "Makhachkala" yakhiqizwa. Izitsha zafakwa ukusebenza, ngokulandelana, ngo-2006, 2011 futhi ngo-2012.

Ngo-2014, njengengxenye yephrojekthi ye "Buyan-M", imikhumbi encane ye-missile "i-Veliky Ustyug", "i-Uglich" ne "Grad Sviyazhsk" yahanjiswa.

I-Boat Boats

Okwamanje, i-Caspian Flotilla inezikebhe eziyisithupha zokulwa. Abane babo bakhulile kakhulu. Lesi sakhiwo somkhumbi uSammel: AK-223 (1969), AK-248 (1971), AK-201 (1972), AK-209 (1972). Entsha entsha yizikhali zomkhumbi i-AK-326, eqale ukusebenza ngo-1989.

Umkhumbi omusha ovela emikhumbi yalesi sifundo uyisikebhe sokulwa nama-P-351. Yaqala ukusebenza ngo-2013.

Izikebhe zokufika

Ukulahlwa kwemikhumbi yeCaspian kunezikebhe eziyisishiyagalombili zokugibela. Amamodeli amasha kuphela afakwa lapha. Lolu hlobo lwemikhumbi luhlanganisa iDakota D-185 (2000 release) ubuciko bokuthutha kanye ne-Dyugon D-105 Ataman Platov (ukukhululwa ngo-2009).

Uchungechunge lwezikebhe zokugibela "uSerna" uhlukile. Kuhlanganisa iD-156 (1999 ukukhululwa), D-131 (2002 ukukhululwa), D-172 (2005 ukukhululwa), D-56 (2008 release), D-809 (ngonyaka ka-2013) Ukukhululwa) no-D-810 (2013 release).

Abakwa-minesweepers

Kukhona ama-minesweepers ayisikhombisa ku-flotilla yeCaspian. Umsebenzi wabo oyinhloko ukucinga nokubhujiswa kwezimayini. Ukubuyekezwa kokugcina kwemikhumbi yalolu hlobo kwenzeka emuva ngo-1997. Okokugcina, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi okwamanje ayikho ingozi yemayini e-Caspian Sea. Kodwa konke okufanayo esikhathini esizayo, lezi zitsha zingaphinde zithathwe esikhundleni sezinsuku zanamuhla, ngoba noma yini engenzeka, futhi ngalesi simo inetha lokuphepha lizodingeka libe khona.

I-flotilla ihlanganisa ukuhlaselwa kwezingu-minesweepers RT-59 (1979), RT-181 (1980), RT-71 (1981), RT-233 (1994) RT-234 (1996), kanye nabathungatha basisekelo BT-244 "uHerman Ugryumov" (1988) noBT-116 "Magomed Hajiyev" (1997).

Izici ezijwayelekile zezimoto zeCaspian

Njengoba kungenziwa ukwahlulelwa ngemininingwane esemthethweni, okwamanje iCaspian Fleet yeRussian Federation ibanjwe kahle kahle. Ezingu-85% iqukethe izitsha zanamuhla, ezilungele ukuxazulula imisebenzi eyabelwe. Esikhathini esizayo esiseduze, kuhlelwe ukuqedela izinhlobo eziningi zemikhumbi nemikhumbi.

Amandla emikhumbi yeCaspian iyisiqinisekiso esanele sokuphepha kwemingcele yaseRussia kusukela eLwandle lweCaspian kusukela ekuhlaselweni kwangaphandle, kanye nesiqinisekiso sokuqina kwesimo esifundeni saseCaspian. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imikhumbi yemikhumbi iyakwazi ukuxazulula ngisho nemisebenzi yangaphandle, njengoba kwakunesikhathi sokusebenza eSiriya.

Ngokuvamile, isimo se-Caspian flotilla sinikeza ithemba, futhi sivumela ukuba sithembele ukuthi esikhathini esizayo sizoqiniswa kuphela yizikhungo ezintsha zanamuhla zemishini yemikhumbi.