Esiginali transducers: izinhlobo, izimiso yokusebenza injongo

Ngo umkhakha futhi ekhaya lenzelwa ukusetshenziswa izinhlobo ezahlukene isignali converters. Lezi amadivayisi kungenziwa amelwe anhlobonhlobo zokuguqulwa ehambisana ekuxazululeni izinkinga ezindaweni ezahlukene emnothweni. Yiziphi izinhlobo isignali converters akunakubangelwa ezivamile? Ngo ungase ube yini izici nokusebenza kwabo?

Iyini injongo converters isignali?

isignali converters - amadivayisi angakwazi empeleni khona anhlobonhlobo izixazululo. Leli gama ngempumelelo collective ingasho imishini asetshenziswe izingxenye ezahlukene komnotho oluthathwa by nenqubo ngokuphelele disparate. Izinhlobo ezinkulu amasignali ezingaguqula idivayisi okukhulunywa ngalo:

- amandla;

- umsindo;

- lokushisa;

- imvelo zobuchwepheshe.

Kuye imisebenzi ebhekene umsebenzisi Converter isignali kule nokwakheka amadivaysi abafanele ingahlanganiswa amamojuli, ukucutshungulwa eziningana izinhlobo ezahlukene idatha. Ukuguqulwa Ngakho lwenteke kulamazinga lalandzelako ngaphakathi uhlobo eyodwa isignali (isib komunye imvamisa kwenye) noma kube indlela okusho translation phakathi izigaba ezahlukene amasignali. Ngokwesibonelo, e umsindo kagesi.

I devaysa ezivamile uyalandisa Converter amasignali analog kuya yedijithali (kanye noHezekeli uma inikezwe yangaphakathi isakhiwo kudivayisi amamojuli). Cabangela izici umsebenzi wakhe.

Analog-to-digital Converter

Idivayisi umbuzo, eklanyelwe ukuguqula neyodwa isignali analog - isb, emelelwa voltages, efomini yedijithali (ngokuvumela, isibonelo, ukuqopha isignali elihambisana ifayela).

Omunye nenqubo esiyinhloko ukusebenza kwesistimu yokubika - kancane idatha okukhipha. Inani layo inquma lizinga isignali nomsindo isilinganiso.

Enye ipharamitha ebalulekile esibonisa izinga idivayisi ezifana Converter analog - kumiswa izinga isignali okukhiphayo. Phakathi kwalabo amadivayisi ukuhlinzeka elikhulu ukusebenza yayo - lezo eziphathelene nohlobo ngokulinganisa. Benza kumiswa isignali Ukusakaza ezinkulu usebenzisa inombolo edingekayo ompompi. Lesi sici ukusebenza kudivayisi, ezimweni eziningi inquma ukukhululwa kwe-transducers efanele, libhekene Ubukhulu esikhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-analog isignali converters ungaba sezingeni eliphezulu amandla ezingeni. Nokho, uma kubhekwa ukusebenza ngempumelelo kwalezindlela amadivayisi ngokuvamile imakwe izici zabo abaphathwa nezihluphayo.

Ukuguqula kusuka amasignali analog kumadivayisi digital parallel wenziwa ngokushesha okukhulu. Ukuhlinzeka isivinini ngisho ephakeme yohlobo amadivayisi okuhambisanayo ingasebenza ngokuxhuma kumadivayisi amaningi, ukuze bakwazi ukusingatha notshwala signal ngokulandelana.

Alternative izixazululo kungenzeka converters parallel amasignali uhlobo serial. Avame kube ezingatheli, kodwa kusebentisa emandla agezi ngalokuyimphumelelo. Ukusebenzisa kwabo kungaba ngenxa ezimweni lapho kukhona umbuzo yokunikeza amasignali ukusakaza ngaphakathi ingqalasizinda namandla amancane, noma uma kwenzeka ukuthi lokuguqulwa kakhulu kunasekuqaleni, ngokuba kunikezwe yidivayisi ngokulandelana, liyadingeka.

Kungaphawulwa ukuthi kukhona amadivayisi okuxubile-hlobo ukuthi sihlanganise imisebenzi uchungechunge futhi converters ngokulinganisa. Ezimweni eziningi, kuba yizo izixazululo elilungile ngokuya ukuhambisana nenqubo inzuzo futhi umkhiqizo.

Ngenhla sibonile ukuthi converters analog-to-digital ingase ihlanganise amamojuli, lapho ukuguquka amasignali digital ku-analog. Kukhona wodwana yohlobo olufanele amadivayisi. Sizofunda ngezindlela zazo.

Digital ukuba Analog converters

Uma kwenzeka umsebenzisi iyatholakala, isibonelo, isignali ithelevishini i-analog, ukusebenza kwawo kuyoba kungenzeka ukuxhuma antenna abafanele. Noma kuncike zidlulisela isignali ezilimini zokuqala liyiswa olimini analog, okuyinto TV ingaze. umthombo wabo ungase yena, ine-antenna digital. Noma, kungenjalo, isignali eyamukelwe nge-internet.

Idivayisi umbuzo, ngaleyo ndlela, Uphendula isignali eliqukethe ikhodi digital ibe zamanje, voltage noma icala ezidluliselwa kwi-analog ukucutshungulwa amamojuli. izindlela ezithile okufanele lolu shintsho kuxhomeke ohlotsheni idatha input. Ngokwesibonelo, uma kuziwa uzwakale, khona-ke ngokuvamile okokufaka uvezwa PCM. Uma ifayela umthombo onomfutho, le amakhodekhi ekhethekile isofthiwe ingasetshenziswa isignali ukuguqulwa. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, antenna digital ngokuvamile udlulisa isiginali izindlela ukucutshungulwa hardware.

Amadivayisi zihlanganisa converters Okubukwe kungenzeka kulekelelwa amamojuli letehlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, ngenkathi iqinisekisa ukuthi kabusha ithelevishini ukusakaza ividiyo amplifier lingasetshenziswa ngaphezu kwalezo amamojuli ukuthi zisetshenziswa Converter. Ezimweni eziningi kuyadingeka ukuhlinzeka eliphezulu izithombe isiginali ye-analog ibe ukuguqulwa digital. Futhi, amplifier isiqophi isetshenziswa uma ufuna ukudlulisela izithombe amabanga amade uma liya.

TV - akuyona kuphela indawo ye wokusetshenziswa okusebenzayo amadivaysi embuzweni. converters efanelekayo ihlanganisa, isibonelo, abadlali-CD-ROM drive, okuyinto futhi uguqule isignali sedijithali analog.

transducers ultrasonic

Okulandelayo isigaba ezivamile amadivayisi - i-transducer ultrasound. Kungaphawulwa ukuthi kungase emelelwa amadivayisi kokuba anhlobonhlobo izicelo, kanye nezimiso wokusebenza. Phakathi izinhlobonhlobo ezivamile transducers ultrasonic - iyunithi ngwenya, esiklanyelwe ukuba adlulisele emanzini noma ezinye naphakathi liquid ultrasound at a imvamisa othize. ingasetshenziswa Le divayisi, isibonelo, ukuze lelisu yokuhlanza izinto ezihlukahlukene ekungcolisweni - ku zokugeza wokuqamba asetshenziswe oda yokuhlanza ultrasonic.

Kukhona futhi nakweminye imikhakha kwezicelo amadivaysi ngenhla. Transducer ultrasonic ingasetshenziswa ukuqapha ubuqotho izakhiwo ezithile, ukuxhumana, hlola labo noma ezinye izinto ngoba umonakalo.

Ukuthuthukiswa & converters Ishintshela

Uma ucabangela izici kwesicelo converters kuyoba usizo ukuba banake ngezigaba lapho basuke selihlukene laba komugqa nokushaya kwenhliziyo. Eqinisweni, nalezi zindlela zibonisa izimiso ezimbili eyisisekelo ukusebenza transducers.

Labo ezikubhizinisi umugqa, ongasebenza ngayo isimiso analog design wesifunda, lapho amasignali eguquliwe akhiwa ijubane bushelelezi. Ukushintsha ama Converter kudinga isignali ukumelwa okukhudlwana okukhiphayo, futhi lapho processing yangaphakathi. Nokho, uma lo msebenzi wenziwa kuphela yangaphakathi signal processing isinyathelo, idivayisi ezifanele kungaba akha cishe ukusebenza efanayo esimweni lapho transducer komugqa isebenze. Ngakho, komugqa eside noma ukwelashwa ishayela angabhekwa kuphela umongo isimiso yokusebenza isihluthulelo izingxenye hardware uhlobo devaysa ezifanele.

Converters Ukushintsha ama zisetshenziswa ikakhulukazi ezimweni lapho ephezulu amandla signal processing Kusolwa njengengxenye ingqalasizinda isetshenziswe. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi nekusebenta amadivayisi abafanele ezimweni ezinjalo ingaphezulu kakhulu kunangesikhathi ukuzisebenzisa ukuze wehlise isignali amandla ukucubungula. Esinye isici ekukhetheni izinqumo idatha - ukusebenza transformer noma capacitor amadivayisi kungqalasizinda esetshenziswa, okuyinto ishayela converters babe kwedivayisi elilungile.

Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, transducer komugqa - idivayisi esetshenziswa njengengxenye ingqalasizinda, lapho ephansi amandla signal processing. Noma uma kukhona isidingo ukwehlisa umsindo elakhiwe ngenxa ukusebenza kwe-Converter. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi nekusebenta izixazululo olucutshungulwayo ngendlela ingqalasizinda enkulu amandla - hhayi evelele kunazo zonke, ngakho lezi amadivaysi ngokuvamile zikhiphela enkulu ukushisa ngaphandle converters ishayela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isisindo sabo kanye Ubukhulu nazo siphezulu.

Kodwa, noma kunjalo, ngokomthetho ukusebenza kwe-transducer phezu isimiso umfutho kungabanga kumiswa umsebenzi walo ukudluliswa ngendlela eqondile. Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi okuqanjwe okuhambisanayo isignali converters kungqalasizinda, kumelwe ucabangele isakhiwo sabo sangaphakathi osetshenziselwa signal processing wesifunda.

Ukulinganisa converters

Esinye isigaba ezivamile izixazululo - yesimanjemanje. Yiziphi izici? Transmitter - idivaysi kungabuye amelwe inani elikhulu zezitshalo. Sihlanganisa imfanelo idatha Isobho njengoba Dimension, futhi ekuguquleni izinto eziningi ezihlukahlukene.

Inkolelo evamile kungase kubhekwe njengokwelapha isebenze wesifunda elihambisana amadivayisi wokulinganisa uhlobo, lapho isignali icutshungulwe ngezigaba eziningana. Converter Okokuqala angasho lutho, ngoba ngaleso sikhathi siguqulelwa ukubaluleka okungase kukalwa, ngemva - siguqule abanye amandla ewusizo. Ngokwesibonelo, uma Converter analog nesilinganiso, ushintsho Kwenziwa energy kagesi zibe amandla lokukhanda.

Yiqiniso, amalungiselelo akhethekile nokusebenzisa izixazululo ezifanele kungaba kuvezwa ngezindlela spectrum ezibanzi kakhulu. Sabalalisa ukusetshenziswa wokulinganisa kugucuka ngezinhloso yesayensi njengengxenye ingqalasizinda for ucwaningo nocwaningo. It esihlanganisa kakhulu omoya bazilungele okhathazeka ngokuyinhloko ngokuthi ukusetshenziswa izici zifane phakathi kwenqubo noma aguqulayo isignali. Kungase kuqashelwe ukuthi lezi zici abanakwethenjwa ngaso sonke isikhathi esisetshenziselwa Transmitter komsebenzisi wokugcina. Ukuzibandakanya kwabo, futhi livela ezimweni eziningi eyenziwa kwimodi ethule cwaka. Umuntu usebenzisa abafanele isignali converters, ithola isignali oyifunayo, ingashintshwa ukuze isetshenziswe izinhloso ezinhlobonhlobo okukhiphayo.

Ngakho, lezi zixazululo ngokuvamile ngeke isetshenziswe njengoba izinhlobo azimele wodwa kwengqalasizinda. Bayingxenye amadivayisi uyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu - isibonelo, nesilinganiso ezishintshayo ekukhiqizeni. converters Ukulinganisa ngokuvamile libhekwa ngamaqembu amabili amakhulu - eyinhloko futhi Lesisemkhatsini. Kuyasiza cabangela imininingwane kokubili.

Ukwahlukanisa transducers: izixazululo okuyinhloko kanye Lesisemkhatsini

Amadivayisi okuqondene isigaba esiyinhloko, ngokuvamile lisetshenziswa njengedivaysi izinzwa. Okungukuthi, abangabantwana transducers basenkumbulweni kaNkulunkulu, ngoba iyiphi noma elinye inani elinganisiwe izenzo ngqo. I Isobho asele labizwa ngokuthi Lesisemkhatsini. Basuke ezibekwe kungqalasizinda wokulinganisa ngokushesha ngemva kokuqala, futhi kungase kube obhekene inani elikhulu imisebenzi ehambisana ne-ukuguqulwa. Yikuphi ukusebenza ethize ongenza ezifanele ezingeni Converter uhlobo isignali? Ukuze labo wamukelwe:

- nesilinganiso nezici zabo ezingokomzimba amanani ahlukahlukene;

- ukuguqulwa okusezingeni eliphezulu isikali;

- ushintsho signal sedijithali analog okuphambene nalokho;

- kugucuka sokusebenza.

Qaphela ukuthi ngezigaba ezifana angabhekwa ezingafanele. Lena ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yokuthi kwelinye kanye wokulinganisa efanayo insimbi kungaba converters eyinhloko amaningi. Esinye isizathu ukuthi nibheke ngezigaba okunemibandela okuxoxwe ngazo ngenhla - ukuthi izinhlobo ezahlukene izilinganiso kungaba kwenziwe kungqalasizinda izimiso nezingahlobene.

Electro-optical converters

Omunye ethandwa emikhakheni ehlukahlukene umnotho devaysa uhlobo - Converter electron-optical. Yena, njengezinye izinhlobo amadivaysi, esixoxe ngayo ngasenhla, kungenziwa amelwe anhlobonhlobo ukusebenza. Kuhlanganisa electro-optical converters isimiso esivame ukusetshenziswa wokusebenza: sihilela ukuqaliswa ekuguquleni into engabonakali - isb, i zikhanyiswa infrared, ultraviolet noma, isibonelo, ama-X ray, e bohlu ebonakalayo.

Ukusebenza elihambisana ngokuvamile eyenziwa ngezigaba ezimbili. On emisebeni lokuqala ongabonakali sithola photocathode, ngemva kwalokho-ke uguqulwe amasignali electronic. Lokho kakade isinyathelo sesibili iguqulwe ibe isithombe ebonakalayo futhi babonisa esikrinini. Uma kuba qapha ikhompyutha, isiginali kungenzeka ngaphambili iguqulwe ibe ikhodi digital.

Electro-optical converters - izixazululo eziye ngokwesiko labizwa zibe izizukulwane eziningana. Amadivayisi eziphathelene ngowokuqala, yakhiwa ebhodleleni cleaner. Kuyo zitholakala le photocathode futhi anode. Phakathi kwabo kwakhiwa ezingaba umehluko is. Lapho isetshenziswa Converter ngaphakathi elikhulu voltage yayo elakhiwe electron lens uyakwazi ngokugxila electron notshwala.

I converters esizukulwane sesibili ka-electron ukusheshisa amamojuli samanje, lapho ukukhanya nesithombe buyathuthuka. Ngo asetshenziswa amadivaysi zezinto oyisizukulwane sesithathu, okuvumela ukwandisa nozwela photocathode njengoba iBombela electro-optical Converter kuyinto izikhathi ezingaphezu kuka-3.

Izici resistive transducers

Olunye uhlobo ezivamile amadivayisi - transducers resistive. Ake sixoxe ngazo ngokuningiliziwe ethile.

Lezi transducers ingashintshwa ukuze uguqule ukumelana yabo kagesi lapho kuvezwa measurand ethile. Bangaphinde afeze ukulungiswa ukunyakaza emincane futhi komugqa. Ezimweni eziningi, idatha converters kufakwe ohlelweni ezishintshayo nge nokucindezelwa izinzwa, izinga lokushisa, izinga sokukhanyisa, nesilinganiso umfutho izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezindwangu ezingaba ngemisebe. Izinzuzo esemqoka transducers resistive

- ukuthembeka;

- ukungabi khona ukuhlanganisa emkhatsini ukunemba izilinganiso kanye ukuzinza supply voltage.

Kukhona izinhlobonhlobo eziningi amadivayisi efanelekayo. Phakathi ethandwa kakhulu - izinzwa lokushisa. Sizofunda ngezindlela zazo.

Ukumelana lokushisa umtshina

I converters isignali idatha zinezigaba ukuthi nozwelo kuma lokushisa izinguquko. Esimeni lapho liyophuma khona, ukumelana yabo zingandiswa. Lezi amadivayisi zinezikhathi ngokuyinhloko ukunemba okuphezulu kakhulu. Kwezinye izimo, benza kungenzeka ukushintsha lokushisa ngokunembile 0,026 degrees Celsius. Njengengxenye yalezi amadivaysi kukhona izakhi wenza kusuka-platinum - kulokhu isilinganiso ukumelana ngezansi noma ithusi.

Isicelo izinzwa resistive libhekene umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama amaningi. Ngakho, kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi ayanda excitation zamanje izinkomba fed inzwa, okwandisa izinga lokushisa yayo ukuzwela, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, shisisa abafanele izakhi transducer. Ezimweni eziningi lokhu kubangela ukwehla ukunemba kwayo. Kuyancomeka ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle lamanje excitation kule mibandela nesilinganiso esithile. Ukubala lingathathwa, isibonelo, conductivity ezishisayo medium lapho inzwa esebenzayo - emoyeni noma emanzini. Ngokuvamile, imingcele Kunconywa imisinga excitation asethwe ngu Abenzi lunikeza uhlobo izinzwa. Ngakho bangakwazi nemikhuba yazo ihluke kakhulu kuye metal isicelo isakhiwo kudivayisi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma usebenzisa izinzwa embuzweni, kubalulekile ukuba acabangele ipharamitha ezifana ukubaluleka nokukhawulela we yokusebenza yamanje. Ngokuvamile, kuba lula nokuthola ukuthi obani umenzi.

Izinzwa Resistive - phakathi izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu converters emnothweni. Lokhu kungenxa yokungabikho izinzuzo abalulekile kwezobuchwepheshe izinhlobo eziningi kubo. Ngokwesibonelo, uma sikhuluma Thermistors - labo libhekene sensitivity high, compactness, isisindo ongaphakeme. Ohambelana uhlobo izinzwa lingasetshenziswa ukukala izinga lokushisa ezimeni ezahlukahlukene. ukukhiqizwa yabo ngokuvamile aluhileli izindleko eziphawulekayo. Nokho, thermistors babe nemiphumela ethile engathandeki - ngokuyinhloko kuba ngezinga eliphezulu non-linearity, ukuze singasetshenziswa mkhuba ibanga esincane okushisa.

Inhlobo efanele converters amasignali (izinhlobo futhi inhloso yabo kungase kusekelwe criteria ezahlukene ngoba ngezigaba) kabanzi ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Ngokwesibonelo, iinthombe basakaza lokushisa izinzwa, ehlanganisa isakhiwo yayo platinum nethusi izingxenye ukwakheka:

- Ukushisa ingqalasizinda - ukuze ulinganise izinkomba kokupholisayo lokushisa ku izingxenye ezahlukene imishini, kanye egumbini evuthayo;

- egeza imishini - ukuze ukukala izinga lokushisa kwamanzi kanye ukulungiswa yayo izinhlelo ezahlukene egeza;

- Iron - efanayo for elikhulu ayina lokushisa ngaphakathi imodi ethile;

- electrotiles, kanye nezinye izinhlobo imishini ukupheka ukudla - ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza zabo phezu ukusebenza izindlela ezithile umsebenzisi.

converters rheostat

Olunye uhlobo ethandwa amadivayisi resistive - Ukumelana transducers. Isimiso wokusebenza kusekelwe yokulinganisa kagesi ukumelana umqhubi bedle displacement input. In practice, lokhu transducer ifaka izinto okuyinto ingashintshwa ukuze displacement ngenxa umthelela measurand. Ngokuvamile, idivayisi okukhulunywa zifakwe abahlukanisi voltage noma isetshenziswe njengekhubalo ingxenye kwebhuloho wokulinganisa.

Uma sikhuluma izimfanelo agcwele converters rheostat ke, bahlanganisa:

- ukungabikho umphumela esisheshayo phezu izingxenye ezithathekayo;

- ukusebenza kahle eliphezulu;

- usayizi encane, ukusetshenziswa ingqalasizinda, ukusebenza njengombuso njalo, ngakho futhi uhlelo lokwabelana ngamafayela.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo lo transducers resistive yohlobo ehambisana asinakuyethemba njalo futhi ezimweni eziningi zidinga izinsiza inkampani enkulu ukulondoloza ukusebenza.