Ubani owasungula umsakazo? Lapho Popov yasungulwa umsakazo

Eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-119 inkampani ayinakho indlela ukunquma owasungula umsakazo. Iqiniso lokuthi cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo, lokhu okutholakele brilliant ososayensi eziningana ezivela emazweni ahlukahlukene. Alexander Popov, Guglielmo Marconi, Nikola Tesla, Genrih Gerts, u-Ernest 'uRutherford - bonke laba bantu ku ngandlela-thile exhunywe ne umsakazo. Akubalulekile kangako, enye yazo Lapho ngiqala ukuyobona i umbono omuhle kakhulu, bonke ososayensi baye bazibekelela ekuthuthukiseni isayensi banikela ngendlela ebalulekile.

Ukuvulwa emkhakheni kagesi

Uma nicela noma yini baseRussia baseYurophu mayelana owasungula umsakazo, izimpendulo kuzohluka ngokuphelele, impendulo yokuqala ukuthi Popov, kanti eyesibili - Marconi. Ngubani kwesokudla, eqinisweni, futhi ubani akulungile? Umqondo emkhakheni kagesi yethulwa ngo-1845 ngu-Michael Faraday, kwaba enye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu isintu. ngemva kwalokhu Dzheyms Maksvell iminyaka engu-20 wadala imfundiso yokuziphendukela ensimini kagesi, baletha yonke imithetho yakhe. Usosayensi wafakazela ukuthi emisebeni kagesi kungaba asakaze ngokusebenzisa isikhala ngesikhathi Isivinini yokukhanya.

izimpumelelo Hertz

Ukutholakala umsakazo zenzeka kakhulu ngiyabonga Genrihu Gertsu. Lokhu usosayensi izihlakaniphi 1887, ithuthukiswe generator amagagasi kagesi kanye elalinembobo. Nje konyaka wabonisa umphakathi ukuba khona amagagasi kagesi, zandise at ijubane lokukhanya emkhathini khulula. Ezinye izazi-mlando bagcizelele ukuthi umsakazo yasungulwa ngo Faraday, uMaxwell no Hertz. I lokuqala nelesibili wathola khona amagagasi kagesi, kanye na-Henry wadala kudivayisi.

Inkinga iwukuthi umklamo Hertz sasisebenza amamitha ambalwa nje kude nomunye, kuphela ube yinhlansi livele ngesikhathi umamukeli, bese ebumnyameni. Idivayisi awaphelele futhi kudingeka ngcono. unjiniyela Brilliant futhi experimenter izindleko lutho ukuze uthuthukise indlela yakhe. Ngeshwa, Hertz ushone eneminyaka engu-37 ngo-1894, ngaphambi nje kokuba kuvulwa Marconi futhi Popov.

Inkulumo efanayo ucwaningo Marconi futhi Popov

Uma sicabanga ohlangothini lwezobuchwepheshe, ke Popov futhi Marconi Awuvulanga noma yini entsha, kodwa kusetshenziswe kuphela kokusungulwa abanye ososayensi ukuba udale i-kudivayisi ngcono. Ngu design ososayensi Hertz kungezwa phansi antenna, futhi kangcono isignali reception isethi coherer - ngamapayipi ingilazi zensimbi imvuthuluka ngaphakathi. Le divayisi kusungulwe Edward Brangli nethuthukisiwe Oliver Lodge. Ososayensi ayengenandaba ngokoqobo lo coherer, kodwa Marconi Popov belisebenzisa esikhundleni ube yinhlansi ukuvula ucingo. It kuvela ukuthi Russian futhi Italian wenza into efanayo, kodwa esinye sazo ngiyicabange lokuqala, akwaziwa okwamanje. Yiqiniso, i-Russia bakholelwa ngokuqinile ekutheni Ngikwenze umsakazo Popov.

Biography Popova

Aleksandr Stepanovich Popov wazalwa Urals, Mashi 16, 1859 ku umpristi emndenini. Waqale iziqu emakilasini yesibili sabefundisi, kodwa ngoba naye wakhangwa u-electronics, le nsizwa yahamba ukuba Petersburg, lapho wabhalisa e-University of the Physics and Mathematics Faculty. Ekuqaleni ngasebenza ngogesi abavamile, futhi 1882 Popov wabhala wasivikela mqondo yakhe emishinini ugesi-kagesi.

Ngemva kokuthweswa iziqu, u-Alexander Stepanovich ulungiselela professorship. Ngo-1883 usosayensi waqala ukufundisa Kronstadt eklasini isikhulu okwami. Ngo parallel, Popov wachitha efundisa e-Technical School of umnyango Sea. Ngemva kweminyaka engu-8 zika-Alexander Stepanovich wamenywa ukuba Petersburg Electrotechnical Institute, wasebenza njengoba uprofesa emnyangweni physics. Ngo-1905 Popov baba umqondisi wale isikhungo. Usosayensi omkhulu washona ngo-January 13, 1906, imbangela yokufa kwaba nenkinga yokopha ebuchosheni.

kuzuzisa Popova

Alexander Stepanovich lisebenzisane Navy, futhi sisasebenza Navy, wasungula noma zingasebenzi emsakazweni. Popov ngangihlala njalo ngithanda ku ucwaningo Hertz, ngakho ngo-1889 wanikeza uchungechunge lwezinkulumo nge ohambisana imiboniso on isihloko ucwaningo ubudlelwane kagesi kanye izenzakalo ukukhanya. Usosayensi lasikisela emihlanganweni, ukuthi lolu lwazi singasetshenziswa umkhuba, okuyinto kwavusa isithakazelo kubaholi Navy.

Alexander Stepanovich kungenziwa ngokuthi umuntu wokuqala e-Russia abangagcini nje eqonda imfihlo yayo ukubaluleka ucwaningo Hertz, kodwa wathola ukuthi ukusetshenziswa esiwusizo. Meyi 7, 1895, lapho Popov yasungulwa umsakazo futhi wabonisa yakhelwe ithuluzi emhlanganweni zesayensi isiRashiya, kokudaliweyo Marconi ayikaziwa. Kwaba ngo-May 7 eRussia ubhekwa usuku ukudalwa umsakazo.

Zonke 1895 Popov esizinikezele ekuthuthukiseni umsakazo, wayeqhuba ukulinga ukwamukela ukudluliswa amagagasi kagesi at ibanga 60 m. Januwari 20, 1897 ososayensi Russian ngizile ukuvikela ilungelo labo izimangalo kuqala. Iphephandaba "Kotlin" Esihlokweni esithi "Wiring ngaphandle kwezintambo," wafunda ngokusebenzelana ucwaningo Marconi sika, ke wabhala Popov. Umsakazo lokuqala yasungulwa ngu-Alexander ngaleyo Stepanovich, wabonisa isiphethu sakhe 1895 futhi kuhlelwe ukuze uqhubeke umsebenzi ngcono yayo, kodwa hhayi bodokotela yakhelwe kudivayisi yakhe.

Umgomo we operation umsakazo wokuqala

abaqambi Abaningi ayikwazanga ukuthola ukusetshenziswa ngezenzo zabo, futhi abantu kuphela brilliant amakhono akhethekile ukucabanga okungavamile, umqondo yesayensi lapha lingase lihunyushwe ngazo zibe yiqiniso, nje enjalo geniuses ukukhathazeka no-Aleksandru Popov. Radio wadala isazi omkhulu, ilungu okutholwe onjiniyela ehlukahlukene zesayensi. Ngakho, Popov esetshenziswa wokuba umbhidisi coherer, uye ukuyichaza ukusebenzisa le divayisi njenge-esiyingini umbhalisi isignali engenayo. Alexander Stepanovich ehlanganiswe coherer, ucingo kanye antenna eyakhelwe idivayisi ukuthola amagagasi nombani. Ngosizo usosayensi umsakazo babeyozala izimpawu ezikhethekile incwadi ebaluleke.

Kungani I-Europe kubhekwa umsunguli Radio Marconi?

Ososayensi namanje angeke eze isivumelwano evamile umbuzo owasungula umsakazo. Alexander Popov wabonisa indlela yakhe 7 Meyi 1895, futhi Guglielmo Marconi wenza isicelo sobunikazi kuphela Juni 1896. Uma uthi nhlá, konke ibonakala ecacile, entendeni kufanele unike usosayensi Russian, kodwa akunjalo elula. Iqiniso lokuthi Popov abazange bazame ukutshela umphakathi mayelana nocwaningo lwabo, futhi unolwazi ngabo kuphela kumbuthano ewumngcingo zabantu - ososayensi nezikhulu asolwandle. Wayeqonda ukuthi kubaluleke kangakanani lokhu msebenzi ngoba ezweni, ngakho izincwadi ekujaheni, wahlanganyela ingxenye esisebenzayo.

Guglielmo Marconi wakhulela izwe lamakhephithalisti, ngakho wafuna ukuhlanganisa ayihambi phambili zomlando noma okuqukethwe kwesayensi, futhi ngokomthetho. Wayengahlezi eqalwe ku-jika sezinto, kodwa kuphela uma okusunguliwe sekumi ngomumo, wenza isicelo patent. Yiqiniso, indaba akuhlangene ngohlangothi wezomthetho, kodwa ezinye izazi-mlando ecaleni nge Marconi. I-patent yakhishwa ngoJulayi 2, 1897, olungemuva ukuboniswa Popov, indlela yakhe iminyaka emibili. Nokho, ngaleso Marconi kwaba idokhumenti kuvikela kuqala kanye nososayensi Russian ayigcini nje ukushicilelwa ezinyathelisiwe.

Ukuphumelelisa baseMelika

Umbango mayelana owasungula umsakazo ngo-1943, amaMelika engenela, ngoba kutholakala ingcweti kuleli zwe, okwadala umamukeli. US kuyangithukuthelisa ukuthi kwasekuqaleni yabelwa phakathi kwe baseYurophu nabaseMelika abaseRussia, ngoba lokhu compatriot yabo Nikola Tesla, edumile unjiniyela kagesi kanye owaqamba wokuqala wenza ukutholakala enkulu. Ukunemba yalesi sitatimende okuye kungase kutholakale enkantolo.

Tesla e 1893 lobunikazi umsakazo, futhi ngemva kweminyaka emibili - umsakazo. Idivayisi kuyinto nososayensi waseMelika ngendlela isignali yomsakazo ayikwazanga ukuguqula umsindo acoustic, balidlulisele, futhi ukuguqulela ibe umsindo acoustic. Okungukuthi, kwakungisiza like amadivayisi yesimanje. Ukwakhiwa Popov futhi Marconi kubonakale ulahlekelwe, ngoba bangadlulisela bese uthola isignali yomsakazo kusukela ikhodi Morse.

Ubani okufanele ukunikeza entendeni?

Obani labo ososayensi wokuqala yasungulwa umsakazo? Impendulo yalo mbuzo akubalulekile kangako, into esemqoka ukuthi izingqondo engcono abasebenza idivayisi entsha, ukubeka umsebenzi wabo kanye nolwazi kuwo. Marconi, Popov futhi Tesla anixhunyiwe nomunye, abahlala emazweni ahlukahlukene ngisho emazweni ahlukahlukene, ngakho akekho ongazange ukweba imibono. It kuvela ukuthi umbono walokho okubizwa ngokuthi usosayensi umsakazo bajikela esifanayo. Lokhu iqoqo izimo seliphinde waqinisekisa umthetho Engels: uma isikhathi ukuze uyivule, bese lokhu okutholakele uqinisekile othile ngeke.