Imininingwane Okuthintekayo: izinhlobo kanye nezindlela ukulungiselela. Imininingwane Okuthintekayo kubantu abakhubazekile

Imininingwane Okuthintekayo, ngokusho izifundo eziningi, kunomthelela oqonde ngqo embonweni womuntu lesi simo. emizweni ezingemnandi emzimbeni, noma ngisho ukuma ungasizakala kuthinte isimo sethu ukuze interlocutor, nakuba akekho noma ezinye ngqo exhumene naso. Lokho kusho ulwazi ethintekayo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, yini imithombo yayo futhi izici, futhi kuzoxoxwa ngezansi.

Izici ezibaluleke kakhulu

Ake siqale yazo zonke kwencazelo "ulwazi". Incazelo ezivamile itholakala ifilosofi yakhe. Imininingwane kuchazwa njengoba omunye izakhiwo kulomhlaba, empeleni akusho lutho. It ikhona ngokuzimele ukuqaphela kwethu, futhi kuvamile kubo bonke izinto vusa nemvelo ezingaphili.

Ngo-physics noma yiluphi uhlelo isimo kwenzeka ne yokudlulisela yengeza izitshengiselo ezivela kwamanye into eyodwa kuya kwenye. Ngakho Ukushisa kanye nokupholisa kwenzeka, futhi okusithiyayo ukunyakaza nokunye. Isethi amasignali umyalezo. Igama elithi "ulwazi" physics generalizes nombono wokuthi "zokuxhumana" futhi "isibonakaliso".

izinhlobo zolwazi

Kunezinhlobonhlobo zezindlela eziningi kuya ngezigaba kolwazi. Omunye wabo kusekelwe imodi okuqonda. Kulesi sisekelo ulwazi sehlukaniswe emihlanu izinhlobo:

• sokuzwa;

• ezibukwayo;

• ethintekayo (Haptic);

• olfactory;

• ukunambitheka.

Abaningi kakhulu ulwazi mayelana nomhlaba okuzungezile umuntu uthola ngokubona. Futhi kudlala i ababalulekile indlebe. Owokugcina lezi izinhlobo zolwazi - ethintekayo, olfactory and ukunambitheka - akha lincane ulwazi ziqondakala indoda. Ezilwaneni, lokhu isilinganiso Kuthi ezahlukene. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ulwazi ethintekayo ekuphileni kwabaningi babo ifeza indima ebaluleke kakhulu kunalezo umbono.

izitho ethintekayo

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi umqondo touch, Uma unganakile, kunendima ethile ekugcineni elincane empilweni, ukwenza ngaphandle kwalo abantu abakwazi. Imininingwane Okuthintekayo umuntu uthola ngokusebenzisa eziyimpumelelo ezinzwa ise isikhumba, emisipheni nasemalungeni, ngesikhathi mucosal evele. Receptor azibonayo lokushisa, touch, vibration, ushintsho isikhundla umzimba, ukuthungwa nokunye.

Imininingwane kusukela eziyimpumelelo emsipheni we yezinzwa idluliselwa kuya ebuchosheni. Kube icutshungulwe, futhi isiwe kwezinye izitho zomzimba yomzimba ithola isignali, isibonelo, ukudweba emuva isandla entweni ashisayo.

umqondo yemvelo

Uyini umthombo wokwaziswa ethintekayo? Impendulo silula: yini kunemtselela la mangqamuzana efanele. Through the izinhlaka touch, siyayizwa lokushisa, umswakama, ukuthungwa (ngaphandle uhlamvu), vibration. Receptor udlulisa ulwazi kithi ngesimo esikhaleni wonke umzimba noma izingxenye ezithile kuso.

Njengoba sekushiwo, naphezu iphesenti elincane ulwazi esiluthola esebenzisa touch, kubalulekile ukuba impilo ejwayelekile. iziyaluyalu abahlukahlukene - ndikindiki ukulimala iziteshi ezinzwa adlulisa ulwazi kusuka zemizwa ubuchopho nezinye - kuholela izimo eziyingozi kanye nokungakwazi ukugxila. Isibonelo elula: ngokungabi bikho receptor ethintekayo lula ukwenza ukusha sina, ngoba ngabo ubuchopho idluliselwa Imininingwane Haptic mayelana izinga lokushisa for Ukushisa into, okuyinto, isibonelo, wafaka unengalo. izitho Okuthintekayo usisindise ebumnyameni lapho iso ngeke bakwazi ukusho ukuthi yini phambili. receptor Okuthintekayo ukudlala indima ebalulekile yokudlulisa ulwazi mayelana nesimo se-umzimba. Ababandakanyeka ukwakheka okubizwa ngokuthi umqondo kwemisipha, edlala indima ebalulekile kule nhlangano.

Thinta izilwane

Imininingwane Animal ethintekayo kubaluleke ngaphezu umuntu. Izibonelo yavama. Kunezilwane ukuthi ithinte cishe ubuyisela amehlo. Lawa abakhileyo olwandle olujulile, lapho ukukhanya nje engakutholi ke. Thinta kusiza isicabucabu ukuzizwa ukuthi isisulu ahlelwe enmeshed kakade "amanethiwekhi". Izinyosi adlulisele ulwazi mayelana indawo imbali nge umdanso ekhethekile esibandakanya futhi kuthintwa.

receptor kahle ethintekayo kwesikhumba ithuthukiswe izilwane, isihlahla-ekhuphuka. abameleli Abaningi nezilwane babe Intshebe - touch emizimbeni ekhethekile, bakwazi ukuba asabele hhayi kuphela touch, kodwa futhi ukuba kunyakaza lomoya. Ngu ukubukeka kwabo bafana izinwele. Nokho, Intshebe, ube ukuqina okukhulu, ubude kanye ukushuba.

Ukuthuthukiswa umuzwa ethintekayo

Emphakathini wanamuhla, kulula ukuthola abantu ngomuzwa esithuthuke kabanzana touch. Ukuzwela kwezinye izindawo isikhumba luyanda ngenxa izici mkhakha. Ngokwesibonelo, abaculi njalo ekubhekaneni izingxenye ezincane, kwandisa ikhono lokuhlukanisa izakhi ezincane uqhekeke, njll kalula.

Futhi-ke, zaba zimbi ngu umqondo touch e abantu ongaboni kahle noma impumputhe. Imininingwane Okuthintekayo ngokuba ivala ongaboni kahle ngenxa yokuntuleka ezibukwayo. umqondo Ikakhulukazi eqinile touch eba abantu abayizithulu futhi abayizimpumputhe.

-braille

Imininingwane Okuthintekayo umuntu uthola ngokusebenzisa touch. Kubantu abayizithulu futhi abayizimpumputhe ungumthombo kuphela ulwazi mayelana nezwe. Esikhathini ongaboni kahle, kukhona amahemuhemu, kodwa izwe lethu ukuze wakhiwe ukuthi iningi ulwazi idluliselwa futhi agcinwe ngendlela umbhalo. Namuhla, abantu ukufunda nokubhala abayizimpumputhe futhi ongaboni kahle zisebenzisa i-Braille.

Braille ethintekayo ifonti Lui Brayl athuthukiswe ngo-1824. Ikusasa tiflopedagogu French Ngaleso sikhathi ngangineminyaka engu-15 ubudala.

Umlando omncane

Izindlela lokunikeza ulwazi ethintekayo bekungakabhekwana intandokazi isihloko Louis abasha. okusungulile Ifonti kwaba umphumela onengqondo ubumpumputhe womfana. Lui Brayl ngonyaka-3 ubudala ubuhlungu emehlweni akhe futhi iminyaka ummese amahanisi kuya kweziyisihlanu walahlekelwa emehlweni akhe. Ngaleso sikhathi, i-izikhungo esikhethekile izingane ezikhubazekile on emehlweni kwaba a lot of izincwadi. Yalotshwa ngosizo ukulotshwa yokusiza komugqa. Ububi main kwaba bulkiness yayo uvinjelwe kufanelekile ekhasini elilodwa, ulwazi oluningi.

Nakuba ukufunda Braille wafunda mayelana nokuba khona kwamakamu "ebusuku zamagama" Sharlya Barbe. isikhulu French athuthukile ngayo zempi: ifonti likuvumela ukufunda imibiko ebusuku. Imininingwane lirekhodiwe amakhadibhodi usebenzisa ukubhoboza. okusungulile Inspired Barbier, Lui Brayl wadala Braille yakhe.

Braille Izici

Njengoba leli gama lisikisela, Braille esalotshwa yibo amachashazi. Braille esetshenziswa amachashazi eziyisithupha ahlelwe amakholomu amabili. Kukhona ifonti kukho, esebenzisa amaphuzu ayisishiyagalombili elise ngokulandelana ku ikholomu ezine. Izinhlamvu zokuqala zamagama zilotshiwe ngosizo amaphuzu eliphezulu futhi phakathi. Ukuze amaphuzu alandelayo kunezelwa kubo ku ngendlela ethile: lokuqala ichashaza phansi ngakwesokudla, khona-ke - ngakwesokudla washiya, bese - ngakwesokudla. Braille ivumela futhi ziveza izibalo, izimpawu ezihlukahlukene imisebenzi zezibalo kanye namanothi.

Izici kokusungulwa tiflopedagoga French kuvele njengamadiski enqubeni yokufunda, kanye nesikhathi sokulotshwa. Imininingwane eqoshiwe esebenzisa ifonti, funda ku amaphuzu convex. Ngakho, kufanele babebiza kuthabathela ecaleni reverse ishidi. Kulokhu, nekufundza ucale esandleni sesancele aye esandleni sekudla, njengoba kwaba njalo endabeni ka-umbhalo osobala. Ukubhala okufanayo ngosizo Braille kufanele kwesokudla kuya kwesokunxele. Kusiza ngokubhala amaphuzu ezibalelwa amakholomu kusukela phezulu kuya phansi. Ngokubhala zingabantu oda reverse.

Braille kule nguqulo yokuqala iqukethe izinhlamvu ezingu-64, enye yazo - isikhala. Vosmitochechny ikuvumela ukubhala ezingu-256 ehlukile. Yiqiniso, lokhu iqoqo elincane kakhulu. ukulinganiselwa ifonti ngokuvamile sinqotshwe ukusetshenziswa kwamadijithi double, emelela inhlanganisela ezimbili ezilula, eceleni linencazelo yalo. izimpawu wathola Ngakho ngokuvamile engaphezu kweyodwa value (ngezinye izikhathi abafinyelela kwabayishumi).

nokudlanga okusungulile

Namuhla, i-Braille isetshenziswa emhlabeni wonke. Uye bazivumelanisa ngezilimi eziningi, kuhlanganise Russian futhi. Ezweni lethu esithi ukunyathelisa izincwadi nge kokusungulwa tiflopedagoga French kwaqala ngo-1885. Kukhona nguqulo ye-Braille kanye Chinese, kanye nezinye izilimi ezingavamile ezifana Guarani, Tibetan futhi Dzongkha.

Impumelelo enkulu yokuqothulwa kwehlathi lase-Braille ukuthi usungule hhayi nje indlela yokubhala futhi ufunda umbhalo ngoba kwempumputhe, kepha wakwenza ngempela elula ukuyisebenzisa. Imininingwane kuboniswe ohlwini ngokuvumelana nezimiso ezithile, kungaba kalula ukufunda besebenzisa index ngomunwe eyodwa noma kokubili izandla. Ukufunda ngesivinini kulokhu amazwi 150 ngomzuzu. Ukuze uqhathanise, umuntu obona kahle Ungafunda at 250 amazwi for sikhathi isikhathi.

Ngakho, ulwazi ethintekayo ukuze izidalwa eziphilayo kungekho ezibalulekile esingaphansi ezibukwayo noma sokuzwa. Ezincelisayo, izinambuzane nezinye nezilwane ngosizo touch ngamakhasimende emkhathini, ukusungula oxhumana phakathi kwabantu, funda ngezingozi nokunye. Ebelibangise ukuzwela kancane athuthukile ethintekayo, kodwa kunzima overestimate indima empilweni.