Uhlelo oluyisisekelo oluthi imodeli kwezomnotho - ekuhlaziyeni

onobuhle Economic ngokuvamile zimelela esimeme ubudlelwane izimo zenhlalo yomphakathi nezomnotho futhi ubuhlobo phakathi nezinhlelo ezihlukahlukene zomnotho, esungulwe ngesisekelo linqoba izinhlobo impahla kanye nezindlela ukulawulwa umsebenzi komnotho omkhulu. Njengoba izinhlangano kwezomnotho angenza emakhaya, amafemu kanye uhulumeni.

Kule minyaka engamakhulu amabili emhlabeni ikakhulukazi eziqhutshwa ezine imodeli kwezomnotho okwenzeka emhlabeni wonke. Lezi izinhlelo ezimbili evelele emakethe umnotho - capitalism okumsulwa kanye ne-capitalism yesimanje, futhi izinhlobo ezimbili uhlelo non-market - zokuphatha-umyalo futhi bendabuko. Futhi phakathi inikezwe onobuhle kwezomnotho jikelele ezishisa kakhulu zikhipha izinhlayiyana ezihlukahlukene amamodeli we ukuthuthukiswa koMnotho izifunda ngazinye kanye namazwe. Lokhu okulandelayo izincazelo jikelele isimiso sezomnotho somhlaba wonke.

Uhlelo bendabuko

Lolu hlobo ukulima luvame emazweni ampofu futhi kusho ezingeni eliphansi nakwezobuchwepheshe, ukwanda eliphezulu umsebenzi wezandla umnotho mnogoukladovuyu, okuyinto kubonakala nokuhlalisana ezihlukahlukene zezomnotho. Ngokuvamile walondoloza amafomu yemvelo-ndawo zokukhiqiza nokuhanjiswa. Umnotho kuyinto indima ebalulekile ekukhiqizweni yabadobi, okwethulwa izikebhe eziningi nasemapulazini.

Ngo umnotho wezwe isebenze ngaphansi kwendlela eyejwayelekile, indima juqu eyadlalwa dolobha angaphandle. I komphakathi umphakathi ngesikhathi esifanayo lithembela ngokuphelele izisekelo wakudala kanye namasiko, lombhalo, izindlu - okuyinto ebambezela kakhulu intuthuko yezenhlalo nezomnotho.

uhlelo Administrative-umyalo

onobuhle Economic lohlobo umyalo seyemukeliwe kuwo wonke amazwe ngaphandle kwekamu sezenhlalo (ngaphezu kwakho konke, eSoviet Union), futhi kwamanye amazwe ase-Asia.

izici zayo yalolu hlobo ukuphathwa zihlanganisa lokhu okulandelayo:

• ubunikazi kwemali - isimo,
• bureaucratization nesimo monopolization komnotho,
• ngesisekelo umsebenzi kwezomnotho - ukuhlela emaphakathi komnotho;
• buza, ukuze kwaneliswe isidingo kunqunywa umnyango ukuhlela eyodwa, ngaphandle abathengi ngqo nabakhiqizi ngesisekelo imibono yokungabi nandaba ezivamile zezombusazwe.

capitalism okumsulwa

Le modeli siqhutshwa ekhulwini 18-19, futhi lalimelela uhlelo emakethe umnotho kanye umncintiswano okumsulwa. Imisebenzi yezomnotho lwenziwe yedwa osomabhizinisi, capitalists futhi, ngokufanelekile, nabo ephethwe ubunikazi. Ukuya ukuzithiba capital yangasese ngesisekelo ezimakethe mahhala futhi uhulumeni sakugcina esiphazamisayo le nqubo. Empeleni waqasha izisebenzi entula zokuvikeleka komphakathi uma kwenzeka abangasebenzi, ukuguga, ukugula.

capitalism yesimanje

Maphakathi nekhulu le-20, kanye nomhlaba obhekwe intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe, ukuthuthukiswa ngokushesha sizinda kwezenhlalo, lobuchwepheshe nezezimboni, izinhlangano zikahulumeni sebeqala ngaphezulu bahlanganyele ekuthuthukiseni umnotho kazwelonke. capitalism Pure kancane kancane aguqulwe ukuthuthukiswa capitalism yesimanje. Ngaphansi kwalesi simiso, noma yikuphi imodeli kazwelonke kwezomnotho, okuyinto wathola izici zalo ezithile okusekelwe izici izimo abahlukaniswa ezenhlalo, amasiko, ezindawo kanye zomlando. Ake sihlole ezinye zazo.

imodeli American

• isikhuthazo okusebenzayo kwe amabhizinisi amancane (80% yonke imisebenzi emisha adalwe amabhizinisi amancane);
• State kancane esiphazamisayo ukulawulwa emnothweni;
• ubunikazi State uvezwa okuncane kakhulu isamba ifomu kobunikazi;
• liphinyiselwe babhekane nezinga elikhulu emphakathini ku amakilasi kwabacebile nabampofu;
• standard ezanele zokuphila zokuvikeleka komphakathi izakhamizi abampofu.

I-Japanese imodeli kwezomnotho

• ithonya asebenzayo on ukuthuthukisa emnothweni wesifundazwe kanye nokuhlela esiyisibopho lokhu ukuthuthukiswa (oneminyaka emihlanu izinhlelo iyawakha ezindaweni ezithile emnothweni);
• yinkokhelo evela abasebenzi abavamile nabaphathi amafemu ehlukile kancane kuphela, ngakho Iholo elingakanani sabantu oluphakeme ngokulinganayo;
• Umnotho has a ukuma yezenhlalakahle (umkhuba phakathi nokuphila umsebenzi, ubambiswano nomphakathi, njll).

imodeli South Korean

• ukuhlela State, ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo oneminyaka emihlanu;
• isiqondiso esiqinile womsebenzi angaphandle kanye nomnotho ukuze akhuthaze ezithumela kwamanye amazwe ukunciphisa;
• kwesandla sikaHulumeni komkhakha wamabhange.

Imodeli Chinese

• kwavumela ukuba khona kwemiphakathi emakethe futhi umnotho zokuphatha kuhlelwe ;
• nokugcinwa khulula esishintshashintshayo kwezomnotho;
• ngisho lengenako;
• ukubaluleka yasendlini;
• ebezizama ukuthuthela kwamanye amazwe Chinese ngenkuthalo ukusekela ukuthuthukiswa emnothweni kazwelonke.