Ukugcina ukuvikelwa amakhemikhali. Izingozi ezintweni eziyingozi amakhemikhali futhi imiphumela yabo

Kunoma yiliphi izwe yesimanje kukhona inombolo ngokwanele enkulu ezahlukene amakhemikhali izinto. Ukungaqiniseki izingozi kuzo, ekusakazekeni ngokushesha umoya okunobuthi zidinga izinyathelo esiphuthumayo ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha komphakathi.

Ukuvikelwa imithi enobungozi

Ukugcina ukuvikelwa amakhemikhali sabantu kuyehla kube ukusetshenziswa izindlela ezilandelayo Ukuvikelwa:

1. Respirators, igesi buso, amasudi zokuzivikela.
2. Amasosha.
3. izindawo zokukhosela zesikhashana.
4. Kuhlengwe abantu kusuka endaweni eyingozi.

Zonke yalezi zindlela zingasetshenziswa kuphela, kodwa zingahlanganiswa nabanye.

Ukuze iphahlazeke phezu amakhemikhali izinto eziyingozi kungukuthi sekwephuzile, ngomusa sithathe izinyathelo ezidingekile. Lezi zihlanganisa:

• Operationalizing isimiso sixwayisa abantu.
• Ukuqapha ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinto zokuvikela wayekulungele futhi igcinwe kwezinye izindawo.
• Ukulungiselela izindawo zokukhosela.
• Ukunqunywa endaweni basishiye.
• Ukuthuthukiswa izinyathelo esebenza kahle kakhulu yokuvikela labantu ezimweni ezithile.
• Ukuqhuba ukuqeqeshwa ekuphathweni namabutho, okuyinto zenzelwe ayisuse imiphumela yale ngozi.

Kuphela uhlelwe ngekucophelela lokukhulu isinyathelo uma kwenzeka ingozi kungaqinisekisa ukuphepha kwabantu.

Ukuvikelwa izici amakhemikhali labantu

Ukuvikelwa Chemical - kuba iqoqo izinyathelo ukuthi zenzelwe ukuqeda noma okungenani ukuba buthaka emiphumeleni elimazayo ezinobuthi (eziphuthumayo imithi enobungozi amakhemikhali) inani labantu kanye nabo bonke abasebenzi abasebenza ibhizinisi. Iningi yonke imisebenzi kumele kwenziwe kusenesikhathi, kanye erhabekileko enqubeni yokuqeda nemiphumela yengozi.

Imicimbi ngokuba ukuvikelwa amakhemikhali sabantu akunakubangelwa main, lokhu okulandelayo:

1. Ukuqinisekiswa ingozi nesaziso sabantu bakhe.
2. Ukucaciswa isimo ezonini yengozi.
3. Ukuhambisana zonke iziqondiso futhi izindinganiso zokuphepha kwamakhemikhali endaweni ethintekile.
4. Ukunikeza umphakathi kanye nabasebenzi bonke amakhambi.
5. Uma kudingeka, kubalulekile ukuba kuphunywe abantu abavela izindawo kungenzeka ukusilaphazeka.
6. Shelter labantu zokukhosela, ekwazi ukuvikela ayingozi.
7. ukusetshenziswa eziphuthumayo ye sinqobe namathuluzi ukwelashwa kwesikhumba.

Uma kukhona inhlekelele, ukuze kuqaliswe ukusebenza ezidzimeleleko uphendulela isimo endaweni yenhlekelele, kwenziwe ukuhlola i-khona imithi enobungozi. Siphinde ukutadisha uhlobo nezinga lokuziphatha ukukhululwa kwe isiqondiso lapho umoya ithwala ezinobuthi, kanjani insimu enkulu imbozwe nemiphumela yengozi.

Zonke izisebenzi zale nkampani ikhiphe imishini saziso zokuzivikela. Bendawo yengozi kufanele sigqoke chemical Ukuvikelwa isudu igesi buso.

izinto eziyingozi

uhlobo enjalo izinkampani yilezo lapho kukhona isitoreji, ukucutshungulwa kanye nokusebenzisa imithi enobungozi. Izingozi ezintweni eziyingozi amakhemikhali kungaholela abantu ekutheleleni noma ukufa nokusondelana ezinobuthi.

Lezi zinkampani zihlanganisa lezi ezilandelayo:

1. Chemical nophethiloli ongahluziwe zokuwuhluza.
2. Petrochemical umkhakha.
3. yokuhlanza amanzi angcolile izindawo namanzi lapho chlorine isetshenziswa.
4. ukufakwa Refrigeration uma basebenzisa ammonia.
5. Emafektri lapho imithi yokubulala izinambuzane zigcinwa.
6. Izimoto ethwele kwezimpahla eziyingozi amakhemikhali.
7. Ukusingathwa indle zamakhemikhali.

Zonke amabhizinisi eziyingozi zingahlukaniswa izigaba eziningana ngokusho degree of ingozi:

• 1st - uma kwenzeka ingozi e endaweni ethintekile phezu ayizinkulungwane 70 hits.
• 2nd - kusuka 40 kuya kwezingu-70.
• 3rd - esingaphansi 40 eziyinkulungwane.
• 4th - ngesikhathi amathuba engozi ingahambi ngale ibhizinisi imingcele.

Ezweni lethu ezifana lezinto eziyingozi zingaphezu 3 ayizinkulungwane. Nge izakhiwo eziningi kangaka HOV ulwazi, ukuhlolwa owandulelayo nemiphumela engase ibe khona, ikhono ngokushesha futhi ngendlela efanele ukuthatha izinyathelo esiphuthumayo ukuqeda izingozi isimo main ukuqinisekisa ukuvikelwa amakhemikhali labantu senziwa ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu.

chemical ingozi

i okunjalo isimo esiphuthumayo Ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi ukwephulwa izinqubo ezitshalweni, ukulimala ahamba isitoreji amathangi yokugcina izimoto ukuthwala izimpahla eziyingozi. Konke lokhu kungaholela ukukhululwa amakhemikhali emkhathini, okuholela ukutheleleka kwabantu uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli.

Uma isimo kuye kwaholela abalimala womuntu, umonakalo ezinzima lezinto, umonakalo omkhulu emvelweni, isivele kungenzeka ukuba ayothola nje ingozi, kodwa kule nhlekelele ezimbonini.

Noma yimuphi eziphuthumayo ngesikhathi isitshalo kwamakhemikhali avame ephelezelwa ukuqhuma imililo. Ngenxa yalokho, lezi zinqubo izinto okungezona ezinobuthi siguqulelwa esiyingozi futhi eyingozi empilweni yomuntu.

Izimbangela yengozi esakhiweni chemical

Esinye sezizathu esiyinhloko iphutha lapho izingozi zenzeka, yilezi ezilandelayo:

1. Ukwehla kwentengo imishini ukukhiqizwa noma ukungeneli futhi ompofu izinga ukulungiswa kanye nokugcinwa.
2. Ngokuhamba ukukhiqizwa noma ukucubungula izinqubo eziphukile.
3. imishini operation okungafanele.
4. Isitoreji imithi enobungozi kufanele kwephule olungapheli lwemithetho neziqondiso.
5. Tingasebenti uhlelo lokuvikeleka uma ibhizinisi.
6. Amaphutha enziwa ngesikhathi kwakhiwa kanye nomklamo lezinto.
7. Ukwephulwa ukuqondiswa kwezigwegwe emsebenzini.
8. Weqe kwezinkambiso wesitoreji imithi enobungozi.
9. Izinhlekelele zemvelo.
10. isenzo amaphekula.

Uma sihlaziya izimbangela ingozi, kungashiwo ukuthi kubalulekile udlala isici womuntu. Ngokuvamile ukunganaki zethu kuholela nemiphumela eyingozi.

kumele kwenziwe kahle futhi ngendlela esifike ngesikhathi kungakhathaliseki uhlobo ingozi ukuqinisekisa ukuvikelwa amakhemikhali. A inhlekelele kungenziwa labizwa ngokuthi elandelayo:

• Private. Imiphumela ukumboza esitolo eyodwa kuphela, noma ukufakwa.
• Into alamu. Ihlanganisa inkampani eyodwa kuphela nangale ke engenzi uphume.
• Endaweni. Imiphumela ezithinta lonke idolobha noma isifunda.
• Regional - ihlanganisa izifunda eziningana.
• ingozi Global akuhileli nje kuphela izifunda ezweni elifanayo, kodwa ungakwazi ukuphuma nangale.

izici ezithinta

Lapho kukhona i ukukhululwa oluphuthumayo imithi enobungozi kwakhiwa elinegciwane ifu eyinhloko esakhiwa amaconsi futhi aerosol bayakwazi axazulule emhlabathini ukungcolisa ke.

Uma umkhumbi ezilimele ukugcinwa noma ezokuthutha, le imithi enobungozi ayahlakazeka, ngaleso sikhatsi bafundza bacala ihwamuke futhi yakha ifu ukutheleleka yesibili.

Lezi amafu abe izakhiwo ezahlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, ifu eyinhloko zibhebhetheka izenzo kuphela okwamanje ndima yayo, kodwa iqukethe okuhlushwa okukhulu kwezinto eziyingozi. ifu Secondary nakuba has a esincane Hov, kodwa umphumela wawo wenziwa nje kungenzeki ngokuphelele ukuhwamuka noma ekubhujisweni.

It has njengoba kubonakaliswa main nokuningi phakathi iyiphi ingozi zamakhemikhali. Basic - ukukhululwa imithi enobungozi, kanye ezengeziwe kakade zihlanganisa imililo, ukuqhuma, okuyinto kungase kuhambisane ingozi.

Phakathi esiphuthumayo yalolu hlobo ngempela eyenziwa ngemisebe ukuvikelwa amakhemikhali sabantu, ngoba main isici elimazayo kuyinto isifo izingqimba engezansi emkhathini, inhlabathi, amanzi, okuholela kokunqotshwa abantu nezinye izidalwa. Kala incike amasayizi ukungcoliswa zone.

Vele sicabangele lezi zici ezintathu:

• Deadly.
• Toksodozy, obangiqeda.
• umbundu Toksodozy.

Ukuze izinto ezengeziwe elimazayo zihlanganisa:

• Igagasi elithusayo.
• Kushisa bhé kule ndawo.
• Ukunqotshwa kwe-izinsalela.
• Isenzo ezinobuthi zazo ngobuningi phakathi Hov amandla omlilo.

imiphumela

Ngiphakathi izingozi amakhemikhali ibhizinisi esiyingozi aluphumeleli ngaphandle kokushiya nokuncane. Ngakho-ke kubaluleke isimo uhlelo zokuphepha komphakathi. Imiphumela abafika emuva esiphuthumayo, ingahlukaniswa izigaba ezimbili: eqondile (zivela kanye) kanye yesikhathi eside.

Imiphumela ngokushesha - kuyinto:

• Ukunqotshwa kwe-kwabantu nezilwane nokufa.
• ubuthi Sinzima.
• Amanxeba, ukusha.
• nokugula ngengqondo abonisa ngemva nokuchayeka kumakhemikhali.
• Acute imikhiqizo ubuthi amandla omlilo.
• umonakalo Material, eliphumela ezicekeleké noma ephelele lezinto.
• ukungcoliswa kwemvelo okusongelayo i yenhlekelele yemvelo.

Imiphumela ingaba nzima kakhulu kangangokuba kwakungasekho kungukuthi ngisho ukutakula Ukuvikelwa, ezifana suit zokuzivikela L-1. Uma-ke wagqoka Ngemva kwaleyo ngozi, ingakulahlekela ukuthi isikhathi esibalulekile, khona-ke abantu basazothola ingxenye ezinobuthi.

Ukwahlukanisa amakhemikhali

Amakhemikhali singenzeka ngu izinto ezihlukahlukene, bonke babe munye izinga ezivamile - kuba enobuthi emzimbeni womuntu. Izinga sale mfanelo ihlukile izinto ezahlukene. Kuye lokhu, ukuhlinzeka 4 ingozi amakilasi amakhemikhali:

1. Kakhulu yingozi.
2. Kakhulu yingozi.
3. Ngokulingene enobungozi.
4. ingozi okuphansi.

Noma yini esaluketshezi ungaba kuthinta emzimbeni womuntu non-iyunifomu senzo. Nokho, njengoba isici esiyinhloko isetshenziswa eholela ubuthi oyingozi futhi ukuhlulwa.

Ngu ubunjalo umthelela eziyingozi amakhemikhali zingahlukaniswa zibe:

• Asphyxiating izinto. Lezi zihlanganisa i-chlorine, phosgene.
• Obscheyadovitye. Common imbangela ukudakwa. Lezi zihlanganisa i-carbon monoxide.
• Kanyekanye obscheyadovitoe nomphumela angafi, ngokwesibonelo, i-nitrogen oxides, i-hydrogen-fluoride, i-sulphur dioxide.
• Neurotropic nomphumela angafi, ezifana nokuhlinzeka ammonia.
• Umzimba ezinobuthi ezifana ethylene oxide.
• Izinto ezephula izinqubo umzimba emzimbeni.

Izinto ezinjalo zivame njalo kutholakala ngobuningi embonini zamakhemikhali. Ngokwesibonelo, abasebenza ukukhiqizwa nitric acid isitshalo kumuntu kumele kudingeke ukuthi ukugqoka suit zokuzivikela L-1. Personal izinto zokuzivikela ngesimo amagilavu, imijiva, respirators, buso ngisho emsebenzini.

Specific kumakhemikhali okungenakugwenywa

Ukuvikelwa labantu ukungcola chemical - umsebenzi eyinhloko ubuholi. Ukubaluleka kanye ukuphuthuma lezi zinyathelo alichaza yokuthi ngaphezu ubuthi obuhamba of ezinobuthi kungabangela izingozi ezilandelayo:

1. Embryotropic. It has a nomthelela omubi ukwakheka kwezitho zangaphakathi umbungu, okuyinto igcwele ukubukeka kombungu esizalweni futhi kwezinso zentuthuko. Kungenxa yokuthi lokhu isici, owesifazane okhulelwe kufanele idluliselwe ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze kwenye operation ephephile. Lena isimo lapho Ukuvikelwa amasudi ngisho chemical ngeke kusize.
2. Umdlavuza. chemical kungaqinisa umsebenzi amangqamuzana omdlavuza, okuholela emdlavuzeni. Konke lokhu futhi kuncike esikhathini ukusebenza e eziyingozi, degree of nokuchayeka kumakhemikhali. Ingozi yalezi HOV liqukethe yokuthi kungenzeka imiphumela yabo imisiwe iminyaka eminingi.
3. Genotoxic. Avuse zofuzo, okwandisa ingozi yomdlavuza. Uma kukhona ukuguqula izakhi zofuzo kumaseli lwegciwane, lokhu kuholela ukuzalwa izingane kwezinso ekuthuthukiseni noma sengozini.
4. umphumela Immunopathogenicity. Kubonakaliswa zokunciphisa amasosha omzimba womuntu. Ngokuvamile ephelezelwa izinkinga zokuphefumula.
5. ingozi ezalayo lihlotshaniswa kahle nempilo yokuzalana.
6. iziyaluyalu umzimba. It eshayisa e izinqubo umzimba emzimbeni.
7. Allergenic. Amakhemikhali amaningi aqala umthelela wabo engakhi ukubonakaliswa komzimba. Lokhu kungaba exacerbation yesifuba somoya noma dermatitis.

Njengoba ubona kulolu hlu, le ezinobuthi kungaba nemiphumela kuyindaba ebalulekile futhi akuqinisekile, ngakho lokuvikeleka kwezifiso ezisemqoka ezingumphumela labantu ezingozini chemical kumele kwenziwe kahle futhi ngokushesha.

Ukuziphatha sabantu ngaphambi kwale ngozi, ngesikhathi nangemva

Uma abantu abahlala eduze izindawo zamakhemikhali, kufanele ube uyazi ukuthi lokhu ibhizinisi kuyingozi, futhi yini izinyathelo okumelwe uzithathe ngesikhathi eziphuthumayo. Ukugcina ukuvikelwa amakhemikhali sabantu ayohlanganisa ohlwini yayo kanye nokuvinjelwa, okufinyelela.

Abantu badinga ukwazi ukuthi bazivikele kungenzeka igciwane. Advance kufanele uzilungiselele Ukuvikelwa siqu. Kufanele kwi indawo kufinyeleleke bakwazi ukusizakala ngazo lapho alamu kuqala.

Phakathi kwenzeka ingozi abatshele ukuthi labantu esebenzisa siren noma ibhiphu eside. Abantu badinga ukuthi ibe-pre-unolwazi futhi ukuthi kushiwoni lezi zimpawu.

abasebenzi Inkampani ukwenza umsebenzi wabo izembatho zokuzivikela. Uma inqubo kungenziwa wayeka ke ukusebenza phansi izivikelo.

Labantu ungenza izincomo ezilandelayo mayelana ukuziphatha iphutha ngemuva kwekutfola inhlabamkhosi:

1. Uma i-TV noma umsakazo Civil Defense Headquarters yazisa ngezenzakalo zamanje, kubalulekile ukwenza zonke iziphakamiso zayo.
2. Gqoka izinto zokuzivikela.
3. Phephela izivikelo eliseduze.
4. Uma anikeze umyalo ngeke ukuphuma, zama amawindi kahle uphawu nezicabha. Ungakwazi ngaphezu kwalokho hang zokulala zabo.
5. Uma belulekwa ukuba bashiye imizi yabo, wehlele yokukhosela, kubalulekile ukuze unqamule zonke izinto zikagesi, cisha igesi, thatha zonke amaphepha abo, izinto ezidingekayo. Musa phumelani emgwaqweni ngaphandle kokuqale ukugqoka igesi buso, ngomshini noma ngebhandeshi ukotini gauze.

Uma awela ifu ngokushesha amakhemikhali, kubalulekile ukuba ushawa, futhi zonke izinto elinegciwane sokuntshinga. Zama ukusebenzisa amanzi kusukela yemvelo imithombo, izithelo nemifino ngqo kusuka engadini.

Lapho uqala esolwa ubuthi kufanele uphuze uketshezi ngangokunokwenzeka futhi afune usizo lwezokwelapha oluphuthumayo.

Noma yimuphi ingozi ngesikhathi isitshalo kumakhemikhali kulula ukuvimbela kuka ukuchitha izindodla zemali ukuze kuqedwe nemiphumela yaso. Ngezinye isikhungo ngasinye enobungozi kumele zakhiwe izinyathelo zokunciphisa by izikhathi eziningana ematfuba yengozi. Ngo amabhizinisi ezifana kufanele sigcwaliswe control esiqinile phezu konke inqubo, ukuhambisana nemithetho kanye nokuthuthukiswa kokulondoloza, ukucubungula zokuthutha imithi enobungozi.