Criminal Law. Elingafaki izimo nobugebengu

Ekuphileni kunezimo lapho ukuziphatha ngale ndaba, ngokusobala bewela ngaphansi icala futhi ezimweni ezivamile futhi isishiya necala lobugebengu, ke uba wusizo emphakathini. Ezimweni ezithile yokungenzi noma isenzo yomuntu Uthola okuqukethwe okuhlukile. Ukuziphatha okunjalo engamboziwe umthetho lobugebengu. izivikelo Criminal, hlala endaweni ekhethekile imfundiso engokomthetho. Umbuzo yobukhona babo kuphakama kuphela uma ukuziphatha okunjalo yingozi nobudlelwane bokuhlalisana evikelwe futhi Criminal Code (Special Ingxenye) eqoshiwe ukwenqatshelwa eqondene kwi ukusetshenziswa isijeziso. Cabanga phambili umqondo futhi izinhlobo izimo precluding nobugebengu.

Uhlolojikelele

Uhlelo izimo precluding nobugebengu, inendima ebalulekile enqubeni ye liqine unlawfulness zokuziphatha futhi abantu icala. Kuphela ngomyalo wabaholi izishaya owethulwa amaqiniso amasha noma iqedwe ngaphambili, owawuthi lesimbi ngokusobala izenzo ezingekho emthethweni zingase zikugweme ukuthululela isicelo yenhlawulo maqondana ngokwabo. Concept futhi izinhlobo izivikelo lobugebengu, zavela ku amazinga non-saziso. Lokhu kusho ukuthi esimweni ngasinye, umuntu angakhetha phakathi onobuhle eziningana zokuziphatha. Kulokhu, isihloko akukashicilelwa kwangabi bikho ophikisayo futhi ecacile izenzo zokuziphatha. Le ndlela ikhombisa ngokugcwele izimiso zobulungiswa kanye nobuntu njengoba kuchaziwe Sec. 1 we Criminal Code.

Umqondo izivikelo lobugebengu

Kukhona definition owamukelwa isigaba embuzweni. Izimo ngaphandle ubugebengu nokuziphatha necala lobugebengu ngenxa yokungabi bikho iphutha futhi ngokungemthetho - lesi senzo / yokungenzi, nibonakala efaniswe izenzo zokuziphatha ngokunqaba Criminal Code izihloko, ebonakaliswa ukulimala izithakazelo evikelwe, kodwa ukuqaliswa kwesokudla subjective, kulandela nezibopho zomthetho noma dereliction wesibopho, kuncike kule mibandela semthethweni kwabo.

izici zayo

Ezihlokweni samanje ezithile Criminal Code, Ekuthathweni izivikelo lobugebengu. Inani ngamunye izici izwakalwa ngayinye icala ngayinye. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, zikhona izici evamile kuzo zonke izenzo zokuziphatha ezifana. izici Jikelele izimo precluding le nobugebengu yesenzo socansi, lokhu okulandelayo:

1. Uma wenza izenzo zokuziphatha elicacisiwe lento. 37-42 of Criminal Code, kukhona izinto ezenziwayo. Izenzo ezinjalo kubangele umonakalo ebalulekile izithakazelo evikelwe, okungukuthi, kwabanye, isimo noma umphakathi. Kulesisimo-ke, kuphakama umbuzo mayelana kungenzeka ukujeziswa.
2. Ukuziphatha cishe njalo esekelwe ugqozi emphakathini ewusizo. Kwezinye izimo, nezisusa ezinjalo libangelwa iziphi izici zangaphandle. Ngokwesibonelo, ngaphandle kwezimo nobugebengu ezingase ziphakame isifiso bazivikele kuhlasela eziyingozi noma ukuvikela ekuhlaseleni lomunye umuntu, bamba ngomoni, ukuvimbela kungenzeka umonakalo, nokunye. Kwezinye izimo, kuphakama izisusa bedle ukufaka yangaphakathi futhi bathi banesifiso ukufeza okuye kwaba nemiphumela ezuzisayo emphakathini.
3. Uma kukhona izimo semthethweni, izenzo zokuziphatha isinyathelo uma izimo precluding ubugebengu nokuziphatha imvume lobugebengu, zokuphatha, zombango noma kwezigwegwe.
4. Ukulimala non-ukuhambisana semthethweni we imibandela esungulwe Criminal Code, kujeziswa. Nokho, uma sicabangela ngento yezenhlalakahle ezinhle lapho wenza izenzo zokuziphatha yalokho, kuqashelwa njengesenzo sobugebengu nge ezidinga ngibonelele.

Imininingwane zomlando

izivikelo Criminal, izici ukuziphatha okunjalo, emfundisweni Soviet kubhekwe njengendlela sebuningini inani elilinganiselwe amazinga. Kulokhu, izenzo zomthetho wangaphambili setha ngaphezulu lolu hlobo izihloko. Ngakho, ngo-Code of 1903 ayethe njo izimo precluding wrongfulness zokuziphatha futhi unecala umonakalo. Iqembu lokuqala, isibonelo babegqoka:

• Undershoot yobudala efanele ukusetshenziswa isijeziso.
• esibuhlungu nokunye.

Iqembu lesibili elahlanganiswa:

• Ukuphuthuma.
• Okuhehayo.
• ukuzivikela kunesidingo.
• Ukubulawa oda noma kuphambana nomthetho.

Ngokwe-Criminal Code of 1996 ukuze izivikelo lobugebengu, zihlanganisa:

1. Ingozi ku inqubo abantu ukuboshwa lokwephula umthetho.
2. ukuzivikela kunesidingo.
3. ukuphoqwa ngokwengqondo nangokomzimba.
4. Ukuphuthuma.
5. Ukubulawa oda noma oda.
6. ingozi okuzwakalayo.

Ngaphandle kwezinto ezibalwe ngenhla, imfundiso kaZiqu-izingcingo kanye nezinye izimo precluding ubugebengu isenzo. Basuke zithinteka kwemvume, ekwenzeni imisebenzi okhokhelwayo, ukuqaliswa amalungelo subjective nokunye.

Ingqikithi

ukubaluleka Criminal zomthetho lesikhungo livela:

1. Ukukhishwa isijeziso ebukhoneni ukuba semthethweni kohlelo ukuziphatha.
2. Ukuthambisa unswinyo lapho enza izenzo ekuqaleni njengoba precluding cala ukuziphatha, kodwa musa kamuva baba elisungulwe ngokuqondene ukuhlukumeza imikhawulo semthethweni noma ngenxa nezinye izinto (ngaphandle Art. 40 ihora. 1 CC).
3. Isicelo izinhlawulo eseqile imingcele umonakalo emthethweni.

Ilungiselelo sakamuva asisebenzi kuphela izenzo kwezimo ezithile ngaphandle nobugebengu.

izenzakalo yendabuko

Ngu kwezimo precluding nobugebengu, libhekisela ezimeni eziningana. Nokho, iningi lazo langenela umthetho empeleni esasisesisha. izici Traditional zihlanganisa ukuzivikela. Abacwaningi ehlaziya umlando kulesi sikhungo, abonisa ukuthambekela ukwandisa ukusetshenziswa kwalo. Ukuzivikela njengoba isimo precluding nobugebengu, yokuqala okukhulunywa ekuqaleni 1919. Ezinye izikhungo zayo e inani elilinganiselwe zasetshenziswa Criminal Code ka-1922, ekuqaleni kuka-1924 avelele kwenkululeko izenzo lokuqala Institute iye kwelulwe kakhulu. ukuzivikela Ngokucacile kunesidingo njengoba isimo precluding nobugebengu, engahlangene nje kuphela wasemuva ubuntu kanye nezinye izinhlangano ezivela owasusa ingozi. Ikhodi laqanjwa izithenjwa ukuvikelwa izithakazelo likahulumeni waseSoviet, oda wamavukelambuso negunya. Lokhu ekwakhiweni liphindwe kabili kule art. 13 Ikhodi ye RSFSR Criminal Code of 1926 iBamba manje sihlanganisa e izivikelo zalo lobugebengu. RF - komthetho, lapho izimo ukuhambisana nomthetho. Lo msebenzi elala izitho ezihlukahlukene nezikhulu. Kubo, ukuqaliswa ukuzivikela uba dereliction ebophekile. Ukwenqabela inkontileka ngokwawo ukungaziphathi kahle entailing isijeziso esifanele.

izimo saziso

izenzo yokuziphatha ukuze azivikele noma omunye umuntu, izintshisekelo isimo, ingaba njengesihluthulelo izivikelo lobugebengu, kuphela ezimweni ezithile. Umthetho usibeka izimo adingekayo-non-ukuqaliswa okungenani eyodwa ofakelwe nogqozi alibe lisaba emphakathini ewusizo, futhi uwela ngaphansi Criminal Code. Ngakho, kusho ukuthi ukuhlaselwa akufanele kube yingozi emphakathini, imali yangempela. Ilungelo lokuvikelwa kuphakama lapho yokungena esisongela kuzintshisekelo evikelwe. Ngokuvamile, ukuzivikela senzeka ngesikhathi ukuziphatha elinesijeziso lobugebengu lomunye umuntu. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuvikelwa Kwenziwa kuveza uzama ukubulala, ukweba womuntu, ukudlwengula owesifazane rob besidindilize nokunye. Cash lokushaya lisikisela ekuqaleni noma sisondela isikhathi ngenkathi lenzeka. Ukuhlaselwa kufanele kube ngokushesha futhi nakanjani abangele umonakalo iyingozi emphakathini. Ekusunguleni wecala acabangele ngokoqobo ukuhlaselwa. Ukwephulwa kwe-kumele kube ungokoqobo, awucatshangelwa noma kulindeleke.

Umonakalo ngenkathi beboshwa lowo okonile

Lokhu kuziphatha futhi ingxenye izivikelo lobugebengu. Ngenxa yalesi sigaba, setha nemigomo yalo kusemthethweni. Amanye awo yilawa:

1. Ukuvalela kumele asetshenziswe maqondana umuntu isuke yenze isenzo ewela ngaphansi Criminal Code of action, hhayi amanye Ikhodi. ubufakazi Inhloso yesenzo socansi kumele kube obungenakuphikwa, esobala sobala.
2. Ukusetshenziswa ubudlova Kuvumeleke kuphela endabeni inkolelo ukuthi kule ndaba icala. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho umuntu oficwa yilokho obomvu ngilambatha endaweni yesehlakalo, ofakazi uyokhomba ke ngaye, endlini yakhe noma izingubo zakhe kuyoba iminonjana isenzo, nokunye. Njengesisekelo nokuvalelwa siphumelelisa loku kokubonwa umlandu namkha oda ekusesheni.
3. Umonakalo owenziwe umuntu can kuphela uma kukhona usongo ngempela ukugwema yayo esijezisweni. Ngale ngozi kungase kubonise, isibonelo, ukumelana, non-ukugcwaliseka nezidingo iphoyisa, yokuphunyuka ukubulala, nokunye.
4. umonakalo kuphela kungadalwa ukuthi iyini injongo eboshwa ngoba kamuva zilethwe kuziphathimandla ezifanele. Kulokhu, it ukuyiveza ithuba ukugwema umthwalo, futhi umonakalo owenziwe ukhonza njengendlela lo mgomo. Lapho lingamlimazanga ngoba elabasolwa ubulungiswa noma ukufeza ezinye imigomo nje leyo ndawo ilahlekelwa semthethweni yayo. Kulokhu umuntu usebenzisa udlame, ngaphansi isijeziso ngaphansi Criminal Code.
5. Izinyathelo eziye ezithathwe ngenkathi beboshwa, kufanele kube ngokulingana ingozi kanye yesimo secala futhi isephulamthetho ngabanye. Ngokwesibonelo, nokuswela zokuphila mayelana nale ndaba, ubani ozama ukuba ukubaleka, kubhekwa esisemthethweni kuphela nakenta ukubulala, abathumbi ukuthatha, kwenziwe isenzo ubuphekula nokunye.
6. Ubunjalo izinyathelo ezithathwe ngenkathi beboshwa kumele kuhambisane nemibandela lithwalwa ngaphansi okuyinto phandle. Kulokhu, cabangela umfutho kanye ukumelana abakhipha indlela, inani ATC kanye nokukhulula izaphulamthetho kanye abasebenzi isikhathi (ubusuku / ngosuku), kanti yesehlakalo, khona ukuthi kungenzeka ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezithambile nengebuhlungu.

eziphuthumayo

Lesi sigaba kube yiyo eshayeka kanzima impikiswano njalo. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kulesi sikhungo siyingxenye izenzo bendabuko izimo precluding nobugebengu, ukwelapha yencazelo kukhonjelwe kokuhlaziywa ezibucayi. iphuzu Okokuqala futhi okubaluleke kunakho konke ukuthi ochwepheshe igebe nangqondo impahla ejwayelekile bese uyibeka hhayi kuphela yiSigaba 39 kweKhodi, kodwa futhi lokho okuhlinzekiwe okuhlobene sokuhlushwa ngokwengqondo nangokomzimba (art. 40, ch. 2). Kulo mBhalo, akukho ekwakhiweni yiziphi izici ezithile eziphuthumayo, ngaphandle izinkomba umthombo ezithile ingozi. Lena akuyona inkinga kuphela okusele ku-mbono kanye umkhuba kungalungiswanga. Ngakho, umthetho akusho ukusungula inqubo yomthetho lobugebengu ukuhlola exceedances umkhawulo ngampela.

ukucaciseleka yencazelo

Njengoba i eziphuthumayo kubhekwa isimo lapho nokucasula usongo ukhona ngempela izithakazelo esisemthethweni abantu ikakhulukazi noma nezinye izinhlangano, kanye nomphakathi futhi isimo, it is kwenziwe ngenxa yokulimala kwabanye abantu. Kulokhu, ukwanelisa isimo ukuthi isimo esikhona, ingozi kungenakususwa ngezinye izindlela, futhi umonakalo kakhulu esingaphansi kungaba icala lutho. Ezimweni ezinjalo, izimo precluding nobugebengu iningi emphakathini ewusizo. Ingozi ukuthi luvela lezi noma eminye imithombo, kufanele:

• Ziyingozi amalungelo indoda, umphakathi, isakhamuzi, impilo yomuntu.
• Yiba ukheshi kanye langempela.
• Exist tisebenta esimeni lapho ezinye izindlela, akusho umonakalo, akunakwenzeka ukuqeda ke.

ukuphoqwa

Kungaba ngokwengqondo noma ngokomzimba. Ukuphoqa lolu hlobo kulawulwa Art. 40 Ikhodi. Leli qiniso ophethe indawo ekhethekile phakathi kwazo zonke. Ephoqelekile abangela umonakalo izithakazelo ezivikelwe ngumthetho, ezimweni ezehlukile it has imvelo exculpatory. Lokhu substantiates ukuntuleka unswinyo lobugebengu kanye ukuhlanganiswa nezinye izimo ukuthi ngaphandle isithiyo. Njengoba isici esithile kulokhu umonakalo nge intando okhubazekile noma elinganiselwe kanye nokuntuleka Umbuso indawo yomphakathi ukuziphatha.

Incazelo

Article 40 ihlanganisa amacala afanelekile nemithetho noma izenzo of force majeure noma esiphuthumayo. Uma isihloko ukuphoqwa ngokomzimba akakwazanga ukuphatha ukuziphatha kwabo, okungukuthi, ukwenza izenzo zokhetho, futhi ngaleyo ndlela ngenxa yomonakalo izithakazelo elivikelwe, isigwebo ayikwazi ukusetshenziswa. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi umuntu isinyathelo noma ivinjelwe ukwenza ngaphansi kwethonya force majeure izici, i-force majeure. Lokhu, inikeza iphutha nokuziphatha eyashukumisela. Ngokwesibonelo, lo nogada ezihambisana ayikwazi ukwenza ngokudlula insimu yemfanelo ayiphathisiwe. ukuphoqwa kwengqondo kubhekwa ebesingagwenywa njalo. Lokhu kuchazwe iqiniso lokuthi, kungakhathaliseki degree of ukushuba isenzo, isihloko lugcinwa ikhono lokuphatha izenzo zabo zokuziphatha. ukuphoqwa kwengqondo kungenziwa izinsongo ukusebenzisa ubudlova, idale umonakalo zokuziphatha / impahla kanye nezinye izixwayiso ukuthi angasayindwa ngokushesha wazwakalisa. Kungenzeka futhi kunomthelela oqonde ngqo nesimo engqondo izinto psychotropic, ukuluthwa ingqondo, imisindo kanye nezinye. Njengoba injongo izenzo ezinjalo yokuphoqelela abantu esenzweni esithile ntombazane isifiso somuntu ukulimaza izithakazelo ivikelwe umthetho. Endabeni ebesingagwenywa (engqondo) umthelela isihloko ekhetha phakathi umonakalo esisongela nalabo ayidingayo ukuqeda izinsongo ekhona. Kule ndaba, lapho sicabangela izenzo usebenzisa imithetho ngampela. Njengoba izibonelo evamile ingase ukukhonza, ngokukhethekile, izenzo cashier ukuthi ukhokhela umhlaseli babemsongela nge isikhali, umqondisi enhlanganweni yasebhange, okuyinto ngaphansi sokuhlushwa kunikeza isihluthulelo esitolo nokunye.

ingozi ezinengqondo

Siqukethe kwetinhlavu ingozi kungenzeka izithakazelo evikelwe ukuze kuzuzwe inhloso emphakathini ewusizo. Lokhu akufanele kube kungenzeka ukuthola enjalo yalokho neriskovannymi, ngendlela evamile. Ubungozi ubhekwa kumuntu ofanele ukuthola, isibindi (isibonelo, phakathi kusungulwa izidingo ezintsha zobuchwepheshe ekukhiqizeni, ukuthuthukiswa zokwelapha ezintsha njalo njalo). The kungenzeka ukuba afeze survey babe naleso sakhamuzi. Akunandaba ukuthi kuba yini izimo ezimbi kakhulu. Yingakho ngo-1996 Criminal Code isebenzisa umcabango "ingozi ocabangelayo". umthamo wayo Ikhodi samanje kwelulwe kakhulu. Njengoba umthombo idala amathuba umonakalo ngesikhathi ingozi ezinengqondo kukhona izenzo mayelana nale ndaba, ngubani ngenhloso kuphambuka osungulwe futhi owamukelwa nezidingo zokuphepha ekufezeni kubo izinjongo emphakathini ewusizo.

Imigomo semthethweni

Amanye awo yilawa:

1. Ukulimala izithakazelo esisemthethweni isicelo ingozi ukuziphatha, okuyinto siqondiswe okuye kwaba nemiphumela ezuzisayo emphakathini.
2. Inhloso bezingelwa umuntu awutholakali ngamanye, indlela ephephile.
3. Imiphumela emibi izingozi okucatshangelwayo kuphela njengendlela option kungenzeka futhi ohlangothini yezenzo zakhe.
4. Ukuziphatha kwabantu kusekelwe amakhono akhona nolwazi, okuyinto elibanzi enekhono ecaleni ngabanye ukuvimbela okuvela kuyo umonakalo.
5. Abalingisi ukuthatha zonke ezifanele, ngokombono wakhe, izinyathelo zokuvimbela ukuba umonakalo.

Ukubulawa oda / oda

Njengoba izimo ukuthi ngaphandle ubugebengu, ukuziphatha okunjalo umiselwe okokuqala e Criminal Code wamanje namuhla. Nokho, umkhuba ke cishe njalo kunakwe lapho lesikwenta ukuziphatha abasebenzi ongaphansi, ezokhipha oda noma oda ababaphethe. Leli qiniso ubhekwa jikelele. Lusebenza zonke izimo umonakalo lapho imfuneko amandla nganoma iyiphi mkhakha umsebenzi womphakathi.