Socialist-Revolutionary Party eRussia. Ifomu uhulumeni beqembu SR

Wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi ngenxa ka-October Revolution nempi yombango eyalandela, KwamaBolshevik Party ukuze amandla weza eRussia, okuyinto, ngesikhathi kunyakaza ezahlukene umugqa Jikelele wayo, ubuholi wahlala cishe kuze kube ngomzuzu lokubola wase-USSR (1991). Esemthethweni Soviet historiography iminyaka kwenza abantu umqondo ukuthi lokhu amandla wajabulela ukusekelwa enkulu kwabo, kuyilapho bonke nezinye izinhlangano zezombusazwe e ngandlela-thile wafuna ukuvuseleleka capitalism. Lokhu akulona ngempela kuyiqiniso. Ngokwesibonelo, Party Socialist-Revolutionary akazange ayekethise emsamo, uma iqhathaniswa nayo lapho isikhundla amaBolshevik ngezinye izikhathi okubonakala sengathi esithile sokuthula ezweni lakithi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo Social Abavukeli wagxeka "elwa amandla yesigaba sabasebenzi", eliholwa Lenin ngokuba usurpation kwamandla nokucindezelwa yelinyenti. Ngakho onjani party kwaba njalo?

Omunye ngokumelene zonke

Yiqiniso, ngemva izithombe eziningi kwezobuciko owenziwa amakhosi "sezenhlalo umuntu okholelwa entweni ekhona okwangempela art", ukubukeka eliyingozi emehlweni abantu we-Soviet Socialist Revolutionary Party. SRS zikhunjulwe lapho indaba cishe kwakuyihora zungu Lenin ngo-1918, mayelana nezinsolo zokubulala Uritsky, le Kronstadt ukuvukela (ukuvukela) nezinye amaqiniso abuhlungu amaKhomanisi. Kwakubonakala sengathi baba "batheleka ezandleni 'esiphikisayo revolution, wazama klinya le amandla Soviet futhi emzimbeni ukuqeda abaholi kwamaBolshevik. Ngesikhathi esifanayo elingiqaphayo ukuthi inhlangano wahola umzabalazo enamandla komhlaba ne "ababusi bezifunda abayikhulu bobukhosi 'wachitha Kusaphazwa kwamaphekula ngesikhathi linemibhikisho ezimbili isiRashiya, kanti ngesikhathi kulwiwa yabangela izinkinga White ukunyakaza. emagama okunjalo kuye kwaholela yokuthi Socialist-Revolutionary Party kwaba nobutha cishe wonke amaqembu alwayo, ngokufaka nabo imifelandawonye yesikhashana luze ikhulule efanayo ukuze kuzuzwe siqu imigomo yabo ezimele. Yini kwaba? Lokhu ayiqondakali ngaphandle ngokufunda uhlelo party.

Origins nokudalwa

Kukholakala ukuthi ukudalwa Social Revolutionary Party kwenzeka ngo-1902. Lokhu ngomqondo kuyiqiniso, kodwa hhayi ngempela. Ngo-1894 Saratov Yabantu Freedom Society (ngasese, yebo) isungule uhlelo ayo, okuyinto uzalela kancane ngaphezulu olukhulu kunakuqala. Umbhangqwana abaneminyaka engu waya ukukhiqizwa kulolu hlelo, bathuma ke phesheya, ukushicilela, ukuyiprinta amapheshana, ebakhulula eRussia nakwamanye manipulations elihlobene ne ukuvela emkhathini zombusazwe amandla amasha. Khona-ke indilinga lencane ekuqaleni wayeyinhloko yohlu Argun, ngubani uqambe kabusha ke, ngokuthi "Union of Socialist Abavukeli." Isilinganiso kuqala kwakungumprofethi Ukudalwa amagatsha iqembu elisha nokumiswa ubuhlobo uzinze wabo, kubonakala ngempela okunengqondo. Amahhovisi Kwamiswa emadolobheni amakhulu umbuso - Kharkiv, Odessa, Voronezh, Poltava, Penza futhi, yebo, enhloko-dolobha, Petersburg. Uthwesé inqubo wokwakha party uvele isitho. Iphephandaba "Revolutionary Russia" Uhlelo yanyatheliswa. Leli pheshana wamemezela ukuthi ukudalwa Social Revolutionary Party kwaba accompli fait. Kwaba ngo-1902.

imigomo

Noma yimuphi force izenzo zezombusazwe, eqondiswa hlelo. Lo mbhalo, Itholwa iningi engqungqutheleni wokusungula, wamemezela sihlose nezindlela, umbimbi kanye nezitha, main amabutho ukushayela nezithiyo zinqotshwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imihlahlandlela ukuphathwa esibekiwe, iSigungu kanye nemibandela yobulungu. SRS imisebenzi party washayelwa ngendlela elandelayo:

1. Ukusungulwa eRussia kwesimo khulula yelinyenti nge uhlelo sikahulumeni.

2. Ukunikela ngaso sonke izakhamuzi suffrage alinganayo.

3. Declaration lamalungelo nenkululeko kanembeza, yabezindaba, yokukhuluma inhlangano, izinhlangano nokunye.

4. Ilungelo imfundo khulula.

5. ukuqedwa amabutho ahlomile njengendlela unomphela isakhiwo isimo.

6. Ngosuku ema-awa lasiphohlongo.

7. Ukuhlukana neSonto noMbuso.

Kwakukhona amaphuzu ambalwa, kodwa jikelele ikakhulukazi okuphindaphindiwe iziqubulo we Mensheviks, amaBolshevik nezinye izinhlangano futhi wafuna ukugumbuqela umbuso njengoba SRS. Uhlelo party limenyezelwe nezindinganiso ezifanayo kanye nezifiso.

Ukusebenza isakhiwo ebonakaliswa sabaphathi echazwe maphepha. Zohulumeni Socialist Revolutionary party lalinabashumayeli amazinga ezimbili. Congresses kanye namaKhansela (esikhathini mezhsezdovsky) ukwenza izinqumo amasu enziwa leKomiti Central, isigungu.

Abavukeli futhi umbuzo nezokulima

Ekupheleni kwekhulu XIX, eRussia lezwakala lapho iningi labantu emapulazini, lapho abalimi bakha iningi labantu. Ikilasi ukuthi amaBolshevik ngokukhethekile, futhi Democrats social ubhekwa emuva wadalula kwezombusazwe ezimele ubunikazi imizwelo engokwemvelo, futhi walulama ngemva engxenyeni empofu kakhulu yenhloko kuphela indima ally eliseduze lwesigaba sabasebenzi, esitimela inguquko. Eziningana ohlukileko ngalolu daba SRS. Uhlelo party zazihlanganisa komphakathi bezwe. Kulokhu, kwakungeyona mayelana ukufakwa kwezimayini kuhulumeni, ie kwathatha ubunikazi yomphakathi, kodwa hhayi ukusatshalaliswa abasebenzi bayo. Ngokuvamile, ngokuvumelana Socialist-mbuso, intando yeningi weqiniso wayelishafisile aziveli ngaphandle komuzi, okuphambene nalokho. Ngakho-ke, ubunikazi eyimfihlo nezinsizakusebenza zezolimo kufanele ukukhansela ukudayiswa futhi iyakwenqabela ukudluliswa yabo kohulumeni basekhaya, okuzokwenza ukusabalalisa zonke "ezinhle" ngokuvumelana nezidingo zamakhasimende. Zonke ndawonye, yayibizwa ngokuthi "komphakathi" komhlaba.

Abalimi

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ngokumemezela emzaneni umthombo zokubusa ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni, iqembu ingeyamakhosi Social Abavukeli abahlali bayo ngokuqapha okwanele. Abalimi ungakaze zihlukaniswa ngempela ukwazi ukufunda nokubhala ekhethekile zezombusazwe. Yini okumele uyilindele ke laba baholi kanye isikhundla futhi ifayela namalungu enhlangano angazanga bakule ndawo ukuphila wawuyinqaba kubo. Socialist-mbuso "umphefumulo ogulayo" abantu abacindezelwe, njengoba ngokuvamile babekholelwa ukuthi wazi indlela yokwenza ujabule, ungcono kuye. labahlanganyela ngayo imikhandlu ukuthi iphakame ngesikhathi Yokuqala Russian Revolution, waqinisa ithonya kokubili abalimi kanye nelondekile. Kepha sabasebenzi, bese ukuba kwaba isimo sengqondo esibucayi. Ngokuvamile, isisindo abasebenzi kubhekwe ukuba amorphous, futhi kufanele yenze imizamo emikhulu ukuze ube nobunye.

ukwesaba

Socialist-Revolutionary Party eRussia iye yatha- ngonyaka yokusungulwa yayo. UNgqongqoshe Wezangaphakathi Sipiagin udutshulwe UStepan Balmashev futhi ihlelwe lokubulala G. Girshuni, owayehola iphiko lempi inhlangano. Khona-ke kwakukhona ukuhlaselwa amaningi amaphekula (edume kakhulu kubo ezibhekwa udavshiesya zungu S. A. Romanova, uyisekazi ka uNicholas II no-uNgqongqoshe Plehve). Ngemva inguquko, iQembu we Kwesokunxele SRS baqhubeka uhlu zelizwe sezisulu zalo babe abaholi abaningi amaBolshevik, nge zazizinkulungwane umehluko omkhulu. Ikhono ukuhlela izenzo umuntu ubuphekula ekujezisweni umelane nabaphikisana ngabanye ne AKP ayikwazanga ukuncintisana anoma yiliphi iqembu lezombusazwe elilodwa. SRS iqedwe ngempela inhloko yabangamashumi Petrograd Cheka Uritsky. Ngokuphathelene kokubulawa benziwa Michelson kwemboni, indaba awuqondakali kahle, kodwa yanquma ngokuphelele ukuhileleka kwabo akukwazi. Nokho, izinga lokwesaba mass kubo phambi amaBolshevik babe kude. Nokho, mhlawumbe, uma beza amandla ...

Azef

Ubuntu edume. Yevno Azef kwaholela inhlangano nenkani futhi iye lotawulungisa efakazelwe, wabambisana uMnyango umphenyi of the Empire, Russian. Futhi okubaluleke - womabili la, ezahlukene kanjalo emigomweni, izakhiwo, bajabula kakhulu. Azef uye wahlela uchungechunge kwamaphekula nokukhononda ngabantu abamelela ekuphathweni wasebukhosini, kepha isevisi imfihlo kubaqoqi lenqwaba amasosha. Kuphela ngo-1908 aye adalula SRS yakhe. Yiliphi iqembu uzohlupheka zezikhulu zayo ngumkhapheli enjalo? IKomiti Central zilethwe sinqumo yayo - ukufa. Azef kwakucishe ezandleni ozakwabo zakhe zangaphambili, kodwa ekugcineni wakwazi ukubuyeka ukukhohlisa kwabo futhi ugijime. Indlela akwenza akucaci ngokuphelele, kodwa iqiniso liwukuthi kuze 1918 ayephila futhi akazange afele kusukela ushevu, kahle ngesihibe noma inhlamvu, kanye nesifo sezinso "wathola" ejele Berlin.

Savinkov

Komphakathi Revolutionary Party bakhangwa bamazwe abaningi umoya, owafuna iphuzu kwesicelo lobugebengu Talanov eziyisisekelo zabo. Omunye wabo kwakungu-Boris Savinkov, owaqala umsebenzi wakhe kwezombangazwe njengesilo nesandla esivulekile, bese bajoyine abashokobezi. Iqembu le-Social Abavukeli kwavela ngemva konyaka indalo yayo, kwaba lokuqala elifike Azefs, iqhaza ekulungiseleleni ukuhlaselwa amaningi amaphekula, kuhlanganise resonant kakhulu, isigwebo sokufa, babaleka. Ngemva Okthoba Revolution walwa emelene Bolshevism. Uzishaya ngamandla ophakeme eRussia, ngasebenza Denikin, wayejwayelene Churchill kanye Pilsudski. Savinkov wazibulala ngemuva kokuboshwa kwakhe ngo-KGB e-1924.

Gershuni

Grigoriy Andreevich Gershuni wayengomunye walaba amalungu kunazo asebenzayo we iphiko lempi Socialist Revolutionary Party. Waqondisa ukusebenza izenzo zobuphekula ngokumelene uNgqongqoshe Sipiagin, ukuzama ukubulala umbusi Harkova Obolenskogo nezinye izenzo eziningi eziklanyelwe abafinyelela ukuchuma kazwelonke. Wayesebenza yonke indawo - kusukela Ufa kanye Samara eGeneva - ukwenza umsebenzi yenhlangano kanye nokudidiyela emibuthano wendawo komhlaba. Ngo-1900, waboshwa, kodwa Gershuni lakwazi ukugwema izinhlawulo, njengoba, esephule kwesimilo party futhi lifune wakuphika ukuhileleka isakhiwo ngasese. Nokho kwakukhona ukuhluleka, futhi kulandelwe sinqumo ngo-1904 e Kiev: isixhumanisi. Escape kwaholela Gregory A. wahlala eParis, lapho ngokushesha yafa. Kwakuyisikhathi umculi lokwesaba kweqiniso. Ngadumala eyinhloko ekuphileni kwakhe kwaba Azefs sokukhaphela.

Party kulwiwa

Obolshevichivanie abaseSoviet ezifakelwa, ngokuvumelana Socialist-mbuso, okwenziwe nezindlela conductive yokungathembeki kwaholela ukuhoxiswa nababamele party. Imisetjenzana iragela phambili wawutholakala. I SRS wangena ubuhlobo yesikhashana nge mhlophe, obomvu, futhi zombili baqonde ukuthi ukubambisana is nje isuke ibangelwa kuphela izithakazelo zezombusazwe wesikhathi esifishane. Esezuze inengi e le ababamele Assembly, iqembu ihlulekile impumelelo. Ngo-1919, amaBolshevik, ucabangela ukubaluleka isipiliyoni inhlangano yamaphekula, uye wanquma ukubhalisa imisebenzi yakhona ezindaweni zakhona ezabelwe Ngaphansi kokulawula kwazo, kodwa lesi sinyathelo yayingakuthinti ukushuba emelene ngempela namaSoviet. Nokho, izikhathi SRS limenyezelwe ukujanyiswa kwesikhatjhana ukusebenza, ukusekela omunye amaqembu aphikisanayo. Ngo-1922, amalungu AKP ngokuphelele "obala" njengoba izitha inguquko, waqala wokuqeda yabo ephelele yonke indawo le Russia Soviet.

esekudingisweni

I angaphandle ithimba AKP sekukhona eside ngaphambi kokunqotshwa langempela iqembu ngo-1918. Lesi sakhiwo aluvunyiwe yiKomidi Central, kodwa, nokho, babukhona nakwa-Stockholm. Ngemva kokuvinjelwa de empeleni waba eRussia ekudingisweni bacishe yonke abasindile kanti kwamalungu asele ka-party wonkana. Basuke bagxila ikakhulu e Prague, Berlin naseParis. Wabhekisa amabombo umsebenzi amaseli angaphandle, uVictor Chernov ababaleka phesheya ngo-1920. Ngaphezu "Revolutionary Russia", eshicilelwe ekudingisweni kanye nezinye nakomagazini ( "Ukuze abantu!", "Amanothi Modern"), eveza umcondvo lobalulekile ukuthi babanjwe komhlaba osanda kuthola balwa nokuxhaphaza abasebenzi. Ngu ekupheleni 30s, beqaphela isidingo ukubuyiselwa capitalism.

Ukuphela Socialist-Revolutionary Party

Le mpi ne-KGB lokusinda SRS yaba kuncike amanoveli amaningi kwezobuciko nama-movie. Ngokuvamile, isibonelo mikhiqizo zivumelana Eqinisweni fed uhlanekezelwe. Eqinisweni, le nhlangano SR phakathi nawo-20-yalolucwaningo kwaba isidumbu zezombusazwe, akuyona neze ingozi ukuze amaBolshevik. Ngaphakathi Soviet Russia SRS (ngaphambili) waphakamisela wabanjwa, futhi ngezinye izikhathi nomphakathi-wamavukelambuso ukubukwa ngisho isibaluli abantu, ungalokothi uzivumele wabelane. Ukusebenza ngempumelelo kwenza amalungu ikakhulukazi banengeke we Party eSoviet Union ayehloselwe ukufunda ekujezisweni esizayo ngaphezulu bafaka njengoba nangenye ukuchayeka izinhlangano komhlaba futhi limelene namaSoviet. Esikhundleni SRS dock ngokushesha wathatha Trotskyites, Zinoviev, Bukharinites, Martovites nezinye amaBolshevik wangaphambili, baba ngokuzumayo esingathandeki. Kodwa leyo kungenye indaba ...