Tectonic isakhiwo Caucasian. isakhiwo Tectonic ezintabeni Caucasian

Modern isakhiwo zomhlaba of eCaucasus kwamiswa abangaba yizigidi ezingu-25 edlule ngesikhathi ephakeme. Namhlanje eligoqiwe ezintabeni, ukuthi ngenxa izinqubo zangaphakathi Geological ngezikhathi isebenze mlilo. Ziyakwazi yobudala efanayo-Alps, futhi yakhiwa gneiss negwadle.

ulwazi olujwayelekile

Tectonic isakhiwo Caucasian kuyinto ukusonteka zone ebanzi, lapho eyake yaba khona ukushayisana Arabian netindishi Eurasia. Izintaba akhiwa ngenxa ukunyakaza amazwekazi. Unyaka ngamunye Plate Arabian, sicindezelwe Afrika, bathuthela enyakatho ngamasentimitha ambalwa.

Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, esifundeni ngokuvamile alichithe ukuzamazama komhlaba, ngenxa okuyinto eCaucasus uyahlabeka. isakhiwo Tectonic sishintsha kancane ngenxa uthuthumele zako, abhubhise ingqalasizinda womuntu emhlabathini. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-1988 kwaba khona nhlekelele okukhulu e-Armenia, zabulala abantu 20,000, nomunye 500,000 abaye balahlekelwa amakhaya abo.

ukuzalela

Ukwakhiwa enyakatho ethafeni enalokho kuthambekela kwakhiwa kusukela Paleozoic ochotshoziwe amatshe. Basuke benamandla ngemithambo magma esidi kukhona emphethweni giant. Basuke eyakhiwa egwadle, quartzite futhi oluthambile. Esikhathini esigodini somfula Alikonovki eduze Kislovodsk ungathola kwamadwala yokhalo eminingi yasendulo.

isakhiwo Tectonic of eCaucasus Izintaba balethwa ebusweni granites obomvu pink, ogama yobudala balinganiselwa ku eminyakeni million 220-230. Ngo-epoch Mesozoic acotshodiswa, ngenxa akha ungqimba uqweqwe, ogama ukujiya imayelana 50 amamitha. Ukwakheka kwalo kuhlanganisa feldspar, asebenza ngebhethri futhi mica.

Lapha ungathola futhi geodes - okwakheke Geological ngesimo izimbotshana avaliwe rocks sedimentary. Ngaphakathi imali amaminerali izidakamizwa kuka yakha izingqimba izinhlangothi zazo ziyalingana. Kulokhu-ke kungenzeka ebusweni engaphakathi izimbotshana ezifana kwakhiwa amakristalu, izinso-ikhasi, incrustations nezinye lokubolekwa amaminerali. Ngezinye izikhathi geodes Caucasian thola ezingavamile impahla Celestine - amaminerali esobala luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.

inhlabathi

Kodwa emithambekeni eningizimu ungathola rocks sedimentary imiswe phakathi neminyaka ukhona amadamu Jurassic futhi Cretaceous. Ngaphambili, kwakukhona kolwandle, futhi manje bahlala e-limestone ensundu ophuzi, dolomite futhi sandstones ferruginous obomvu luhlaza.

Hlela ezintabeni Caucasian futhi imbandakanya sebethule amatshe ahlukahlukene, ezifana travertine, yavela ngemva ukuhwamuka kwamanzi amaminerali. Kulezi rocks ungabona iminonjana elikhethiwe amaqabunga namagatsha eyayikhona eminyakeni eyizigidi edlule.

isakhiwo

isakhiwo Tectonic of eCaucasus Ukhahlamba uhlukanisa uhlelo ku ezimbili ugema. Omunye wabo okuthiwa iGreat, kanye nezinye - ukuba mancane. Phakathi wazilalisa emathafeni.

Omkhulu eCaucasus yaziwa nangokuthi North eCaucasus (ikakhulukazi ngokuvamile le nkulumo isetshenziswa eRussia ukuze ubheke republic endawo umfelandawonye). Eningizimu is sokuhlukanisa yokhalo. Laphaya ezansi kukhona esifundeni eyaziwa ngokuthi eCaucasus. Kuye ngokuvamile zihlanganisa insimu lamazwe amathathu: Georgia, Armenia ne-Azerbaijan.

Izazi zesayensi yokwakheka komhlaba uqokomisa izifunda ezimbili ezibalulekile: yesikhulumi umSkithe futhi endaweni intermountain.

Greater eCaucasus

Greater eCaucasus ibanga 1100 km kusuka enyakatho-ntshonalanga kuya eningizimu-mpumalanga. kwemingcele yayo engokwemvelo kukhona Black futhi iCaspian iziLwandle. Cishe amaphuzu kakhulu kungenziwa ngokuthi Anapa ku Krasnodar esifundeni nentaba Ilhydag eduze Azerbaijan Baku.

Lolu hlelo entabeni ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye eziningana. Kwehlukanisa Ibanga (noma Greater Caucasus) has a ukuphakama 3 kuya kwezingu-5 amamitha. Nazi iziqongo eziphakeme kunazo zonke eYurophu. isakhiwo Tectonic kwakhiwa Caucasian namathafa sublime.

ukwakhiwa Imayini ngamakhono ahlukahlukene siqukethe egumbini crystalline engu lasendulo - lena yokhalo main. enkabeni yalo lizungezwe ikhava abasha, ehlanganisa izinhlobo ezintsha. Bakha lokho kwezesayensi ibizwa ngokuthi "amaphiko phakamisa." Linani selilonkhe lebantfu labange ezimbili - wasenyakatho nowaseningizimu futhi.

Eyokuqala yakhiwa ezifakwa ngesimo imibimbi. Bona ochotshoziwe kwamadwala Mesozoic kanye nobudala Cenozoic. kwakhiwa iphiko Young is imali obukhulu, okuyizinto imbangela ekucindezelekeni okukhulu Geological esifundeni. Isakhiwo kangangokuthi namadwala ochotshoziwe ku emphethweni eziyinkimbinkimbi nesinabantu abaningi. Mboza futhi ufaka kubo bagqekeza izingcezu eziningana. Wings ososayensi ulwazi kusuka lapho kusobala ukuthi mass eyinhloko ugema entabeni lihamba eningizimu. inhlabathi Okudala imbozwe abasebasha futhi zinyamalale ngaphansi amanzi Azov, Black futhi iCaspian iziLwandle.

Enkathini yangaphambi kwezincwadi Paleozoic engxenyeni esenyakatho eCaucasus kwaba likaPondo, lapho uthinta zwekazi ocean Paleotethys. Ekuqaleni kwaba endaweni ethulile okungenawo umsebenzi mlilo noma Geological yohlobo okuyiwona kukhona manje Atlantic. Nokho, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi lesi simo ishintshile, izinqubo zangaphakathi bazenza wazizwa.

Caucasus Lesser

Eyesibili yokhalo abalulekile wesifunda ezivamile. Lapha uphela eCaucasus. isakhiwo Tectonic yesifunda siqukethe emikhulu, ezinkangala-mlilo namakhaza Amathafa. Omunye umehluko kusuka Greater eCaucasus ukungabi nezinto olulodwa. Kunalokho, zikhona emikhulu eminingi encane aphambana, yingakho semali wezigodi. Akukho izinguzunga zeqhwa abalulekile noma nasezintabeni eziphakeme. Isizathu itholakala lokuthi ukuthi lesi sifunda tectonically usemncane kakhulu. baye iphakama High okwamanje kwakhiwa.

Lapha babhekene izingxenye ezithathekayo we ibhande Alpine-zaseHimalaya, yingakho eCaucasus Lesser has a isakhiwo kakhulu eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe Geological njengoba kuqhathaniswa "mfowethu big". Iqala eningizimu nezinye ipuleti. Uma North eCaucasus has cishe awekho lwesikhathi mlilo noma nokuwohloka kwesikhumba, lapha ukuze yabo yaba sezingeni elikhulu.

Umlando Geological yesifunda

Umlando Geological of eCaucasus Lesser kungenzeka ukuba uchaze izici eziningana ukuthi luhambisane zonke izinqubo ezenzeka lapha phezu izigidi zeminyaka.

Ngasekuqaleni kwale ndawo yabeka suture zomhlaba kanye mthala onenqwaba Tethys. Wendawo umsebenzi mlilo ekujuleni kwamanzi iyona enamandla kunazo Emhlabeni zangenkathi Mesozoic. Ocean esasikuyo manje nayo yayibiyelwe microcontinents eziningana. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, azungeza echibini ngokuphelele, uhlukanisa laba izicucu eziningana. Ekuqaleni kwawo-eminyakeni million 85 edlule kwakhiwa izwekazi elilodwa has izikhathi eziningi ziye zabhekana izinguquko zomhlaba.

Gondwana, okuyinto eyayihamba kusukela enyakatho, kwaba isizathu ukuthi elikhulu ocean isikhala lunciphe lwaba usayizi encane. Futhi wanyamalala izintaba-mlilo ngaphansi kwamanzi kanye nemingcele yangaphambili amazwekazi yesikhumbuzo.

platform umSkithe

Ingxenye ebalulekile yokuphikelela ugema is a platform abasha umSkithe. Siqukethe sesibili. Lower - isisekelo, okwethulwa emadwaleni Paleozoic Lokudabuka (yobudala, iminyaka eyizigidi 230-430). Isitezi esiphezulu ibizwa ngokuthi isiphuku. He is abasebasha futhi siqukethe kwamadwala Mesozoic futhi inkathi Cenozoic (iminyaka eyizigidi 65-250). Lokhu inhlabathi zasolwandle ngobumba carbonate. Engxenyeni phakathi Oku-Caucasus, okuhambelana laseStavropol Territory, isisekelo siphakeme futhi eminye kuya empumalanga nasentshonalanga liqala phansi.

platform umSkithe ku kwemingcele yayo eningizimu uphela deflections eziningana - Kuban, Terek, Kusari-Divichenskim. Lapha kwezigidi ezingu-40 edlule, ukubhujiswa amatshe, ngenxa okuyinto kwakhiwa kwezakhi ezifakwa molasse. Kulezi zindawo, enhle ikakhulukazi eCaucasus. Izithombe imithombo yamanzi amtoti zendawo ezihosheni kukhona umoya. Kuyinto la mazwe uyakhazinyuliswa Lermontov, ise inkomba abadumile.

Isici nesenzakalo kanye nokwakheka emadwaleni kanye nokwakheka koqweqwe zibonisa ukuthi le ndawo ifanekisela olwandle. Yenzeka eminyakeni ethi ayibe abangaba yizigidi ezingu-230 edlule. iyunithi Continental wavuswa wamboza engajulile. Lokhu kokudilika kwesakhiwo emva ukuvela kwezindaba Greater eCaucasus. Kwesuka ke delamination, eyabonakala esizeni iziqukathi enkulu amatshe eliwumhlaba. Le nqubo iyaqhubeka namuhla, okungase ukuchaza izinhlekelele njalo.

amalungu afanayo INTERMONTANE

Itholakala ngaseningizimu Greater eCaucasus. Kulesi sikhathi lapho kwakhiwa kuphela Alps (abangaba yizigidi ezingu-200 edlule), kukhona isici ephakanyiswe of ungqimba lomhlaba. Kwakuyisikhathi platform carbonate kufana izwekazi encane. Nokho, ne ekuqaleni ukwakheka kwezintaba (iminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-30 edlule), kule ndawo isiqala ehle futhi awe phansi. Ulwandle, okuyinto eye yaba esikhungweni isakhiwo kancane kancane isihlakazeka ku kweBlack Sea yoLwandle iCaspian.

Lezi izingxenye ezimbili ezihlobene. Ezithakazelisayo isakhiwo zabo zomhlaba. Caucasus (Ithebula ezibalulekile Imininingwane umelwe ngezansi) kungenziwa ihlukaniswe izingxenye ezintathu. Lokhu Azerbaijani futhi Georgian isivimbo Dzirula crystalline Massif ukuthi elibahlukanisile.

Umlando yokutadisha nezisetshenziswa

Ngenxa isethi izinqubo zangaphakathi isakhiwo Caucasian avunyelwe ukuba avele kwemithombo yemvelo lapha ezahlukene. Abantu ababehlala kulezo zindawo endulo, baye bafunda ukukhiqiza futhi ukucubungula kwabo. Ungakwazi namanje ukuthola iminonjana eziningi umsebenzi womuntu ezimayini ukhohlwe igolide, isiliva, phambili, ithusi, uwoyela, amalahle, kanye nokunye. D.

esitolo sendawo a kugcwele mayelana 200 milliardov imiphongolo kawoyela negesi yemvelo. Lokhu inothile, eyothatha amashumi eminyaka.

Bayalithakasela Isasasa Esinalo isakhiwo saleli zwe obelokhu ekhona - abantu bathanda ukuqonda lapho kukhona imithombo. Imizamo yokuqala ukutadisha komhlaba of eCaucasus basonta ngekhulu XVIII, lapho uhambo yesayensi bathunyelwa lapha, iqalwa Lomonosov.

Esikhathini XIX leminyaka lapha sasisuka ngoba inhlolovo Musin-Pushkin, Dubois de Monpere. Nokho, uyise wangempela ekutadisheni komhlaba of eCaucasus ubhekwa onguchwepheshe German Hermann Abikh. Wathatha yisakhamuzi Russian futhi ngokuvamile baya eningizimu ezweni-yalolucwaningo 60 kwekhulu XIX. Isihloko cwaningo kwaba isakhiwo zomhlaba ezintabeni Caucasian. Ukuze ezitholwe zakhe eziningi waba ilungu zokuhlonipha we Petersburg Academy of Sciences.