Refining: izindlela eziyisisekelo

Petroleum and amagesi yemvelo, la amaminerali esiyingqayizivele, Into enkulu hydrocarbon. Uwoyela ongahluziwe - ingxube eyinkimbinkimbi hydrocarbon nezinye izingxube zamakhemikhali. Imiphumela yokucwenga emikhiqizweni okuyinto zizosetshenziswa kuyo yonke imikhakha yezezimboni, amandla, ezolimo kanye nasemakhaya.

I kawoyela ongahluziwe lihlukaniswa ngu elula ziphuzo zazihluzwa wamaqhuzu kanye cleaner. Ukwakheka amafraktjhini etholwe incike yokwakheka uwoyela yasekuqaleni ongahluziwe.

Refining sihamba izigaba eziningana: ziphuzo zazihluzwa wamaqhuzu, ukuguqula, ngokuhlaziya kanye nokwelashwa nesibabule.

ziphuzo zazihluzwa Fractional ungowokuqala ukucutshungulwa isinyathelo, ohlukanisa ke zihlukaniswe zibe izingxenyana ezincane, igesi, ukukhanya, aphakathi nendawo kanye uwoyela esindayo. Ngakho, ukucutshungulwa eyinhloko uwoyela ivumela ukuba ngokushesha ukukhomba amafraktjhini eyigugu kakhulu.

• Ingxenyana igesi iyona elula hydrocarbon unbranched: i-butane, propane kanye ethane.
• Gasoline noma ukukhanya ingxenyenamba - inhlanganisela hydrocarbon ezihlukahlukene ukukhanya, kuhlanganise alkanes branched futhi unbranched.
• uwoyela Okokhelekayo ezisele ngemuva ziphuzo zazihluzwa kuzo zonke ezinye izingxenyana ukuxegiselwa.

Ngaphezu kwalokho intuthuko kwenziwa ngokuhlaziya. Ngakho kukhona wokuqhekeka uwoyela ongahluziwe compounds macromolecular ezincane, ephansi ukubila amafraktjhini ayisibonelo. Lokhu kuyindlela ebalulekile lokucubungula kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba athole isamba esengeziwe sika-ephansi abilayo petroleum amafraktjhini, isidingo okuyinto, ikakhulukazi uphethiloli, ithatha eliphezulu.

• Imboni lusebenzisa izinhlobo eziningana kwemifantu: okhanda amanye amathuba, ezishisayo kanye ukuguqula. Esikhathini kwemifantu ezishisayo eliphezulu yamangqamuzana isisindo compounds kwamafrakshini esindayo uwoyela ngobugebengu phansi ku ongaphakeme isisindo yamangqamuzana ngaphansi okushisa aphakeme. Refining yibo bobabili kwemifantu ezishisayo kanye okhanda amanye amathuba sibathelela nenye hydrocarbon unsaturated igcwaliswe. Ngo Isibonelo octadecane inqubo ngokuhlaziya lingachazwa nge ifomula:

C ₁₈ H ₃₈ -> C ₉ H ₂₀ + C ₉ H ₁₈

Emazingeni abafika kwabangu-1000 ° C kubangela noqhekeko ezishisayo lamafutha ephezulu yamangqamuzana, kanjalo ekukhiqizeni alkenes kakhulu ukukhanya hydrocarbon elimnandi.

• kwemifantu Catalytic senzeka okushisa iphansana, lapho ekwandeni inhlanganisela alumina futhi Silica. Futhi kulokhu nenye hydrocarbon ayegcwele kanye unsaturated. Ukuhluza le ndlela isetshenziswa ukukhiqiza high uphethiloli.
• Ukuguqula izinguquko isakhiwo lwama-molecule ihlanganisa kubo zibe nkulu. Phakathi ephansi ukhwaliti ongaphakeme isisindo yamangqamuzana uwoyela amafraktjhini bayaguquka, ikakhulukazi ephezulu grade uphethiloli ingxenyenamba.

Ezingokwemvelo Kanye Nezenzo amagesi ezihambisana - ingxube methane (90% by volume) kanye homologues sayo esiseduze, kanye nengcosana amanyela.

Umsebenzi oyinhloko ukucutshungulwa igesi - ezikuyo ukuguqulela hydrocarbon elihlale ukuze unsaturated, okuyinto ingase isetshenziswe kamuva ekuhloleni e zamagama zamakhemikhali.

Ngakho, uwoyela negesi ukucutshungulwa amandla uhlelo uhla enkulu kakhulu imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene uwoyela, zazo umphumela chemical zamagama kuvela ezihlukahlukene enkulu izinto ezincane ezisetshenziswa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene imikhakha.