Ucwaningo osetshenziswayo ayingqalasizinda. izindlela ucwaningo lokubalulekile

Imikhakha ucwaningo eziyimbangela yokuhlupheka ezihlukahlukene eyala yesayensi, kuthinta wonke izimo ngokuchaza nemithetho futhi beqondisa ngokuphelele zonke izinqubo - lena ucwaningo eziyisisekelo.

Tinhlobo letimbili ucwaningo

Noma iyiphi indawo yolwazi ukuthi kudinga ukucwaninga theory kanye nama-yokulinga yesayensi, befuna regularities obhekene isakhiwo, ifomu, isakhiwo, ukubunjwa, izakhiwo, kanye ukugeleza izinqubo ezihlobene nazo, isayensi eyisisekelo. Lokhu kusebenza kakhulu izimiso eziyisisekelo ngesayensi yemvelo kanye humanities. izifundo lasisekelo kuthiwa ekwandiseni imiqondo lwetibalo ezincwadini lodaba.

Kodwa kukhona esinye hlobo ulwazi ngale ndaba. Lokhu isicelo ucwaningo okuhloswe ngazo ukuxazulula izinkinga zomphakathi izindlela eziphathelene nokwenziwa komsebenzi wezobulungiswa. Isayensi isisiza ukuba sazi okwengeziwe umgomo engokoqobo womuntu, ukuthuthukisa systematization yabo theory. Inhloso yayo ukuchaza incazelo futhi isibikezelo izinqubo ezithile noma izenzakalo, lapho uthola imithetho futhi isisekelo yabo ngemcondvo ibonisa ngokoqobo. Nokho, kukhona isayensi okuhloswe ngaso ngokoqobo nalabo postulates ezinikeza ucwaningo lokubalulekile.

iziqephu

Lesi sigaba iwukuba isicelo nocwaningo eyisisekelo ngempela okunemibandela, ngoba yokugcina ngokuvamile babe high value esisebenzayo, kodwa ngesisekelo owokuqala futhi kaningi ujike zatholakala ngokwesayensi. Ngokufunda imithetho eyisisekelo futhi deducing imigomo ejwayelekile, abacwaningi cishe njalo engqondweni isicelo okuqhubekayo abakutholile ngqo umkhuba, futhi akubalulekile kakhulu uma kwenzeka: Ncibilikisa chocolate manje microwave ngemisebe, uPercy Spencer usebenzisa, noma ulinde iminyaka ecishe ibe ikhulu ezinhlanu kusukela 1665 undize uye amaplanethi angomakhelwane, njengoba Giovanni Cassini, ne ukutholakala yayo endaweni Omkhulu ebomvu Jupiter.

Umugqa phakathi lokho kuyinto ucwaningo lokubalulekile isicelo, cishe luyakhohlisa. Noma yimuphi isayensi entsha ekuqaleni njengoba ayisisekelo, bese kuqhutshekwa kuya izixazululo. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-quantum Mechanics, esadaleka njengoba uhlobo legatsha cishe abstract physics, omunye okokuqala Angibonanga lutho ewusizo, kodwa Kungakapheli neminyaka eyishumi, indlela izinto sezishintshile. Ikakhulukazi wesayensi yenuzi akekho okulindeleke ngakho ngokushesha futhi asetshenziswa kabanzi ngakho practice. Zifakwe futhi ucwaningo lokubalulekile kakhulu ezixhumene, lona wamuva ukuba ngesisekelo (isisekelo) indawo yokuqala.

RFBR

isayensi Domestic usebenza uhlelo kahle zihlelekile, futhi Russian Foundation for Basic Cwaninga oyiyo ingenye yezindawo ezibaluleke kakhulu. RFBR ihlanganisa zonke izici imisebenzi wesayensi yomphakathi kunomthelela nokugcinwa i engaba asebenzayo kwezesayensi nakwezobuchwepheshe yezwe futhi inikeza ososayensi ukusekelwa ngokwezimali.

Kumele ngokukhethekile kuqashelwe ukuthi le Russian Foundation for Basic Ucwaningo isebenzisa izindlela yokuncintisana for ngezimali ucwaningo lwesayensi kazwelonke kanye nokulinganisa wonke umsebenzi kukhona ochwepheshe, okungukuthi amalungu abahlonishwa kakhulu emphakathini ngokwesayensi. Umsebenzi oyinhloko Russian Federal Property Fund ukuba sifeze ukukhethwa ukuncintisana for the best ucwaningo imiklamo okufakiwe ososayensi ngokusuka ayo. Okulandelayo kungxenye yakhe kufanele kube ukwesekwa lwenhlangano zezimali ukuwina emncintiswaneni amaphrojekthi.

Ezidinga isekelo

Basic Research Foundation isekela ososayensi emikhakheni eminingi yolwazi.

1. Ikhompyutha isayensi, omakhenikha, izibalo.

2. Astronomy futhi Physics.

3. Materials Science kanye Chemistry.

4. Medical isayensi biology.

5. Umhlaba komkhakha wezesayensi.

6. isayensi yomuntu futhi umphakathi.

7. Computing kanye Information Technology.

8. Kubaluleka Engineering Sciences.

Kuyinto ukusekela yesiKhwama is eliqhutshwa yasekhaya lokubalulekile isicelo ucwaningo nentuthuko, ngakho theory kanye umkhuba umphelelisi nomunye. Kuphela ekusebenzelaneni kwabo Kuyinto eyaziwayo ngokwesayensi.

izinkomba entsha

ucwaningo Eyisisekelo kanye isicelo ziyashintsha hhayi kuphela onobuhle eziyisisekelo cognition nezitayela yokucabanga yesayensi, kodwa futhi zonke isithombe yesayensi zomhlaba. Lokhu kwenzeka kakhulu futhi kaningi, futhi "izinto" ukuthi awaziwa kunoma ubani izolo ephahlwe omusha wocwaningo eziyisisekelo ukuthi engu kwekhulu, ngokushesha uthola isebenza ukuthuthukiswa wesayensi isicelo. Uma sihlola ngokucophelela umlando physics, ungabona izinguquko wamavukelambuso ngempela.

Bona njani nasekuthuthukisweni kwezindawo ezintsha bayanda isicelo ucwaningo kanye ezintsha zobuchwepheshe, okuye zibangelwa ngokushesha ikhula ngesivinini ocwaningweni eziyisisekelo. Futhi nokho basuke elihunyushwe ngokushesha ku empilweni yangempela. Dyson wabhala ngaphambilini obekudinga iminyaka 50-100 indlela kusukela okutholakele siyinhloko emikhulu izicelo ezimbonini. Manje yisikhathi sengathi isibambo kusukela okutholakele siyinhloko isingeniso enqubeni ukukhiqizwa senzeka phambi kwamehlo ethu. Futhi zonke ngoba lokho kwashintsha ngokwabo izindlela zocwaningo eziyisisekelo.

Indima Russian Federal Property Fund

Okokuqala kukhona Ukukhetha amaphrojekthi nsuku ukuncintisana, futhi wabe athuthukile futhi kuvunywe oda ukucabangela wonke imisebenzi esethulwa eMihlanganweni Yesigodi ethi mncintiswano, oba ngo ubuchwepheshe ucwaningo mncintiswano ezihlongozwayo. Okulandelayo is izimali lidlule ukukhethwa imisebenzi namaphrojekthi kanye nokulawula okwalandela ukusetshenziswa ngezimali eyabelwe zona.

Ukuze usungule futhi ugcine ukubambisana kwamazwe omhlaba emkhakheni ucwaningo lwesayensi eziyisisekelo lapha futhi imali yokwakha ngokuhlanganyela. Ngaphansi ekulungiseleleni, ekukhiqizeni kolwazi materials misebenzi, futhi esakazwa. Isisekelo kuyinto ngenkuthalo bazibandakanye ekubumbeni inqubomgomo yomphakathi kwezesayensi nobuchwepheshe, elibuye sifushanise indlela kusuka ucwaningo eziyisisekelo ekuthuthukiseni ubuchwepheshe.

Injongo yocwaningo eyisisekelo

Ukuthuthukiswa isayensi iye livikeleke kugucuka social njalo empilweni yomphakathi. Ubuchwepheshe - kuwumgomo oyinhloko zonke ucwaningo lokubalulekile, ngoba iphokophele phambili impucuko, isayense art. Ayikho ucwaningo - Alukho uhlelo lokusebenza isicelo, ngakho-ke, akukho ushintsho zobuchwepheshe.

Okulandelayo lapha: ukuthuthukiswa umkhakha, ukuthuthukiswa ukukhiqiza, ekukhuleni komphakathi. Ngo ucwaningo lokubalulekile wabeka wonke isakhiwo ulwazi, okuyinto ukwakha imodeli eyisisekelo khona. Ngo-physics classical, base imodeli yokuqala umbono elula ngama-athomu njengoba isakhiwo we ketshezi kanye nemithetho izihambisimshini iphuzu impahla. Ngakho-physics futhi waqala ukuthuthukiswa yayo, futhi isishiya zonke imodeli entsha eziyisisekelo futhi ngokuya eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Ukuhlangana nokuhlukanisa

Ngo ubuhlobo ucwaningo eziyisisekelo futhi isicelo ebaluleke kakhulu yinqubo jikelele okuyisa ukuthuthukiswa kolwazi. Isayensi uya phambili ngokuya ezibanzi, usuku ngalunye oludlulayo nzima isakhiwo zabo ezinzima kakade efana bukhoma kakhulu essence. Ikuphi ukufana okukhona? Noma yimuphi umzimba has a sebuningini izinhlelo kanye subsystems. Ezinye ukusekela umzimba esebenzayo, esebenzayo, isimo abahlala - futhi kuphela ukuthi umsebenzi wabo. Abanye igxile ukuxhumana nezwe ngaphandle, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso - ku umzimba. Ngo isayensi okufanayo ngendlela konke okwenzekayo.

Kube subsystems ukuthi ukusekelwa esimweni asebenzayo kwesayensi uqobo, futhi kukhona abanye - ziqondiswe ukubonakaliswa yesayensi zangaphandle, njengoba sihlanganisa emisebenzini yayo emazweni angaphandle. ucwaningo lokubalulekile eligxile izithakazelo kanye nezidingo isayensi, ukusekela umsebenzi wayo, futhi lokhu kufezwa ngokusebenzisa ukuthuthukiswa izindlela cognition futhi zamagama imibono, okuyizinto ngesisekelo ukuphila. Lokho kwakusho ukuthini-ke umqondo wegama elithi "isayensi okumsulwa" noma "ulwazi ngenxa yolwazi." ucwaningo osetshenziswayo njalo iqondiswe kwangaphandle, bona sokwetshisa lo theory kanye umkhuba yizenzo zabantu, okungukuthi - lokukhiqiza, ngaleyo ndlela Ushintsha umhlaba.

impendulo

isayensi eyisisekelo okusha athuthukile ngesisekelo ucwaningo isicelo, nakuba le nqubo conjugate nezinkinga theory uhlelo yobuchopho. Ngokuvamile ocwaningweni eziyisisekelo iqukethe eziningi kwezicelo, futhi kuyinto engenakwenzeka ukuphakamisa ngumuphi kubo ongathiwa kuyokwenzeka ukufohla esilandelayo ukuthuthukiswa kolwazi theory. Isibonelo kungaba isimo ezithakazelisayo, okuyinto namuhla siqukethe in physics. Oholela theory zalo eziyisisekelo emkhakheni microprocessors - the quantum.

It yasishintsha yonke indlela yokucabanga e-physical sciences kwekhulu lamashumi amabili. Uneziqu okunhlobonhlobo izicelo, ngalinye elikwazi uzama "ephaketheni" zonke ifa yaleli gatsha physics theory. Futhi abaningi baye baphumelela ngale ndlela. Izicelo theory quantum, omunye ngemva komunye ukudala i isiqondiso esizimele ucwaningo eziyisisekelo: okuqinile-isimo i-physics, aphansi kuyizinhlayiyana physics kanye astronomy, i-physics, i-biology futhi kuseza ezinye eziningi. Umuntu angeke alithole aphethe ngokuthi quantum Mechanics buye bashintsha ukucabanga ngokomzimba.

Amathrendi Development

Ukuthuthukiswa kwezindawo eliyisisekelo locwaningo emlandweni wesayensi unothile kakhulu. Lokhu Mechanics classical ebonisa izakhiwo eziyisisekelo nemithetho motion zemizimba macroscopic, futhi wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto nemithetho yayo yasekuqaleni izinqubo ezishisayo, electrodynamics nezinqubo kagesi quantum Mechanics iye sathi ukuxoxaxoxa, kodwa kungakanani besizoba ukukhuluma mayelana zofuzo! Futhi lokhu alikapheli uhide izindawo entsha ucwaningo lokubalulekile.

Into ezithakazelisayo kakhulu ukuthi cishe njalo isayensi entsha eliyisisekelo kwaholela yokwanda okukhulu ezihlukahlukene ucwaningo osetshenziswayo nolwazi ndawo imbozwe cishe yonke. Lapho nje Mechanics efanayo classical, isibonelo, usezuze izisekelo zalo, laqala ukusetshenziswa isetshenziswe kabanzi izifundo ezihlukahlukene izinhlelo kanye izindawo. Yingakho kuphakama izihambisimshini abezindaba okuqhubekayo, okuqinile umzimba Mechanics, omakhenikha uketshezi, kanye nezinye izindawo eziningi. Noma uthathe ohlangothini olusha - Organizmica, okuyinto waziphatha ekuthuthukiseni a Academy olukhethekile Basic Ucwaningo.

Kuhlangana

Abahlaziyi utverzhayut ukuthi ucwaningo zezemfundo nezezimboni emashumini eminyaka amuva, eduze kakhulu, futhi ngenxa yalesi sizathu, isabelo ucwaningo lokubalulekile emayunivesithi wangasese kanye netinhlangano ibhizinisi. inqubo Zobuchwepheshe ulwazi okuhlanganisiwe ne zezemfundo, kusukela yokugcina lihlotshaniswa ukudalwa nokucubungula, ithiyori ukukhiqizwa ulwazi, ngaphandle okuyinto futhi ukucinga noma ukuhleleka, futhi ukusetshenziswa kolwazi ezikhona izicelo.

isayensi ngamunye ngocwaningo zalo eziyisisekelo has umthelela esibaluleke kakhulu isimo somphakathi wanamuhla, ukushintsha ngisho nemiqondo eyisisekelo ekucabangeni. Isayensi namuhla kufanele kube imihlahlandlela esikhathini esizayo njengoba ngangokunokwenzeka. Izibikezelo Yebo, abakwazi kube nzima, kodwa zimo athuthukile kufanele kube impoqo. Omunye wabo ngempela igcwaliseke. Lapha into esemqoka - ukubala imiphumela engaba. Khumbula Abadali ngebhomu le-athomu. Ezifundweni kuzo zonke ezingaziwa, eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, intuthuko ezithakazelisayo kakhulu nakanjani ihamba phambili. Kubalulekile ukuchaza injongo kahle.