Ukucutshungulwa amacala obugebengu ezinkantolo ngeluhlelo lolutsite. A inqubo ekhethekile ukuze kuhlolwe icala lobugebengu liye

Sivumele isishaya-mthetho yasekhaya, bezama ukusekela inkambo efanele e ekulweni nobugebengu emnothweni yomzamo, isikhathi nezinto zethu, kuhlanganiswe ku zenqubo umthetho inqubo ekhethekile ukwemukelwa lokwahlulela , inqobo nje uma ummangalelwa evuma amacala ayemangalelwa ngawo.

A inqubo ekhethekile: umqondo kanye essence

Lena, ukukhiqizwa ngokukhethekile ethize, ezenzeka inkantolo okokuqala. Kuyinto ubudlelwane ethize zomthetho kanye nemisebenzi yawo wonke amalungu alo, ne nendima evelele futhi juqu we sika emhlabeni noma inkantolo wesifunda ukusungula khona noma ukungabi khona nesisekelo esingokomthetho futhi okuyiqiniso ukuthi uzobe utholakale enecala ubugebengu a ummangalelwa sika ngendlela esifushanisiwe kwezinqubo uphenyo zokwahlulela ukwamukelwa ezinye izinqumo .

Ngokwemvelo, izici has a inqubo ekhethekile ngoba kwesivivinyo, zinikelwa mthetho, ukunweba hhayi kuphela inqubo inkantolo, kodwa futhi ngokuthi isiphi isigaba sayo uphenyo. Kwezinye imithombo ibonisa ukuthi imisebenzi esemqoka enikezwa ukukhiqizwa kubhekwa khona yilena elandelayo:

• yokuncishiswa ubunjalo ekuqhutshweni by ngqo elicacisiwe umthetho amacala obugebengu;
• ukusheshisa amacala ngezigaba zokwahlulela zokukhiqiza, ngemva ehhovisi icala lomshushisi lobugebengu okukhulunywe iNkantolo;
• ukunciphisa umsebenzi amajaji zezwe futhi izinkantolo wesifunda.

ukusetshenziswa ngokuphelele engamukeleki umkhuba Ukubuyekeza sokwahlulelwa amacala obugebengu ngaphansi kwezimo ezikhethekile, lapho umuntu obekwe icala ingane noma beyizehluleki ngokwengqondo.

Izizathu isicelo somyalelo ekhethekile

Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation esigabeni sokuqala Article 314 sinikela ngelungelo ummangalelwa, uma kwemvume isisulu futhi umshushisi (wahulumende nobe wangasese) uma, ukumemezela isivumelwano amacala ayemangalelwa ngawo futhi ukucela ukuthi umusho laliphinyiselwa ngaphandle kokwenza Isivivinyo . Sisebenza labo emacaleni okuyiwona isijeziso Criminal Code ayeqi esiyiminyaka eyishumi ejele.

Kunemininingwane ephelele yezizathu sokulungiswa of icala lobugebengu yijaji elilodwa noma bebonke ngeluhlelo lolutsite ubufakazi obanele bokuthi ukuqinisekisa ubuqiniso izinsolo. Lokhu ngokungaqondile waqinisekisa yijaji ngesikhathi Ukukhishwa lomusho. Kufanele ukuba afinyelele isiphetho ukuthi icala, lapho ummangalelwa evuma ngokomthetho futhi kusekelwa ubufakazi, equkethe zobulelesi (Article 316 CCP).

Isicelo somyalelo ekhethekile: nemibandela

1. Izincwadi zezikhalo ezafakwa ummangalelwa phezu isivumelwano kushushiswa, wawayisa, kumelwe kube isimo esihleliwe.
2. I kumele umsolwa (uma efuna) ukufaka incwadi yesicelo becela isigwebo ngaphandle kokwahlulela kwecala phambi kwenkantolo, ebukhoneni iseluleko. Sivumele isishaya-mthetho uveza salokhu ekhethekile yesikhathi (Article 315 Code of Criminal Procedure), ie ngesikhathi lapho kukhona ukujwayelaniswa nge mathiriyeli icala lobugebengu liye noma ngesikhathi sokulalelwa wokulungiselela, ezimweni lapho kuphoqelekile.
3. 3Litso, obhekene necala lokwephula umthetho kumelwe baqaphe isimo futhi kungenzeka imiphumela isicelo sakhe uma kuzoba khona inqubo ekhethekile ngokuba isicelo kwesivivinyo.
4. omele lesiyenta sisodvwa nobe embikwebantfu kushushiswa kumele uvume uma bengasheshi ukuveza ukuphikisa.
5. Igama elithi ka jele icala lobugebengu, ikhomishana okuyinto umuntu icala ngeke sidlule eminyakeni eyishumi.
6. ubunjalo okuphusile amacala bese uqinisekisa ubufakazi eqoqwe kuleli cala.
7. Umuntu kumelwe baqonde okushiwo lokumbeka icala futhi ngivumelana naye ngokuphelele, 'nencwadi' ngalinye icala.
8. Kufanele kube khona izizathu ukusulwa kwecala.

Umsebenzi nokucubungula icala lobugebengu: ukulungiselela oda

Criminal Law Ijaji, okuyinto bafaka isicelo masinyane, kumelwe eneliseke ukuthi umsolwa wabe fully aware of nomrabho, kanye nemiphumela esicelweni sakhe, nokuthi kwenziwa njalo yokuzithandela futhi kuphela emva kokubonisana ngaphambi neseluleko . Lezi zinkinga angaphansi ukusungulwa in inqubo ukulungiselela ukuze aquliswe icala.

UHLU LWEZIKHALAZO ukuphasisa inqubo ekhethekile isivivinyo ungawabophi yegceke. Uma kutholakala ukuthi umthetho i- izidingo ezokhulumela zokugcwalisa sicelosikhalo ngokumelene lokhu noma ebonisa isisulu noma umshushisi (wahulumende nobe wangasese), kuyothiwa waphika. INkantolo ngaleyo ndlela bangakwazi ukunikeza kwecala jikelele, evamile.

Iseshini inkantolo: inqubo

Ukucutshungulwa amacala obugebengu ezinkantolo ngeluhlelo lolutsite kulawulwa Article 316 Code of Criminal Procedure. Kodwa kubalulekile ukuba athwale ezinye izici engqondweni. Umthetho akusho icaciswe imithetho mayelana nokwakheka kwe-enkantolo, ozoqhuba ekambisweni. Kusukela umbono kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela kungenzeka ukuthi umsolwa wathi izicelo zabo ezazilethwa ezimbili. Isicelo wokuqala ukubuyekeza ngendlela ekhethekile, kanti eyesibili - kwi ukuzwa collective, ehlanganisa amajaji amathathu kahulumeni, njengoba ku ukuziphatha laqanjwa sinjalo akubona isinqumo emacaleni obugebengu ka bobugebengu obukhulu noma esinzulu (isigaba sesithathu 2 we -Athikili 31 Ikhodi Criminal Procedure ). Kodwa empeleni, izimo ezinjalo awavamile. Ukucutshungulwa amacala obugebengu ezinkantolo ngeluhlelo lolutsite singasetshenziswa ngokuvumelana ingxenye yokuqala Isigaba 31 Ikhodi-Criminal Procedure izimantshi.

Iseshini enkantolo lwenziwe imodi okuyinto lihlelwe egcekeni okokuqala ukuze acutshungulwe nekusombulula icala lobugebengu, okungukuthi, ngokuvamile, ngaphezu eziningi izici. Okokuqala, obligatory futhi kudingekile iyona iqhaza kwakhe kwenye indawo kommangalelwa iseluleko sakhe noma kummeli. Kulokhu, hhayi ukubusa, owenza izindlela Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation e okwesine isihloko 247. Ithi mayelana kungenzeka ukuba kube nokulalela amacala medium noma amandla adonsela phansi encane ngaphandle iqhaza ummangalelwa uma isandla sakhe sashiwo lwezikhalazo. Futhi qiniseka iqhaza oyimfihlo noma umshushisi womphakathi, lapho ebonakala ekuqaleni futhi ibika icala ummangalelwa.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, inkantolo ngemibuzo le ummangalelwa ngokuya ngokucacile lokho egxekwa kuthiwa, imvume yakhe kuso. Buza umbuzo mayelana nokugcina isicelo ngaphambili yamemezela. Uma unikezwe khona isisulu, wabuza umbuzo ocishe ufane. Uma engekho, ijaji kufanele uqiniseke ukuthi yena wabonakaliswa, aziswe uma izobanjelwa kwesivivinyo (Ikhodi Criminal Procedure), okungukuthi isikhathi, indawo, futhi ukungabi khona ukunyakaza ngesandla sakhe ngokumelene isicelo, ummangalelwa amangalelwe.

Ngaphansi le nqubo, isifundo efanele imithetho jikelele nqubo ngeke kwenziwe. Lokhu kungenziwa kuphela maqondana nezimo ezinikeza umbono ukuthi singobani ummangalelwa, kanye isijeziso ngodlame noma ezidinga ngibonelele. Iqiniso lokuthi wavuma woMbuso waletha, hhayi ukusho enkantolo icala lobugebengu bese ngobufakazi obuqukethwe ke, wafunda ngaphansi eduze.

Temisho nekuhlelenjiswa isikhalazo sakhe

I watholwa enecala lokubulala ngeke udluliselwe kuphela uma yijaji has a ninokuqiniseka okuqinile kwangaphakathi necala ummangalelwa sika. Akumele ukuba okungenasisekelo, bese esekelwe ukuhlolwa ngobufakazi obuqukethwe icala lobugebengu liye. Ukucutshungulwa amacala obugebengu ezinkantolo ngendlela ethize kuvumela imvume ethambile ayikwazi ukudlula two-thirds ethemini esiphezulu lesi sijeziso esinzima kakhulu, okuyinto efakwe Criminal Code ngenxa yalesi senzo.

A ngokuqiniseka esikhathini okuchazayo kanye nogqozi ingxenye kufanele ibe namazwi aveza iqiniso futhi lwalubonisa lokushaya lobugebengu ngecala ukwenza ke, lapho ummangalelwa wavumelana, kanye iziphetho yokugcina beguma ekukhishweni imigomo ngesinqumo sawo ikumodi kwesilingo ngomyalo ekhethekile. Ukuhlolwa kwaleli ubufakazi futhi ukuhlolwa yayo kungukuthi kubonakala.

Esikhathini isiboshwa unelungelo lokufaka isikhalo maqondana nomyalelo ngokuqiniseka sesikhalo, ngaphandle base, okhethwe isigaba sokuqala sesihloko 379 Ikhodi Criminal Procedure (ebekwe isinqumo okutholakele senkantolo, eqinisweni ayihambisani ngezimo icala lobugebengu).

Kungenzeka yini ukuba unqume ngenye indlela

Ukucutshungulwa amacala obugebengu ezinkantolo ngendlela ekhethekile inikeza isigwebo, okuyinto ngokuvumelana nemithetho jikelele unecala. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, esahlukweni 40 seCriminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation ayikho imithetho evimbela ukuthatha izinqumo ezithile. Nokho, uma ayidingekile uhlola ubufakazi futhi ngezimo icala (langempela) azishintshiwe. Ngokwesibonelo, kuba isinqumo ukushintsha ziqu ukoniwa (kuphela isiqondiso ukubonelelwa) ukuqedwa zobulelesi ngenxa kokuphela kwesikhathi komkhawulo, nezinguquko emthethweni lobugebengu, wokubuyisana isisulu, isenzo ushwele noma ukwehluleka kumshushisi womphakathi kula macala.

Uma ufuna ukufunda ubufakazi isinqumo of ukuthethwa yicala, umahluleli ayakuphuma isinqumo sendlela ukumisa ukukhiqizwa icala lobugebengu liye ngendlela ethize kanye esabela ukuba kuhlolwe imithetho jikelele.

Isiphetho yesivumelwano nokubambisana (pre-trial)

Lokhu kusho isivumelwano esikhethekile phakathi kwezinhlangano ukuzivikela kanye nokushushiswa lapho bevumelana ngemibandela nomthwalo ummangalelwa (umsolwa), kuye ngokuthi izenzo zabo ngemva kwesikhathi lapho bazowukhomba umuzi onotshwala noma icala. Ngokusho koMthetho weNqubo yamaCala obuGebengu Law, lesi sikhalazo lucela ukuba isivumelwano nokubambisana (pre-trial) ukunika umsolwa (noma ummangalelwa), njalo ngokubhalela ihhovisi lomshushisi esisayinwe iseluleko noma kummeli. Singasho washo lokhu ekuqaleni eside ngosuku amacala, futhi kuze kube sesikhathini lapho uzobe umemezele kokuphothulwa kophenyo ukuthethwa kwecala. Kufanele zihlanganisa ukuqondiswa ngokuthi izenzo ummangalelwa noma umsolwa uyavuma ukwenza lula kuphenywe ubugebengu, eneka nezinye ababehamba, kufunwe impahla elahlekile. Ummeli silubuyekete isicelo ngaphakathi esikhathini esingeqile ezinsukwini ezintathu, bese yenza isinqumo ukwamukelwa noma uzokwaliwa.

Uphenyo lokuqala wenziwa ngokuvumelana Nekhodi Criminal Procedure (izahluko 22-27 no-30) nezimiso ebekwe yiSigaba 317,4. Ngemva kokuphela icala lobugebengu idluliselwe umshushisi, ngubani, kanye icala kwenza ukumelwa. Esikhathini yokugcina, ukhomba ku ukusebenza nezibopho abamangalelwa ukuthi wathatha izintambo.

Ngemva umlandu usiwa ekhotho, kanye ukumelwa (okungukuthi isizathu, ngokuvumelana Nekhodi Criminal Procedure, Article 317.6), umbuzo ukuthi ukusungula inqubo ekhethekile ukuze kuhlolwe icala lobugebengu liye.

Inkinga nge-oda ekhethekile kokuqhutshwa

1. Ukuvikelwa okuqinisekisiwe amalungelo nezithakazelo bonke abantu abahilelekile inqubo icala lobugebengu liye sabantu ngaphansi izindlela okumele zilandelwe ukuze unciphise, ezisetshenziswa ukusungula izimo ubugebengu obenziwe ngaphansi kwazo.
2. isijeziso Sound futhi kuvunyelwe yini ukuba umuntu ukuba awavume amacala akhe, inkantolo kuleli cala akusho ukusungula izimo eziphuthumayo ubugebengu.
3. • Ukunciphisa abalulekile ngokuya kokubukeza futhi kuphenywe icala.
4. Ukuncishiswa kwesikhathi esitokisini esimweni isicelo ka lesi sinyathelo ummangalelwa.

Ukubukeza ngokuphelele futhi akanhlanhlatsi yezinkantolo eziyinkimbinkimbi, voluminous amacala obugebengu maqondana nalapho isicelo akuvumelekile "oda ekhethekile" izinqubo ngenxa yazise futhi isiphetho okusheshayo amacala kubhekwe isigaba.

ezicini ezinhle "oda ekhethekile"

Njengabangaqondakali njengoba kungase kubonakale, kodwa hhayi kakhulu. I sokuqala nesibaluleke kakhulu - Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ummangalelwa, lapho wavuma amacala akhe, bayakwazi adambise isimo sabo esibucayi okungenani 1/3 ye lesi sijeziso esinzima kakhulu enikeziwe ngesihloko esithi lapho uyakufanelekela ubugebengu. Ngokwesibonelo, uma ubugebengu, mkhawulo zazo iminyaka 6 ejele, ngakho-ke "ukuze ekhethekile" isikhathi esiphezulu ngeke neminyaka engaphezu kwengu-4. Eyesibili plus - luhlolo ngokushesha icala enkantolo, yenza lula, kunciphisa nesikhathi icala lobugebengu, kanye nokwenza eziningana izikhathi ezikhethekile ekukhiqizeni ngezinye izigaba inqubo lobugebengu. Futhi inzuzo wesithathu (isimo) - ukulondoloza izinsiza zenqubo nezezinto ezibonakalayo.

izici ezingezinhle

• Okokuqala, mina kufanele uvume ngokuphelele konke othulwe ngokugcwele, nge iledere icala ngalinye. Kungaleso sikhathi kuphela lapho kungenzeka okumelwe ziqulwe ngaphakathi "oda ekhethekile".
• Okwesibili, uma umuntu akuyona ngokuhambisana ukuqiniseka, khona-ke ayinakho unelungelo lokukhalaza ngokuya nezimo ezingokoqobo kuqhubeka icala. Ngamanye amazwi, umuntu olahlwe yicala ngeke bakwazi ukufakazela akazange ubugebengu. Isikhalazo kungaba yikuphi ukwephula bemvelo zenqubo eyenziwe inkantolo, kanye kobukhulu umusho, omema ukungabi nabulungisa kwakhe.
• Futhi, okwesithathu, sibe sazi ngokugcwele wecala akusho isivumelwano igadango lomthetho, uma futhi wakhonza. Uma uvumelana naye ngendlela ekhethekile, isikhalazo okwalandela ngokumelene sinqumo we ukungavumelani isimangalo ummangali sinqatshelwe.

Kunoma yikuphi, kumelwe sikhumbule ukuthi le nqubo, ukuphoqelela kuhanjiswa isicelo akekho ovunyelwe. Lokhu kwenzelwe nje indaba yokuzithandela.

Umkhuba ekusebenziseni isivivinyo phakathi oda ekhethekile awumusha futhi sisetshenziswa kabanzi emhlabeni, isibonelo e-USA, Israyeli, India, kanye kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu. ERussia, uSathane wasungula esanda kutholakala, ngo-2009. Indlela okuthiwa Criminal Law Institute, anakho amathemba ngempela okuhle, kodwa, Yiqiniso, lokhu kudinga ukuthuthukiswa eminye kanye ngcono.