Sofia Parnok. Umlobi waseRussia, umhumushi. Biography, ubuciko

USofia Parnok ungumlimi onethalente nomhumushi. Ubizwa ngokuthi i-Russian Sappho (uSappho) - nguye kuphela owakhulunywa ngesikhala soSoviet sokukhuluma ngokukhululekile ngothando lwabesifazane. Ukuxhumeka kwakhe noMarina Tsvetaeva kuyaziwa futhi kukhanyiswa kusuka emazingeni ahlukene. Lezi zinsuku ziyizinkondlo ezithandwa kakhulu, kuyilapho uParnok engamvumeli nge talenta noma ebaluleke kakhulu ezincwadini zaseRussia. Bobabili, izinkondlo zonyaka wesiliva, okwashiya ulwazi oluningi lwezinto eziphilayo - isipho senzalo. USophia Yakovlevna akawazi nje kuphela ngobukhulu beRussia. Lokhu okuningi kwafaka isandla encwadini ka-Diana Lewis Burgin "Sofia Parnok. Ukuphila nomsebenzi waseRussia Sappho."

Ulwazi oluyisisekelo

U-Sofia Parnok, ogama lakhe langempela elizwakala njengeParnoh, wazalwa ekuqaleni kuka-Agasti, 11, ngo-1885 (isitayela esidala - ngoJulayi 30). Idolobha lomdabu lomlobi u-Taganrog. Ubaba kaSophia, uJakov Solomonovich, wayenokhemikhali lapho yena ngokwakhe wayesebenza njengokhemisti. Wayenesihloko sesakhamuzi esihloniphekile edolobheni. U-Alexandra Abramovna, unina kaSophia, ngokuzikhandla nokuzibiza kwakungudokotela, wabhalwa odokotela bokuqala besifazane eRussia. Umndeni waseParnoch wawuhle kakhulu, ngaphezu kwalokho, wawuyingxenye yamasiko nabahlakaniphi bomlando wedolobha. Ngakho-ke akumangazi ukuthi bonke abantwana bakaJakobe Solomonovich no-Alexandra Abramovna babefunde kahle - kusukela ebuntwaneni bafunda umculo, bafunda ukufunda ekuseni, bafunda izilimi ezimbili zangaphandle (isiJalimane nesiFulentshi). Ngaphezu kwe-heroine yethu, umfowabo nodadewabo (u-Valentin Parnoh no-Elizaveta Tarakhovskaya) baphumelele ensimini yokudala. Owokuqala waba ngumculi owaziwayo, wahumusha futhi wabhala izinkondlo zakhe. U-Elizaveta Tarahovskaya naye waziwa ngokuthi umbongi. U-Sofia Parnok naye, wabonisa ikhono lakhe lokubhala linye ekuqaleni - ivesi lokuqala labhalwa nguye eneminyaka eyisithupha.

Iminyaka yokuqala

Amawele, i-Valentin no-Lizaveta, bebancane kunodadewabo omdala, uSophia, iminyaka eyishumi. Ngokuzalwa kwabo, inhlekelele yomkhaya waseParnakh ixhunyiwe - ukunikeza izingane zabo ukuphila, u-Alexandra Abramovna washona ngesikhathi sokubeletha. Ubaba, engafuni ukuhlala enesizungu, ngemva kwesikhathi esinqunyiwe emshadweni wesibili futhi washada nomuntu ohamba naye. Imiphumela ihlukanisa futhi ibanda ekuhlotsheni nendodakazi endala. Kusukela ngalolo mzuzu ukuphila komuzi waseTaganrog kuye kwaba umthwalo osindayo kuSofia Parnok.

Imfundo:

Ngo-1894 umfana uParnok wangena kwi-Women's Taganrog Mariinskaya Gymnasium. I-1900 ibhalwe ngokuqala kokubhala inqwaba yezinkondlo - imigqa eqondile nemidwebo uSofia wabhala encwadini, eziningi zazo zagcinwa. Banika ulwazi oluqondile mayelana nezinkondlo zeParnock ngaleso sikhathi. Ngo-1903 waphumelela ngokuhlonipha, wamukela indondo yegolide yokuphumelela. Ngonyaka olandelayo, uSofia Yakovlevna wanikezela i-Conservatory yaseGeneva, ngenxa yokuthi imbongi yayidlala ipiyano ngokumangalisayo, kodwa ayizange ihambe nomculi.

USofia Parnok wabuya eSwitzerland eya eRussia ngenhloso yokuqhubeka nemfundo. Ngemva kokuhlala eSt. Petersburg, lapho umalume wakhe ehlala khona, uParnok wazama ukuqhubeka nemfundo yakhe yomculo, kodwa ngemuva kokufunda edolobheni isikhathi esincane, wabona ukuthi umculo womculo awuyena yena, futhi washiya lesi sikole ngo-1905. Wabuye wafunda e-Higher Women's Bestuzhev Courses, kodwa akazange aphumelele e-Faculty of Law .

Ukudala

Ngidinga ngithi, yikuphi ukuthanda kwaba izincwadi zeParnok? U-Sofia Yakovlevna wahumusha kakhulu isiFulentshi, imidwebo kanye nemidwebo, futhi i-Geneva yavusa kuye futhi ugqozi lokubhala umjikelezo wokuqala wezinkondlo - kwakukhona lapho ahlangana khona noNadezhda Pavlovna Polyakov. U-Lyric Sophia Parnok, ngokuyisisekelo, ogcwele uthando lwabesifazane, ukuthambekela kwakhe, waqonda ekuqaleni futhi akawenqaba.

Isiqhingi saqala ukushicilela ngo-1906. I-Debut yayiyisihloko sayo esithi "Ingcebo YaseRashiya" nethi "Amanothi aseNyakatho" (kusukela ngo-1913, enyatheliswa ngegama lika-Andrew Polyanin, wabhala izihloko ezibucayi).

Ngo-1910 ukuthandwa kukaParnok emibuthanweni yombhalo kwakukhule kangangokuthi wayebambisana njalo "namahemuhemu aseRashiya". Umlobi ngokwakhe wathuthela eMoscow.

Ngo-1916, iqoqo lokuqala lezinkondlo likaSofia Yakovlevna Parnok, elibizwa ngokuthi i-prose ("Izinkondlo"), lashicilelwa.

Ngemuva kokuguqulwa kuka-1917, imbongi yashiya i-Sudak, kodwa yabuyela eMoscow ekuqaleni kwawo-1920 futhi yanyathelisa ezinye izingqobe ezine zezinkondlo (1922-1928).

Ngo-1930, ngokusho kwe-freetto yakhe, i-opera yayisiteji, eyayiphumelela.

Eminyakeni yamuva, uSofia Parnok, njengabantu abaningi ngaleso sikhathi, waphazamiseka yizinguqulo.

Ukuphila komuntu siqu

Naphezu kokuqwashisa kokuqala kwabo, i-Russian Sappho yashada noVladimir Volkshtein ngo-1907. Mhlawumbe isizathu salokhu kwakuyisimo esinzima sezimali - ubaba, engajabuli nendodakazi yakhe, wayeka ukunikeza imali yaseParnok. Kodwa eminyakeni emibili kamuva lo mshado waqhekeka. U-Sofia wayengeke athande umyeni wakhe, ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba kwenzeka, wayengenakuyinika izingane noma.

Ngesikhathi ehlala ePetersburg, uParnok wayejwayelene nabalobi ababehola ngaleso sikhathi, kuhlanganise no-Alexander Blok futhi ngaleso sikhathi u-Anna Akhmatova owaziwa kakhulu. Abanye babo babengabangane bakhe abaseduze kulo lonke impilo yakhe, ngokwesibonelo, uMaximillian Voloshin.

UMarta Tsvetayeva noSofia Parnok

Ubudlelwane phakathi kwezimbongi ezimbili ezidumile kusezithakazelo kubabiographers nabalandeli bemisebenzi yabo.

Ngomhla ka-Okthoba 16, 1914, ngenye yezinsuku zokubhala, lezi zizwe ezimbili zahlangana. Inveli yabo yahlala iminyaka emibili - kwaze kwaba ubusika ngo-1916. Injabulo yabo enkulu, eyavutha ngokuzumayo, njengokungathi umphumela omubi wawubikezele kusengaphambili, bobabili bacabanga ukuthi maduze bazophoqeleka ukuba bahlukane. Kodwa noma yikuphi amanoveli okuthiwa uSofia Sofia Parnok (isibonelo se-biography esitshela, ngo-Nina Vedeneyeva, uthando lwakhe lokugcina), uMarta Tsvetaeva washiya umkhondo ojulile kokubili enkumbulweni yakhe nasemsebenzini wakhe.

Iminyaka yamuva

Ngo-Agasti 26, 1933 edolobhaneni eliseduze kwaseMoscow, uSofia Yakovlena wabulawa ngokushona kwenhliziyo. Eminyakeni yamuva, akazange abhale noma yini futhi azihlukanise nemibuthano yombhalo. Imingcwabo yaseParnok yayiseLefertovo. Kuyaziwa ngokuqinisekile ukuthi uBoris Pasternak waba khona. UZvetaeva, ngokusho kwakhe okuqinisekisiwe, wabulawa yintombi yakhe yangaphambili.