Relief Kazakhstan: ezingwadule, lulwimi ezingwadule, emaqeleni. Khan-Tengri. Kazakhstan emfuleni

Kazakhstan impumuzo ezihlukahlukene kakhulu. Ukuze ubone lokhu, lwanele okungenani Ukubheka ibalazwe ngokomzimba yezwe. Kodwa uzoba siwenza kahle kakhulu futhi ngokuningiliziwe ukunitshela ezintabeni, amathafa, izingwadule emifuleni kanye yezindawo elikhulu Eurasia.

Geography of Kazakhstan (kafushane): indawo kanye imingcele

Kazakhstan - zwe elikhulu kunawo wonke izungezwe emhlabeni (ngiqonde labo States eziye hhayi wageza Umhlaba Ocean). endaweni yaso kwezigidi ezingu 2,72 sq. M. km ubude ingqikithi umngcele - ezingaphezu kuka-13 eziyinkulungwane amakhilomitha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yilona lizwe lesibili ngobukhulu emhlabeni phakathi kwalabo zazo etholakala izingxenye ezimbili zomhlaba (nge Kazakhstan kumaka nomngcele ophakathi eYurophu nase-Asia).

Indawo enkulu yezwe kakhulu inquma ukwehluka ebukeka yayo futhi izakhiwo zemvelo. Geography Kazakhstan Kuyathakazelisa futhi ezihlukahlukene kakhulu. Eqinisweni ezithakazelisayo: ngaphakathi spite of omkhulu ndawo, omakhelwane emihlanu kuphela Kazakhstan. It komngcele, eRussia Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan futhi Kyrgyzstan ngokuqondile.

Umngcele phakathi eYurophu nase-Asia esiqhutshwa Aktobe esifundeni ngaphakathi ezweni. Ivame ukutholakala eyenziwa yasehlanzeni esempumalanga Mugodzhary ke ngomfula Emba futhi iCaspian Sea.

Kazakhstan impumuzo zihlukaniswa yokugqama. Inani iconsi mpo ezweni ngaphezu 7000 amamitha! Kazakhstan Climate - esipholile yezwekazi futhi esikhundleni eyomile. Ehlobo kuvame kuba ukushisa umzimba, futhi ebusika - ezinzima abandayo (phansi -40 degrees Celsius). kwentwasahlobo e Kazakhstan kokuqhathanisa sezulu kwaphawuleka ngokukhethekile lapho enyakatho namanje zineminyaka snowstorms eningizimu has imithi ingamila.

Okulandelayo, sichaza imininingwane eyengeziwe mayelana yini izici ezithakazelisayo futhi esiqoshiwe Kazakhstan. Lapho ezweni ungabona ezintabeni? Lapho emathafeni, futhi lapho - ehlane?

izici ezivamile Kazakhstan impumuzo

Mayelana 15% zensimu elalihlala izintaba emikhulu, u-30% - iyona emathafeni futhi Amathafa, 10% - ukucindezeleka, 45% - ogwadule futhi ephuma kabili desert. sezwe okunjalo ezihlukahlukene Kazakhstan wachaza isakhiwo ngempela eziyinkimbinkimbi Geological kwendawo. Izwe itholakala endaweni lapho izingxenye platform esitebeleni East-European, ezithathekayo Alpine ibhande izakhiwo eligoqiwe ibhande Ural-Mongolian.

izici Eyingqayizivele esiqoshiwe Kazakhstan nakho ukwehla okukhulu kokuwa ngaphakathi isimo. Ngakho, iphuzu aphansi kuleli zwe esisogwini olusentshonalanga yoLwandle iCaspian (Karagiye, 132 amamitha ngezansi kolwandle). Futhi nangu indawo ephakeme cishe ifinyelela amamitha 7000 (esiqongweni Khan Tengri eningizimu-mpumalanga yezwe).

Kunezintaba eziphakeme kunazo zonke e Kazakhstan bagxila emingceleni empumalanga naseningizimu ye-mpumalanga yesifundazwe isimo. It Altai Tarbagatai, Jungar Alatau kanye Tien Shani. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Ngasenyakatho emaphethelweni eningizimu Ural Ukhahlamba.

Emathafeni Kazakhstan Itholakala enyakatho, maphakathi kanye enyakatho-ntshonalanga ye isimo. Entshonalanga naseningizimu, nangasogwini lolwandle ubuswa elisezansi. Kusukela enyakatho kuya eningizimu yezwe enquma eside Turgai umkhombe lapho ukwenza isendleleni kwemifula emikhulu emibili i Kazakhstan - Tobol futhi Turgay.

Ezingwadule bahlale ezindaweni ezinkulu entshonalanga (ku iCaspian esifundeni) eningizimu abahlala engxenyeni ephakathi ye-mpumalanga yezwe.

Hydrology Kazakhstan

Ngaphakathi ezweni siphela angaphezu kwangu-85 eziyinkulungwane yamanzi engokwemvelo. Imifula elikhulu Kazakhstan - iyona Ural, Tobol, Ishim, Ili futhi Syr Darya. I obukhulu kakhulu emfuleni inethiwekhi sici kwezifunda zezintaba, futhi aphansi nasemkhakheni izindawo ezingwadule. Imifula eminingi Kazakhstan sika ukuthwala amanzi abo ukuze Olwandle Aral futhi iCaspian.

Abaningi e Kazakhstan nasemachibini amaningi. Nokho, imizimba omkhulu wamanzi, ogama endaweni idlula 100 amakhilomitha square, 21. kuphela Phakathi kwabo - the iCaspian kanye ne-Aral Sea, Balkhash, Tengiz, Alakol nabanye. Iningi namachibi kuleli zwe bagxila ezifundeni zalo enyakatho nasenkabeni.

Ngo Kazakhstan, kukhona 13 amadamu yokufakelwa. Umthamo inani lamanzi amasha kwalo kungathi izinkulungwane 87 cubic. km.

Kazakh asemaqeleni

Emaqeleni kanye lulwimi ezingwadule yekhava Imininingwane mayelana 70% insimu yezwe elise-Asia Ephakathi. Abaningi benza amasayithi abo asesimweni yayo yasekuqaleni noma njengoba ukuguqulwa imisebenzi womuntu azinakwa.

Kazakhstan asemaqeleni welula ibhande ezibanzi cishe 2000 amakhilomitha ukusuka esigodini Ural River entshonalanga kuya e-Altai Izintaba - empumalanga. Ngokuya endaweni kuba afanayo elikhulu ezomile asemaqeleni namathafa emhlabeni. Isimo sezulu yezwekazi futhi eyomile kakhulu: Imvula yonyaka akuvamile idlula 350-400 mm.

Ngenxa yokuntuleka umswakama ku Kazakhstan emaqeleni izimila entulekayo kulo, kukhona nhlobo izihlahla. Kodwa ecebile nezilwane nezinhlobo ukwehluka. Lapha ezihlukahlukene evamile ezincelisayo esiyingqayizivele: saiga, marmot, asemaqeleni pika, Roe izinyamazane nabanye. Ayikho avifauna kancane ocebile yalesi sifunda. Ngo emaqeleni Kazakhstan, ungathola ukhozi, abamnyama Lark, pink nevuba, abamnyama nonogolantethe, flamingo, nenqe, i-golden eagle, ukhozi elimhlophe-tailed.

I amahle kakhulu futhi olunothile Kazakh asemaqeleni entwasahlobo, ekuqaleni futhi phakathi May. Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi kukhona ama-poppy ukuqhakaza, irises nezinye imibala eminingi elikhanyayo, ukuvula grey, endaweni abaphili ukhaphethi ezimibalabala ezinkulungwane nezitshalo eziqhakazayo ensimini.

Kazakh ehlane

Ezingwadule futhi semi ezingwadule hlala cishe isigamu sendawo Kazakhstan. Bona yokwelula strip cishe esiqhubekayo Umkhawulo wama-Aral Sea kuya izintaba we Engxenyeni esempumalanga yaleli zwe. Kazakhstan abalahle elikhulu kabi bexhashazwa: bona namathafa akuvamile flat futhi zasendle usenze nemizana amancane futhi amagquma noma udwendwe amakamela phlegmatic.

Ngaphakathi awugwadule Kazakhstan wahlangana ezihlukahlukene izinhlobo zofuzo: enamadwala, isihlabathi, amatshe ochotshoziwe, ubumba kanye nosawoti.

endaweni Ugwadule Betpak Dala ka mayelana 75,000 amakhilomitha square, itholakala inhliziyo yezwe. Impumuzo unikezwa flat ethafeni ukuphakama isilinganiso 300-400 amamitha. Ihlobo liyashisa kakhulu futhi omile, imvula esingaphansi 150 mm ngonyaka. I ayimigodi esogwadule ukusakaza usawoti emaxhaphozini futhi yinqaba kokubukwa zangaphandle yayo takyrs.

Eningizimu ye-Bet-Pak-Dala elise Moyynkum Sands. Ngokusho lokhu endaweni desert cishe isigamu. Esikhathini eningizimu ibizwa igudle okusezingeni eliphezulu ezintabeni ka Karatau futhi Kyrgyz Alatau. Ngakho, engamamitha isilinganiso lingaphezulu - 700-800 amamitha. Climate uwela 300 mm ngonyaka kancane ethambile, kwezulu ozungeze umhlaba wethu. ezindaweni eziningi ehlane esetshenziswa bendawo njengoba amadlelo ezinkomo.

Takhiwo Ural entabeni ibhande

Njengoba kuphawulwe ngenhla, zingakapheli Kazakhstan kuyinto ichopho eliseningizimu ye-Ural izwe entabeni. Lapha linikezwa Preduralsky futhi Zauralskaya ithafa ezintabeni Mugodzhary, kanye emikhulu ezincane eziningana emikhulu (Shirkala, Shoshkakol nabanye).

Ithafa Preduralsky welulela phakathi iCaspian emathafeni emazweni asentshonalanga futhi kule Mugodzhary empumalanga. kancane kancane It kunciphisa entshonalanga eningizimu-ntshonalanga, inguquko bushelelezi e ethafeni slaboholmistuyu. Ukuphakama isilinganiso ithafa - 150-300 amamitha ngaphezu kolwandle.

Mugodzhary - sangaleso kakhulu eningizimu yezintaba Ural nge emachibini kuze kufinyelele 657 amamitha (esiqongweni Mount Boktybay). Lezi ezintabeni, eqinisweni, amelela uchungechunge ongaphakeme futhi amagquma engajulile embozwe izimila kwaphela. Izindawo relict Grove birch. Mugodzhary - mbo obalulekile izinto zokusetshenziswa e Kazakhstan. Lapha misela amatshe nezinye itshe isakhiwo.

Ezintabeni ezisempumalanga futhi eningizimu-asempumalanga Kazakhstan

I sezintaba kakhulu ingxenye Kazakhstan - empumalanga naseningizimu-mpumalanga yezwe. Lapha ezinde amabanga we-Altai futhi Tarbagatai umcengezi ahlukaniswe yeLake Zaisan. Kanye nomngcele China futhi Kyrgyzstan yokwelula Tien Shani. By the way, nakhu iphuzu esiphezulu kuleli zwe. Engxenyeni eseningizimu-mpumalanga yesifundazwe Kazakhstan eziningi okusezingeni eliphezulu izintaba: Karatau, Junggar kanye Ile Alatau, Toksanbay nabanye.

Ngaphakathi Karaganda ndawo Karkaralinsky Mountains. Lokhu afanayo yakhiwa ngokuyinhloko egwadle, quartzite futhi porphyrites eyaziwa ezifakwa abacebile imikhando polymetallic.

Esikhathini eningizimu kukhona yokhalo esikhulu ebabazekayo kakhulu Karatau (the Tien Shan). Kukhona amasayithi eminingi ekhuluma ngabantu basendulo atholakele. Ngalesi umcimbi, ugema kuyinto nembangi ukufakwa ngendlela Ukuvikelwa UNESCO. An eziningi eziyinkimbinkimbi Karatau rocks ezahlukene: sandstones, shales, limestones, nezinye. Imingcele yayo yonke indawo Karst izinqubo kanye izenzakalo. Emithambekeni emayini Karatau uranium athuthukile, insimbi, imikhando, kanye ne-phosphate.

ithafa Mangyshlak

Ithafa Mangyshlak (Mangystau noma) elise enhlonhlweni efanayo engxenyeni esentshonalanga yezwe. ukuphakama kwayo ngokwesilinganiso - 200-300 amamitha ngaphezu kolwandle. Kusukela ithafa enyakatho izungezwe izintaba eziphakeme ka Mangistau ukuba 556 amamitha. Empumalanga, sidlule ngokushelela ku eduze ithafa Ustyurt.

Kunezici okungenani ezimbili izinguqulo umsuka igama ithafa. Ngokwesibonelo, igama elithi "Mangistau" lihumusha ezivela olimini Kazakh ngokuthi "ubusika eyinkulungwane." Kodwa umcwaningi Turkmen K. Annaniyazov elithi "mangylshak" lihumusha ngokuthi "edolobhaneni elikhulu." Ezikhathini zaseSoviet, ngoba lokhu ingubo wanamathela igama Mangyshlak, kodwa Kazakhstan yesimanje igama lakhe kakade ehlukile - Mangystau.

"Ugwadule. Ngokuphelele ngaphandle kwezimila - yebo itshe isihlabathi "- ngakho ezichazwe kulezi zindawo imbongi edumile Ukrainian Taras Grigorevich Shevchenko. Ngempela, isimo sezulu ngokucijile yezwekazi futhi eyomile kakhulu, imifula kanye wamanzi zisetshenziswa cishe ayikho. Le ndawo lwasendaweni yomhlaba ocebile wama izinyoni, zazo kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka kunamakhulu izinhlobo ezahlukene.

Mangyshlak Plateau amumethe izidubedube. Kukhona ezifakwa lamafutha, ithusi, manganese netshe, idwala crystal futhi idwala-phosphate. Mangyshlak futhi eziningi imithombo zokwelapha amanzi amaminerali: chloride, bromide kanye sodium.

I mnandi ithafa Mangyshlak? Ingasaphathwa iqiniso ukuthi emkhawulweni wayo osempumalanga akha Karagiye esiyingqayizivele - the ejulile e Kazakhstan futhi omunye ejulile emhlabeni. Itholakala at 132 metres ngezansi kolwandle.

iCaspian Ukucindezeleka

On the izintaba, amathafa, emaqeleni kanye ezingwadule Kazakhstan siye ubesemtshelile. Kodwa incazelo ngempumuzo kuleli zwe ngeke ibe ephelele ngaphandle Ukhulumé elisezansi lakhona elikhulu kunawo wonke.

ICaspian Ukucindezeleka - endaweni omkhulu endaweni ayizinkulungwane 200 amakhilomitha square (cishe endaweni efanayo oluthatha Republic of Belarus). Ngaseningizimu inomngcele engxenyeni esenyakatho yoLwandle iCaspian. Kulokhu, amagquma umkhawulo enyakatho yezwe elisezansi Common Syrt, nasentshonalanga - the Ural futhi Ustyurt ithafa. Eliphansi ine uhlobo kakhulu surface bushelelezi, kancane esithambekele kukho yoLwandle iCaspian. Ukuphakama eliphelele uhla yayo kusukela amamitha -30 150 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle.

elisezansi iCaspian sawela isigodi yemifula amahlanu iVolga, Ural, Emba, Terek futhi Kuma. Phakathi Emathafeni - eningi amachibi engajulile, kusukela lapho usawoti limbiwa ngenkuthalo.

Isimo sezulu ngokucijile yezwekazi futhi omile, imimoya hot ziyinsakavukela. Engxenyeni esenyakatho yezwe elisezansi sikhule umhlonyane-utshani asemaqeleni, naseningizimu, nangasogwini lolwandle ubuswa ehlane futhi ephuma kabili desert namathafa. Ngokuvamile kukhona usawoti ikhotha nosawoti emaxhaphozini. Abantu bendawo usebenzise iCaspian elisezansi njengoba edlelweni omkhulu. Kuphindze kutfutfukise likhono Imifino Amakhabe.

Intaba ephakeme kunazo zonke Kazakhstan

Khan Tengri - ezicijile pyramidal isiqongo we Tien Shan, indawo ephakeme Kazakhstan. Ukuphakama eliphelele ezintabeni - 6995 amamitha, ngenhloso igobolondo ice - 7010 amamitha.

Ngokusemthethweni Mount Khan-Tengri kuyinto lapho kwakuphambana khona amazwe amathathu:, iKyrgyzstan neChina - ngaleyo ndlela khona kujamele ukuthula futhi kobungane nobudlelwane phakathi kwamazwe amathathu. Eyokuqala emlandweni le abaqwali entabeni yanqoba Soviet UMikhail Pogrebetskiy Boris Tyurin futhi Franz Zauberer. Lokhu kwenzeka ngo-1931. Le nhlangano ehlome kahle uma kuhlasela Basmachi - abashokobezi abalwé amaSoviet Asia Ephakathi.

6 amaqiniso ethakazelisayo phezulu Khan Tengri:

• ngesikhathi isiqongo kukhona igama lesibili - Igazi Intaba (ngenxa inani elikhulu abaqwali owafa ngenkathi ukugibela kuyo);
• namuhla kukhona 25 nemizila ezahlukene, okuyinto ungakwazi ekhuphukela phezulu;
• phezu wangcwatshwa capsule ekhethekile lapho bonke bezintaba ushiye iziphakamiso zabo ezilandelayo abanqobi yayo;
• umgibeli eyaziwa Anatoly Bukreyev uqambe le isiqongo enhle kakhulu kule planethi;
• ngo-2002 e Kyrgyzstan wakhipha eyiphepha soms 100 nge umfanekiso isiqongo;
• irekhodi Yokwenyuka iningi Khan Tengri kuyinto umgibeli Gleb Sokolov kusukela Novosibirsk, ngubani wasukuma ukuze izikhathi phezulu 34!