"Sakhalin-1". Amafutha kanye negesi kuphrojekthi Sakhalin Island

Ezigcina uhlole we hydrocarbon emhlabeni zinkulu, kodwa hhayi yonke imikhakha uwoyela achazwayo. Isizathu esiyinhloko salokhu "Ukuphumula" - kwezomnotho inexpedient. Abaningi izingqimba uwoyela eziveza kuthiwa imali emanzini ajulile, noma (futhi) ezindaweni ezikude wentuthuko. I ezinkulu kuqala ngaleso Odoptu ensimini sogu lolwandle Sakhalin esiqhingini sitholwe izazi zokuma komhlaba Soviet ngo-1977, kodwa ngemva kweminyaka eyishumi nge nezimo zezimakethe uyashintsha futhi lokhu kusungulwa izidingo ezintsha zobuchwepheshe ukukhiqizwa Sakhalin black igolide isibe inzuzo.

ezingaba

Njengengxenye 'Sakhalin-1 "iza ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokusebenza ezintathu uwoyela negesi Amasimu - kuyinto Odoptu, Chayvo no-D. Basuke etholakala-mpumalanga Sakhalin Island oLwandle Okhotsk. Bona engase izinqolobane ukuyithola kukhona kakhulu (kodwa hhayi irekhodi) - 2.3 bhiliyoni imiphongolo kawoyela, 485-cubic metres ayi-gas ^3.

Uma thina acabangele umthamo isamba oxhumene ukusebenza "Sakhalin-1" futhi "Sakhalin 2" futhi sise sokuqala "Sakhalin-3", kodwa zibe sebuthweni lezokuvikela ingqikithi ukuyithola igesi esifundeni idlula 2.4 isigidintathu m ³ uwoyela - phezu 3.2 billion imiphongolo. Akulona izintatheli ingozi ngokuthi isiqhingi "le Kuwait yesibili".

Nokho, ukukhiqiza kusukela lezi amasimu kube nzima khona iphakethe ice kuze kube amamitha ayisithupha obukhulu phakathi nezinyanga eziyisithupha kuya eziyisikhombisa ngonyaka, kanye isimo oqinile nomsebenzi zokuzamazama komhlaba unyaka wonke. Isidingo okunqoba izithiyo ezihlobene izimo ezinzima sezulu, kanye nekusungulwa kule ndawo eqhelile wonke uwoyela negesi ingqalasizinda ezikhonjwe umlingisi esiyingqayizivele Izinkinga ezibhekene iphrojekthi.

Umlando yephrojekthi

Esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuba ukuqaliswa kwe-project "Sakhalin-1" zokwakheka komhlaba, kwaba sobala ukuthi izinsiza hydrocarbon yalesi siqhingi zitholakala ngaphandle kwezwe eshalofini, kodwa zigcine yabo ayaziwa. Ngo-70 kwencazelo ivolumu imali ye inkampani wahlanganyela "Sakhalinmorneftegaz". Khona-ke umsebenzi ukuhlola SODEKO wajoyina Consortium engumakhelwane Japan, namuhla simo phakathi kubahlanganyeli project.

Ngo-1977, ngabokuqala Sakhalin eshalofini kwatholakala Odoptu gas field, ngemva konyaka - the Chayvo yasensimini, futhi ngemva kweminyaka engu-10 - Arkutun Dagi. Ngakho, Sakhalin Island waba engase ezikhangayo ukwenziwa hydrocarbon. Nokho, nekungabi nekusisa efanele kanye nentuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe uvinjelwe ngentuthuko ke phezulu.

ukuphumelela

Ekuqaleni ngekhulu xxi isimo sesishintshile esifundeni. Sihlangabezane nezidingo zombuso okhulayo umnotho ezinamandla kakhulu emhlabeni - Japanese futhi Korean, kanye ukwanda izindleko eneji wenze iphrojekthi "Sakhalin-1" kuyazuzisa. Iningi utshalomali, futhi okubaluleke - zobuchwepheshe usizo elihunyushwe corporation "Exxon-Hambayo" (EM). Ukubamba iqhaza ithimba lochwepheshe kakhulu, okuyinto has engu-85 nakho uwoyela negesi ukuthuthukiswa sezulu Arctic, wasiza ekuxazululeni izinkinga eziningi.

Okwamanje, opharetha langempela yephrojekthi - "indodakazi" enkampani "EM", "Exxon Neftegas Limited". Kuyinto umsebenzi ezimbonini main. Consortium ngaphezu kwalokho ukuzixazulula eziningi Amathrendi izimo zenhlalo yomphakathi nezomnotho kuleli Sakhalin esifundeni kanye angomakhelwane eKhabarovsk Territory, phakathi kwawo - ukuthuthukiswa wendawo umnotho, ezemfundo nokuqeqeshwa professional izisebenzi isiRashiya, zezenhlalakahle, esiza abantulayo, nokuningi.

amalungu Consortium

Lokhu uwoyela negesi project - isibonelo yimpumelelo Ukubambisana international Geophysical eziyinkimbinkimbi, zezulu nemibandela ethile. imizamo yabo ukusebenzisa iphrojekthi kuhlanganiswe:

• Mega-corporation "Exxon Hambayo" (USA): 30% wamasheya (ngokuqondene unswinyo baqhubeka iqhaza zezinkampani American okukhulunywa).
• SODEKO Consortium (Japan): 30%.
• RGCs "Rosneft" yibhizinisi elawulwa "Sakhalinmorneftegas-Shelf" (11.5%) kanye "RN-Astra" (8.5%).
• STC "ONGC Videsh Ltd." (India): 20%.

Inhloko-dolobha ye uwoyela Sakhalin yaba umuzi ka Okha.

uhlelo Ukusebenza

Ngesikhathi besanda kuqala "Sakhalin 1" iphutha inkositini ezifakwa OPF usebenzisa kolwandle "amakhanda" platform ukubhola kanye phansi ukufaka "The Hawk". Ekuqaleni kuka-Okthoba 2005, ngemuva kweminyaka eyishumi, ukuqala ukuthuthukiswa, amafutha lokuqala Yenziwa kusukela Chayvo ensimini. Ngenxa yalokho ngokuphethwa ngasekupheleni 2006. ukwakhiwa Imvume Production Insiza (OPF), ivolumu ukukhiqizwa ngo-February 2007 zaba 250,000 imiphongolo (amathani 34,000) lamafutha ngelanga. Etigabeni elandelayo yephrojekthi waqala ukuthuthukisa igesi izinqolobane at Chayvo emazweni angaphandle.

Khona-ke "The Hawk" washukumiseleka ukuba inkambu eduze Odoptu ngoba imishini eyengeziwe futhi kukhiqizwe hydrocarbon. Njengoba igesi namafutha ivela ezifakwa OPF whereupon amafutha uyiswa esibulalayo DeKastri yokubeka (ezwekazini Krai, phezu Tartar Strait) ukuze uthole okunye izimpahla kwamanye amazwe, kanye negesi ihlinzekwa kusukela Sakhalin emakethe yasekhaya.

Esigabeni esilandelayo waqala ukuthuthukiswa emkhakheni lesithathu (kwekulu by endaweni) A-D kanye Chayvo igesi ukuthi uyoqinisekisa ukuthi ukukhiqiza hydrocarbon kuze 2050. Ukuze andise ukusebenza kahle kwezomnotho, bathuthukise ukusebenza kwe-nqubo kunakwe eyingqayizivele izandla-on zathola okuhlangenwe nakho ngesikhathi sesigaba sokuqala nentuthuko.

Rig "The Hawk"

Ukuthuthukiswa uwoyela negesi kule ndawo walandisa izixazululo nezinselele ezibangelwa nemvelo. izimo ezinzima sezulu, enamandla ice Amasimu emanzini sogu lolwandle, ikakhulukazi isakhiwo Geological lamafutha yafuna ukuthi usebenzise izilungiselelo eziphambili.

Ukuziqhenya wonke msebenzi waba yokubhola Rig "The Hawk", kuya ngekutsi "nembeza" zazo amarekhodi emhlabeni eziningana kuhlanganise ubude nesivinini imithombo yamba. Lona omunye enamandla kakhulu ukufaka phansi ezisekelwe emhlabeni. imitha-70 iyunithi yakhelwe ukusebenza ezindaweni ezithandwa ukuzamazama komhlaba futhi abandayo arctic, ivumela ultra-eside sokuprakthiza hole is kuqala thwi bese nendawo ngezansi olwandle nge Imininingwane emgqonyeni ubude amakhilomitha angaphezu kuka-11.

Phakathi imishini yalezi imithombo kakade esungulwe amarekhodi eziningana ezweni ebudeni emgqonyeni - endleleni, lokhu lapho umthombo wabizwa yamba irekhodi 12,700 amamitha Z42 (June 2013). Ngokusetshenziswa ngesivinini imishini yobuchwepheshe, okuyinto impahla Nhlangano "ExxonMobil" umgodi "Sakhalin-1" lidlule irekhodi ngokushesha.

Ngosizo lo "oklebe" imithombo yamba kusukela ogwini ngaphansi emhlabathini engela ngase okuvela emasimini sogu lolwandle, ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe umthwalo isimo esingavamile elivikelwe zalezi zindawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iyunithi kuqhathaniswa compact ubuyisela izakhiwo ezinkulu ukuthi ziyadingeka ukwakha olwandle ezimweni ice nzima ebusika. Ngenxa yalokho, Ukonga okukhulu bokusebenzisa nemali yokuqhuba umsebenzi. Ngemva kokuqeda umsebenzi Chayvo ensimini, "The Hawk" olwesimanje bathuthela ukuthuthukiswa engumakhelwane Odoptu.

"Orlan" platform

Ngaphezu emhlabathini yokufaka "The Hawk", igesi-uwoyela amasimu "Sakhalin-1" yingcweti omunye "inyoni uyaziqhenya" - kolwandle "Orlan" platform yezimayini. Isiteji ukhiqiza imithombo endaweni eningizimu-ntshonalanga Chayvo ensimini.

imitha-50 isakhiwo okusezingeni eliphezulu adonsela phansi isethwe ezansi oLwandle Okhotsk, Ukujula kwawo okwamanje - 14 amamitha. "Orlan" ngo-2005 yamba 20 imithombo. Ngezinye 21 imizuzu Borehole siwela "The Hawk" nge ogwini, inani onjalo imithombo irekhodi uwoyela negesi ensimini eyodwa. Umthamo we umkhiqizo kawoyela anda izikhathi eziningi.

On the "Orlan" 9 izinyanga zomnyaka ezungezwe iqhwa, umsebenzi lihlotshaniswa isinqumo ezazingaziwa izinkinga ukukhiqizwa wezwe. Ngaphezu izimo eziyinkimbinkimbi zokuzamazama komhlaba kanye sezulu yezimfundiso eziyinkinga yokudla isixazululekile.

"Berkut" Ipulatifomu

Lona platform entsha, sibuthene ngesikhathi shipyards South Korea futhi zinikezwe 2014 ngempumelelo emkhakheni A-D. Izici "Berkut" iyamangalisa baningi ngisho nangaphezu kwezinwele "Lokhozi". Phakathi ezokuthutha (okuyinto ayizinkulungwane 2.6 km) kwakungelona isenzakalo esisodwa. Ukwakhiwa yakhelwe ukumelana ice kanye imitha ezimbili amagagasi imitha-18 ngesikhathi -44 C.

ukukhiqizwa Imvume ukulungiselela izinhlelo

Esusiwe ezivela emikhakheni OPF futhi Odoptu hydrocarbon yanikezwa OPF. Lapha gas ukwehlukana amanzi namafutha, ukuyihlalisa ukuthutha okwengeziwe ukuthekelisa ngokusebenzisa yesimanje uwoyela ukuthekelisa esigungwini kuya DeKastri isiphetho wokuhlanza igesi abathengi yasekhaya. Ngokugcwele isitshalo ezizimele eyenzelwe ukucutshungulwa cishe 250,000 imiphongolo kawoyela futhi ngaphezu kwalokho 22.4 mcm ³ igesi ngosuku.

Ngo ukwakhiwa kwalesi Chayvo Abaklami isicelo indlela enkulu-Modular of ukwakhiwa. Plant like umakhi wabuthela kusuka 45 ezahlukene ukuphakama amamojuli. Zonke izinto ahloselwe ngokukhethekile umsebenzi ngenxa yesimo sezulu esibi Far. imiklamo Iningi - eyinsimbi zingamelana okushisa aphansi njengo -40 ° C.

Ukuze ukulethwa amamojuli asindayo aye endaweni yokwakha yonkana Chayvo Bay wakha esiyingqayizivele imitha-830 ibhuloho. Ngenxa yalesi ukwakhiwa kwe-Sakhalin Island uhlobo irekhodi - kwebhuloho kubhekwa olungenakuqhathaniswa okuhlala, esingeqile ubude yokuwela giant emifuleni enkulu yeSiberia - the OB kanye Irtysh. Ukwakhiwa ubuye efanelekayo abelusi - indlela eya ekamu ehlathini unqabile kakhulu.

ukuthekelisa ezingaba

Lonke eziyinkimbinkimbi "Sakhalin-1, 2, 3" Yakhiwa iso isisetshenziswa nokuthengiswa. Ukuba "ongagcwali" umnotho emaceleni Japanese, akukho kangako e-South Korea, isono esingesiso ukusebenzisa kunenzuzo indawo ocebile hydrocarbon imali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo msebenzi kwenza ingxenye enkulu impahla eluhlaza (ikakhulu gas) uyiswa 'ezwekazini' (Russia yezwekazi). I abangenisa eyinhloko uwoyela Okhotsk kukhona Japan neNingizimu Korea.

ukuthekelisa ubuchwepheshe simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako:

1. Negesi namafutha emithonjeni fed simila we BCP.
2. Khona-ke, kusukela somhlaba siwele ngokusebenzisa Tatar strait umugqa okuphakelayo kwesokunxele kuleyandawo DeKastri ku wahlomisa ngokukhethekile entsha ukuthekelisa esigungwini.
3. Negesi ingxenye enkulu uya abathengi isiRashiya, namafutha lilondolozwe amathangi amakhulu, lapho ezithunyelwa nge ngamaloli ukuze dock akude.

DeKastri

Ukuthuthukiswa imali amafutha izimo zaseMpumalanga Ekude yafuna ukuxazulula inkinga zokuthutha ngaphandle kwezithikamezo of izinto zokusetshenziswa. Engeza esibulalayo, kwanqunywa ukuba Sakhalin futhi ezwekazini - ethekwini De-Kastri. igolide Black lapha kufika ngokusebenzisa amapayipi, bese - uwoyela emathangini avuzayo. The ukuphela lakhiwa "kusukela ekuqaleni", ne ubuchwepheshe bamuva.

Siyabonga ukuba ukuphela bendawo wathola olwengeziwe ngokubathembisa imisebenzi eholela kahle, kwakukhona ama-oda yezokuthutha kanye inkonzo izinkampani lesifunda, ngcono izimo zenhlalo yomphakathi nomphakathi, ohlanganyelwe ingqalasizinda kulendawo.

Ukuze unyaka wonke zokuthutha okuklama edingekayo nokwakha emathangini avuzayo esiyingqayizivele izimo ice ngokhahlo ikilasi "Afromaks", kanye icebreakers eyayihambisana nalo. Iminyaka 5 ukusebenza esibulalayo ngaphandle yisenzakalo esisodwa ezithunyelwa 460 emathangini avuzayo. Ubude badabula esibulalayo amathani angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-45.

ukusebenza onokwethenjelwa futhi iphephile

Abasebenzi kanye Osonkontileka "Sakhalin-1" msebenzi asebenza amahora ayizigidi ezingu-68 nge ukuphepha kakhulu futhi ukulimala, okuyinto kude idlule umkhakha isilinganiso. Ukuhambisana nemigomo ebekiwe kuqinisekiswa isiqondiso esiqinile nokulawula imisebenzi yokukhiqiza.

izinyathelo Environmental ziyingxenye ebalulekile ye ukwakhiwa nokusebenza iphrojekthi futhi zibandakanya inombolo izinhlelo ezikhethekile ukuze kuvikeleke izilwane zasendle, kuhlanganise ukuvikelwa imikhomo grey entshonalanga, Steller ulwandle izinkozi kanye nezinye izakhamuzi.

kokubonisana okusebenzayo lalolo hlanga ka Sakhalin ENL yasiza ekutholeni izinkinga zendawo kunazo ukuphokophela. Ikakhulukazi, amafutha evunyelwe abelusi bendawo usebenzise ibhuloho okwakhelwe yonkana Chayvo Bay ngoba donsa yonyaka wezinyamazane nezinkomo.

Ukuheha nokuqeqeshwa kwabasebenzi Russian

Ngesikhathi besanda kuqala ukuthuthukiswa izakhamuzi Russian imisebenzi 13 000 zadalwa. Ukumbandakanywa abasebenzi bendawo kudala amathuba amasha futhi kunomthelela ukuthuthukiswa jikelele futhi kwezomnotho. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ENL kusebenza yesimanje amazinga okusebenza kakhulu kanye nemithetho yezokuphepha, kanye nobuchwepheshe ukwakhiwa, imishini, ukukhiqizwa futhi ebeka of amapayipi.

Ukuze usebenze ezindaweni ukukhiqizwa bakhangwa engaphezu kwekhulu onjiniyela Russian kanye nochwepheshe. Ngamunye wabasebenzi waqasha aphase training course eside. Ezinye zazo yathunyelwa ukuqeqeshwa nezinjongo inkampani "Exxon Hambayo" e-United States nase-Canada.

Usizo isiqhingi

I lobuchwepheshe zokuqeqesha abahlinzeki kanye nezinkontileka abathintekayo abahlala bayanda Sakhalin. Ukusebenza ngokuhlanganyela Agency for Development International (USA), umqashi kunomthelela ziqu welders ngokusebenzisa inhlangano ezikhethekile zokuqeqesha futhi inikeza ezimalini ezincane ezibolekwayo for ukudlula ukuqeqeshwa ibhizinisi nokuthuthukisa Sakhalin amabhizinisi amancane kanye naphakathi. I Consortium ukwenze abangaphezu kwesigidi samadola Isikhwama loan ngokusebenzisa okuyinto imisebenzi anamakhulu mahlanu wadala futhi wasekela amabhizinisi ezingaphezu kuka-180.

Ilokhu okwandisa isabelo izinkampani Russian njengoba abahlinzeki kanye nezinkontileka. Izindleko izivumelwano amafemu yasekhaya kudlulwe $ 4 billion, noma izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu yazo zonke lezi zindleko we izinkontileka phrojekthi.

Ngaphezu kokunikeza izimali isimo ngendlela imiklomelo, iphrojekthi kunomthelela ukuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda wendawo - imigwaqo yakhiwa, amabhuloho, ukwakhiwa kwamachweba kanye zezindiza, kanye nezikhungo zezokwelapha kamasipala. Ezinye izinhlelo ukwesekwa zihlanganisa iminikelo imfundo, ukunakekelwa kwempilo kanye ngcono amakhono kwezesayensi nakwezobuchwepheshe wendawo.