Polotsk ubukhulu: umlando, imfundo. Isiko ubukhulu of Polotsk

On zasemazweni asendulo waseBelarus kwadingeka nedlanzana ezimbalwa uthi encane. Kodwa ngobukhulu futhi okuphawulekayo kunazo babebhekwa njengabangakufanelekeli Polotsk futhi Turov ubukhulu. Ngaphansi kokubusa kwawo kwakufanele izifundazwe ezincane. Ezinjalo njengoba Pinsk, Minsk, Vitebsk nabanye. Kulesi sihloko sibheka umlando imfundo, isiko kanye ababusi imfundo ngobukhulu futhi owaziwa yomphakathi - ubukhulu of Polotsk.

Ungezwa ukuthi ubukhulu ka Polotsk - umbuso wokuqala Belarusian. Ngakho-ke kuyinto. Phela, kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala umsuka ubudlelwane izinduna basonta Polotsk umhlaba. Kukulo muzi lapho, ngo-umzila wamanzi adumile "kusukela amaViking namaGreki", futhi kwakhiwa eziqine ubukhulu Belarusian izizwe (Radimichi Krivichi Dregovichi).

kumiswa

Njengoba kahle kwakukhona ubukhulu ka Polotsk emazweni Belarusian? Ngeshwa, impendulo yalo mbuzo akuyona kahle ngangokunokwenzeka. Kuze kube manje, akusalanga imithombo ezibhaliwe noma imivubukulo, eyenza umuntu abone ukuthi lapho kumiswa ubukhulu of Polotsk waqala. Izazi-mlando ezizathwini kuphela. Futhi imfundiso yokuziphendukela ezivamile ubizwa ngokuthi IX leminyaka. Senzeka ngaleso sikhathi wanyamalala emathuneni ngokuhlanganyela (barrows eside). Kunalokho, kwakukhona indunduma wodwa kanjani, okungenani - abhanqiwe. Ososayensi ukuchaza leli qiniso lube buthaka eqinile clan othayi zamaKhosi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyinto ekhulwini IX, laqala ukusetshenziswa umehluko ekilasini phakathi emathuneni. Abanye abangu ehlotshiswe ezibizayo, kuyilapho abanye - lula kakhulu. Lokhu kuyinkomba we ukungalingani impahla.

Tribe division zibe kwabacebile nabampofu uye waholela ukuvela kwamadoda asebukhosini, wona zazilengela phezu kwamanye amalungu omphakathi, kanye Ubamba igunya central. Yezikhulu, esikhundleni salokho, wama phandle kwezikhulu zendawo. Bashaya ujenga ngokwabo emzini obiyelwe ngodonga, okwakukhona iphephile ngezizwe zawo. Ngakho, engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu IX izikhulu tribal Krivichy wakha umuzi endaweni lapho umfula agelezela Polota Western Berezina. Lapha, kusukela endaweni eqoqwe inkokhiso.

emadolobheni Umama Belarusian

History of the ubukhulu of Polotsk iqala kanyekanye ne ukudalwa emzini Polotsk. Lapho kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala olusemthethweni edolobheni kungokwalabo ngonyaka 862. Kodwa izazimlando phikisana kwalokho wabonakala kuqala emuva impela. Ngakho, ngo-engxenyeni engenazo we "Tale of esidlule Iminyaka" (i indaba yamazwe Slavic lasendulo) ukhuluma igama "Polotsk" kanyekanye "Kriviches". It lingahunyushwa baphetha ukuthi ngisho nasezikhathini Krivichy ukwaba isimo esihlukile nenhloko-dolobha yalo e Polotsk. Esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuba amaViking lokuqala ebonakala emhlabeni, bese lwakha Old isimo Russian.

City wathola igama layo ngenxa emfuleni, esemgwaqweni osebeni. Njengoba sekushiwo, eduze zokuhlala emfuleni akhishwe ku Polota Western Berezina.

indawo

Polotsk futhi Turov principalities phezu emazweni nenzalo kakhulu. Nokho Polack unesinye inzuzo ebaluleke. Nansi empambana nemizila ebalulekile kwezohwebo eyayihlanganisa we Berezina, Dvina futhi Neman. Okungukuthi, umzila amanzi "kusukela amaViking amaGreki." Lokhu kuye kwaba negalelo hhayi kuphela ekuthuthukiseni ezohwebo kanye umnotho esimweni, kodwa yabangela ukuthuthela kwamanye amazwe kwenqwaba zabanye abantu nezizwe ezweni Polotsk. Nendawo ka-the ubukhulu esasikuyo manje nayo yayibiyelwe amahlathi kuyo, eyasebenza njengodonga isivikelo ezitheni. Futhi izitha Polochans waqongelela nge abaningi njalo ngonyaka. Njengoba ubukhulu of ukulawula imizila yezohwebo ayikuthandi uthi angomakhelwane - Kiev futhi Novgorod. Ekugcineni okwaholela izingxabano indawo nokuchitheka kwegazi okukhulu.

Polotsk uye nje kuphela ezweni Polotsk, kodwa futhi njengengxenye yensimu Dregovichi, Lithuanian nezizwana Finnish. Polochans bazinza kulo eWestern Dvina, emidwebweni, kanye emachibini Berezina, Neman futhi Svisloch. Isakhiwo ubukhulu kuhlanganisiwe ezifana emadolobheni amakhulu njengoba Minsk, Vitebsk, Orsha, Borisov, Logoisk, Zaslavl, Drutsk, Lukoml nabanye. Ngakho, phakathi namakhulu eminyaka IX-XIII kwaba isimo enkulu nenamandla European.

kuqala Prince

Lapho kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala kombusi ngubani owashadisa ubukhulu ka Polotsk, engxenyeni X nekhulu lesibili leminyaka. Njengoba kushiwo indaba, "valadaryu, trymau i knyazhyu Ragvalod Polatskayu zyamleyu".

Norman Rogvolod "babevela kolwandle", ebusa kusukela 972 978 ngonyaka. Le nkathi kubhekwa esigabeni sokugcina kumiswa ubukhulu of Polotsk. Isimo uye wazakhela imingcele yayo, isimiso sezombangazwe kanye nezokuphatha sigxilile, bakha ibutho eziqinile, baqala ukusungula ubudlelwano ukuhweba. Umnyombo zomlando isikhungo yaba umuzi ka Polotsk.

Princess anamagama ezintathu

History of the ubukhulu of Polotsk - umlando umzabalazo ukuzimela, kamuva elahlekile. Ngakho, ngo-980, amazwe babebhekwa njengabangakufanelekeli njengengxenye Old isimo Russian. Ubukhulu isibe chip bargaining phakathi lokulwa ke Novgorod futhi Kiev.

Njengoba kwashiwo kuyi-umlando, e 978, Prince Rogvolod ukuqinisa imingcele isimo sabo, yanquma ukunikeza indodakazi yakhe kwesikhulu Kiev Rogneda Jaropolk, bephika ngesikhathi esifanayo uVladimir Svyatoslavich (umbusi kusukela Novgorod Rurik lwamakhosi). Ayikwazanga ame ukuhlazeka, uVladimir bahlasela Polotsk, wabulala Rogvolod namadodana akhe amabili, futhi Rogneda ngodlí umkakhe ngokunika igama lakhe Gorislava. Khona-ke iNkosi Novgorod, athumba Kiev waziyisa Polotsk inkolo entsha - ubuKristu.

Ngokwe- "Tale of esidlule Iminyaka" e Rogneda futhi uVladimir baba namanye amadodana amane: Izyaslav (Prince of Polotsk), Yaroslav Mudry (Prince of Kiev ne Novgorod), Vsevolod (Vladimir-naseVolyn isikhulu) kanye Mstislav (Chernigov Prince). Kanye namadodakazi amabili Premislava, kamuva owashada Laszlo Baldy (Ugric inkosi), kanye Predslava, waba mfazi Boleslaw III Red (Czech Prince).

Ngemva Rogneda uVladimir wazama ukuyibulala nendodana yakhe Izyaslav (wawancengela phambi kukayise ngoba unina) kuthunyelwe Polotsk, idolobha Izjaslavl. Inkosazana wathatha kwesihenqo wathatha igama lesithathu - Anastasia.

Riches ubukhulu of Polotsk

Abahlali 988 Izjaslavl abamenyiwe Rogneda indodana uVladimir Izjaslava ukubusa. Waba adumile njengoba iduna-umbhali distributor izinkolelo entsha, ubuKristu, phezu kwezwe Polotsk. Luqala ngokunikela Izyaslav legatsha elisha ku Rurik lwamakhosi - Izyaslavich (Polotsk). Inzalo Izyaslav, ngokungafani nezingane abafowabo, kugcizelelwe nokuzwelana zabo Rogvolod (komama). Lalizibiza Rogvolodovichami.

Izyaslav wafa esemncane (e 1001) besinde unina Rogneda ngonyaka owodwa kuphela. Polotsk ubukhulu waqala ukubusa indodana yakhe encane Bryachislav Izyaslavich. Kuze 1044 lo mbusi olwenziwa Inqubomgomo sakhe okuhloswe ngaso ekwandiseni umhlaba. Sibambe Izingxabano buthaka Russia, Bryachislav ashaqe Novgorod anamihlanu ophethe amandla, yena nomalume wakhe Yaroslav the Hlakaniphile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo lakhiwa futhi edolobheni Bryachislavl (KaBraslav yesimanje).

izimbali

Ukuphakama yamandla ayo le ubukhulu ka Polotsk kufinyelelwa 1044-1101 GG., Phakathi nokubusa Vseslava Veschego indodana Prince Brjachislav. Ukwazi ukuthi ayokulwa ukuphila nokufa, isikhulu kwaze kwaba maphakathi nawo-60-yalolucwaningo XI leminyaka lalilungiselela ukuya empini - ebiyelweyo edolobheni, wabutha ibutho. Ngakho, Polotsk washukumiseleka ukuba ibhange kwesokudla Western Dvina, emlonyeni Polota.

Vseslav Polotsk waqala ukwandisa umhlaba ekude enyakatho, izizwe yayinqoba Latgale futhi Liv. Nokho, ngo-1067, lapho nokuhamba Novgorod aziphumelelanga, isikhulu namadodana akhe lathunjwa Izyaslav Yaroslavich, futhi isimo lathunjwa. Kodwa ngemva konyaka yisizwe esidlubulundayo bekhululiwe Vseslav, futhi wakwazi ukuphinde alungise phansi alahlekile.

Nge 1069 i 1072 the ubukhulu ka Polotsk wahola impi kungaqedwa futhi olunegazi nge Kiev sovereigns. It elathunjwa Smolensk ubukhulu, kanye liyingxenye yezwe Chernigov enyakatho. Ngaleyo minyaka, labantu inhloko-dolobha ubukhulu kwaba abantu abangaphezu kuka-amabini anamahlanu amawaka.

falling

Ngemva kokufa Vseslav e 1101, amadodana akhe wahlukanisa ubukhulu ku fiefdoms: Vitebsk, Minsk, Polotsk, Logoisk nabanye. Futhi 1127 indodana Vladimira Monomaha, sibambe umehluko phakathi kwezikhulu, nganqoba, aphanga Polotsk. Izyaslavich wayiswa isiboshwa, bese wadingiswa ngokuphelele wayiyisa eByzantium ezikude. Ngakho, ekupheleni kwekhulu XII igunya ubukhulu of Polotsk enkundleni ngamazwe ekugcineni liwa, futhi ingxenye ezindaweni ashaqe Novgorod futhi Chernigov.

Ekhulwini XIII e Polotsk lawushaya inkinga entsha - Order of Ngenkemba, kamuva owaba Livonian. Ngaso leso sikhathi Prince uVladimir ka Polotsk balwa Crusaders iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amabili, kodwa ukubavimba wayengasekho ngaphansi amandla. Kwakuwusuku ukuqala kwenkathi yokuphela kwezwe wokuzibusa. Futhi 1307 Polotsk baba ingxenye Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

Isiko ubukhulu of Polotsk

It is lokhu ubukhulu liye laba yindawo lapho esezelwe wekuba sive Belarusian namasiko kanye nemisebenti yekubhala. Nge Polotsk ezihambisana namagama ezifana Evfrosiniya Polotskaya, Lazar Bogsha, Frantsisk Skorina, Kirill Turovsky noSimeyoni ka Polotsk. Ziyakwazi ukuziqhenya isizwe Belarusian.

Njengoba sekunama-ubuKristu Polotsk izakhiwo waqala ukuthuthukisa. Ngakho-ke, omkhulu itshe isakhiwo sokuqala kwaba Polotsk St Sophia Cathedral, elakhiwa 1050 sika. Futhi 1161 lo othengisa Lazar Bogsha sadalwa wobuciko yobuciko osetshenziswayo lwamaSlav empumalanga - a Euphrosyne engu- esiyingqayizivele. XIII ekhulwini kwaba nesikhathi lapho kwakukhona ulimi Belarusian.