Sinjani isimo? Definition of esifushane, izici kanye nomqondo ka

Akulula ukuphendula umbuzo yini isimo esinjalo ngakho. Ukunqunywa (esifushane noma An yamila), lo mqondo has a lot of ongakhetha. izibalo Scientific emisebenzini yakhe indlela ehluke ngophelele echaza lesi sigaba, edlala omunye izindima obaluleke kakhulu ekuphileni komphakathi.

Ngokuvamile, incazelo emfushane nomqondo state inhlangano yomphakathi, ukuba izithakazelo ezivamile generalized, ngempela kokuba Icaciswe endaweni ukuphathwa uhlelo nobukhosi egcwele.

welithi "isimo" lapho esetshenziswa?

"State" njengoba eside edinga ukuthola isetshenziswa ebujameni amaningana. Ngokuvamile, kuba:

• ngokuya ihogela ubudlelwane zomthetho, lapho uhulumeni ngokuvamile uba into yayo ngekutimela ubuso zikahulumeni;
• sphere of ubudlelwano zezombusazwe, lapho isimo futhi isici eliyisisekelo ekunqumeni Vector ye ekukhuleni komphakathi kokubili amazinga zasekhaya nezangaphandle;
• ngokuya ihogela nobudlelwane bokuhlalisana, lapho uMbuso futhi unikezwa isibalo imisebenzi ukuvikelwa komphakathi sabantu.

Kungani kungekho definition eyodwa isimo?

Noma kunjalo, iyini isimo (incazelo emfushane ayikwazi ihlanganise wonke okushiwo umqondo), impendulo ocacile abakwazi ukunikeza ngisho isayensi.
Akukho olulodwa, waqaphela zonke yezesayensi Amasimu incazelo umqondo wegama elithi "umbuso". umthetho International futhi engenamandla kule ndaba.

I-UN ayinakho maqondana izincazelo ezilandelayo njengoba ukuqaphela State noma imigwamanda yayo elawula kungaba esinye isimo. I-UN akuyona amandla. Kuyinto inhlangano yamazwe ngamazwe, omunye emphakathini ezinethonya kunazo futhi ngobukhulu emhlabeni wonke akanawo ezifanele Izikhungo igunya ukunquma ezingeni zomthetho, iyini isimo. Ezesikhathi esifushane esichaza isigaba esibekiwe njengoba inhlangano main ezindabeni zezombangazwe zomphakathi, athathe izintambo, ukuphathwa, ukuvikeleka kwezakhiwo ezomnotho nezenhlalo, ngokuvamile, likhomba ukuthi isimo uchungechunge "isimo-umphakathi" iyona element ehamba phambili. Lenchazelo ehlongozwayo ematheserasi Schwedov futhi Ozhegova.

Ukunquma umqondo wombuso abalobi ezahlukene

Ukuze uqonde ukuthi emfushane definition oluhambisana inkolelo yokungafi isimo, kumelwe zisebenze izincwadi ezengeziwe. Ngokwesibonelo, isimo - ibutho aqeqeshwe ngokukhethekile ngaphansi komthetho nokuhleleka. Ernest Gellner iziveza njengencwadi uchungechunge zikahulumeni injongo eyinhloko ukuvimbela ukuphazamiseka. Abazihlukanisanga mass sabantu izinkantolo zomphakathi, izikhulu zamaphoyisa futhi ngaleyo ndlela isimo.

Njengoba isibonelo, igama elithi inezincazelo eziningi, omunye singakhumbula nesitatimende L. Grinina ukuthi isimo esinjalo. Definition of esifushane, noma kunalokho ngencazelo yalo ngale ndlela: isimo - iyunithi kazibuthe ubudlelwane kwezepolitiki, amelwe uhulumeni kanye nokuphathwa ahlukaniswa kubantu, othi kuphela abaphathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokusho umbhali, ukulawula bakhona, kungakhathaliseki izifiso zakhe futhi intando, njengoba kuleli zwe kuyohlale kukhona amabutho ngokuba ukuqaliswa nokuphoqwa.

Kuyinto engenakwenzeka miss futhi ngempela "ezinamaphiko" Lenin uyaphawula VI - umholi abantu baseSoviet ngo ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili. definition wakhe omfushane oluhambisana inkolelo yokungafi isimo, uma sicabangela yokugcina nohlangothi nolaka. Wayekholelwa ukuthi isimo - kuba umshini oklanywe ngenjongo ongaphakeme-ebangeni ukucindezeleka, kusiza ukubamba isigaba eliphakeme ngokulalela abanye abantu. Ngokuvamile, uLenin ngokuthi amalungiselelo isimo ubudlova.

Izwe noMbuso: okukhona umehluko?

Izibonelo ukuhunyushwa kwalesi umqondo, kusobala ukuthi akuveli kuholele incazelo olulodwa. Mhlawumbe ukuqonda ezinye izici umsuka isimo, izinhlobo zayo kanye nezici, uzokwazi ukuthola impendulo efanayo.

Ngokuvamile, "isimo" kanye "isizwe" avele nemigomo njengoba ncamashí alinganayo. Yiqiniso lokhu? Ingabe ukhona yini umahluko, futhi kubalulekile? Ebhekisela kumagama ngenhla, kungenzeka ukugcizelela eyisisekelo kunazo futhi ushayele, ukuthi isimo esinjalo. Ukunqunywa emfushane waqinisekisa ukuthi lena uhlelo isinqumo zezombusazwe efakwe endaweni ethize enabantu. Izwe ikhonza ngaphezulu womhlaba, zamasiko, zomlando, umqondo ethnographic.

umbuso wokuqala

Kuyadingeka ukuba banake okuthile, kuphi zivela ukuphathwa, futhi isimo esinjalo. A incazelo emfushane yomlando ukuthuthukiswa komphakathi cishe akunakwenzeka ukuthola. Ososayensi nazi futhi imibono ehlukene, ngakho ngokuthi izimbangela ezivamile indlela enjalo, njengoba isimo, abakwazi akekho. Yiqiniso, ukuba khona eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma eziningana kuqinisekiswa umsebenzi omkhulu kangaka owadalwa kwenziwe yizazimlando abameli, kodwa hhayi omunye ezinguqulweni lokunikeza isimo "iqiniso" akunakwenzeka okwamanje.

Ngokungananazi futhi indisputably omunye kungenziwa kuphela ukuthi, lapho isimo kuqala. Iraq, Egypt, China, India - wezwe yesimanje, eziphathelene inkathi East Lasendulo, babe umlando olude khona. Phakathi izinkolelo-mbono imvelaphi yalezi uthi ehola isikhundla elalihlala:

• ithiyori wezinzalamizi;
• ithiyori Theological ;
• Imfundiso yokuziphendukela inkontileka kwezenhlalo ;
• Imfundiso yokuziphendukela udlame ;
• ithiyori kaMarx.

Umqondo umthetho

Kodwa, kwabaningi okushiwo yilowo nalowo kubo ndawonye, uthola i definition silinganisiwe isimo lapho kungase kubhekwe uhlobo olukhethekile inhlangano yezombangazwe, ilawulwa ukuphoqwa phezu indawo ekhethelwe zonke izinqubo nomphakathi. Kuyinto ezizimele e ukusebenza yayo futhi iphathwe ngendlela eyodwa ngokusebenzisa kwezinkambiso zomthetho izinkambiso ezamukelwayo noma imibono yokungabi nandaba olulodwa.

Umthetho ungakwazi ngokuvamile ukuthola umqondo wegama elithi "umbuso zomthetho." definition ezimfushane eside ukuba kwenzeke kuphela ngemva ekwakhiweni ukuvezwa kwangaphakathi izigaba okuqukethwe.

Izici umthetho

Lapho ukulawula ngokubabazekayo futhi wonke umsebenzi kulawulwa kwezinkambiso zomthetho, izimiso komthetho, isimo kungenziwa ngokuthi zomthetho. Empeleni, kuba nesikhathi nokunamathela bungobokuzithoba izimiso kusemthethweni futhi umthetho - lawa izici eziyinhloko umthetho.

Cabanga umqondo ofanayo kungaba hhayi kuphela ingxenye ukuphoqwa isimo noma ukugcinwa imithetho ethile umthetho ngokushesha njengoba ohlangothini senceku. Umqondo "isimo umthetho" lingahunyushwa ngalezi zindlela nendlela ezinomthelela negunya elingokomthetho, kuhloswe ukuhlangabezana lokugcina imithetho efanayo umthetho ukuthi ziyisibopho ngokuba ukuqaliswa esiqinile kwezinye izingqimba sabantu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, in a state of umthetho amalungelo nenkululeko yomuntu isakhamuzi kubaluleke futhi ukubaluleka kuqala yonke imikhakha nobudlelwano zomphakathi.

isimo Federal: ngokucacile

Sifaneleka ikakhulu iwukucabangela into ezifana isimo sikahulumeni. A definition emfushane amayunithi esinikelweko ngeke ngokunembile ukuhlonza izici eziyinhloko futhi izici inhlangano isimo ukuthi iyahlule izinhlelo ezifanayo.

Amagama amabili singasho ukuthi kunzima kakhulu ukwakheka eziyinkimbinkimbi zezombusazwe-zokuphatha, ehlanganisa ziyizinto ezihlukile indawo. Ngokungafani inarha ebumbeneko, lapho izifunda abanegunya eyanele negunya ngezinye izikhathi usabalalise, esimweni nemifelandawonye amayunithi zokuphatha-indawo afakwa ubuchwepheshe ebanzi ukuzimela cishe kuzo zonke izici zokuphila ezombusazwe, ezomnotho nezenhlalo.

Izici kombuso kahulumeni

Izici nobuntu isimo federal yilezi:

• division sendawo umfelandawonye ku ehlukile amayunithi nezokuphatha;
• unelungelo lokubamba izenzo zomthetho, umthethosisekelo zabo lingelawo wonke izinhlangano federated;
• ngamunye iyunithi nezokuphatha umfelandawonye has iziphathimandla ayo yomphakathi;
• yisakhamuzi we izakhamuzi zaphakade emhlabeni Federation kungenziwa okabili: All-Union kanye subject ethize federal;
• federal isimo ephalamende ngokuyisisekelo bicameral.

Russia - embusweni wezwe. Indawo yebandla umphakathi

UMthethosisekelo Russian uthi isimo yethu wokuziphilisa. Lokhu kusho ukuthi isonto uyashiywa ngamandla amakhulu izindaba, futhi akekho izinkolo zomhlaba is hhayi kusungulwa njengoba amandla enkulu ephoqelelwe noma ayimpoqo. Nokho, ezinye izici zenkolo kanye ngesimo esingokomthetho amasonto ensimini ka isimo yesimanje Russian ilawulwa nomthetho ofanele.

Namuhla, ngesibonelo Russia kungaba sihlolisise lokho embusweni wezwe. definition omfushane uthi izwe akakwazi ukuba isiphi isikhulu, uhulumeni imvume inkolo, saziso noma ayethanda. Nokho, kuyafaneleka ukuthi eminyakeni yamuva esontweni uye waqinisa kakhulu isikhundla salo isimo. Uvuselela ukubaluleka kanye isisindo ngendima yenkolo kwezempi ukuphila wezwe kubonakala ngezindlela eziningi. Lena ukwakhiwa asebenzayo nokwenza umsebenzi wokuvuselela izakhiwo zamasonto, nemfundo omphakathi ngokusebenzisa amaphephandaba, umsakazo ne-Internet. Ukuba khona Yobungcwele yakhe Umbhishobhi omkhulu Zonke Russia ezenzakalweni ezibalulekile kanye namaholide omphakathi eduze nabaholi State - kakade mkhuba ajwayelekile.

, Kuvulwa ezikoleni zenkolo ezikhethekile yesibili sabantu kungabonakala nakulokho kwi Umsebenzi wamaBandla ukuvakashelwa.