Pechersky Ascension Monastery e Nizhny Novgorod

On ibhange emaweni we iVolga, amakhilomitha amathathu ukusuka ezindongeni Nizhny Novgorod ezibiyele kuyinto Ascension Caves Monastery, endala njengomlando labo tinganekwane izindaba amakhulu eminyaka ilokhu ukuba abe sithi esinamandla kufike emfuleni omkhulu Russian. izimfihlo eziningi igcinwe gravestones sezindela emathuneni ubudala, futhi eziningi zezenzakalo endala kungaba bathi agcinwe indaba ke. Ukuvula kubo, thina shagnom nezwe elimangalisayo Russian Ephakathi.

Caves izindela loMfula eVolga

Imibhalo eyayisekhona zomlando it is ukuthi owaziwayo eko kwekhulu XIV beza la mazwe izindela we Kiev-Pechersk Isigodlo, phakathi kwabo kwakukhona umfana oyindela noDiyonisiyu, ngemva Assumption wakhe ebusisekile abagcotshwa. Khetha indawo elula, etholakala ezansi kusukela Nizhny Novgorod, zingabantu emhumeni wezinsalela zamandulo okhalweni, sahlala nabo nozinikele izinsuku zabo kuphela ngokukhuleka nangokuzila ukudla.

Ukulandela isibonelo zizincishe injabulo enkulu yesikhathi esidlule, noDiyonisiyu usekelwe osebeni iVolga wayesehlala, wahlela isimiso zokuphila ezivamile, okungukuthi, "ukuphila okuvamile." Le ndlela kudivayisi ngokuthi Kin. Kwakuyisikhathi uhlobo zindlani lezindela, sihlinzekela ukwehluleka okuphelele izindela komhiaba siqu, ubunikazi ahlangene impahla sezindela nokubamba iqhaza alinganayo bonke, kungakhathaliseki isimo, ukuze imisebenzi yasekhaya. Kukholakala ukuthi Pechersky Ascension Monastery yasungulwa ngo 1330.

Ebuntwaneni futhi intsha St noDiyonisiyu

Mayelana esakhula noDiyonisiyu walondoloza ukwaziswa okuncane kakhulu. Imibhalo ka wezindela kuphela uyazi ukuthi wazalwa ngo-1300 eduze Kiev, futhi ubhapathizo engcwele ukuthi okuthiwa uDavide. Kusukela esemncane umfana e Kiev-Pechersk Isigodlo, lapho afunda ukufunda nokubhala, futhi ukufinyelela iminyaka avuthiwe, waba tonsured negama noDiyonisiyu futhi wamiswa ukuba abe ngumpristi. Kusuka lapho, kokuthi ucele isibusiso wesigodlo, wahamba izindela ezimbalwa iVolga ezweni elikude.

Qala yokwakhiwa Isigodlo

Amahlebezi mayelana ukuzila we izindela Umhlahlandlela sabo esingokomoya yasheshe endaweni, futhi emihumeni ngebhange emaweni we iVolga baqala ukuza eziningi abantu abathambekele ekuphileni Izigodlo. wamukelekile bahlale amaseli zobumba, okungase ekugcineni ukuze kuhlaliswe zonke comers. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlala emigedeni enyinyekile futhi manzi kukaJesu isikhathi kwaba nethonya ka zizincishe injabulo ezimbalwa kuphela. Ukwenqaba futhi iza abafuna, omunye Amashalofu okubeka ezintabeni waqala ukwakhiwa lamaseli lokhuni kanye nezinye izakhiwo lezindela, eyokuqala kwaba esontweni Ascension leNkosi.

Avela kuleli sonto kuqala ngokhuni, futhi wanika igama - Ascension Isigodlo Caves. Igama elithi "Pechersk" livela "pechera" lasendulo isiRashiya, okungukuthi, "Umgede." Ngo yalondolozwa inkumbulo emihumeni, izinsalela izindela kuqala rocks obukhulu calcareous we iVolga ogwini.

I wesigodlo lokuqala sezindela

NoDiyonisiyu wakhethwa wesigodlo lokuqala indlu yezindela eyasungulwa ngo-kuye. Ngesibonelo, yena ngokuzikhandla itshalwe imithetho bazalwane ephakeme ehlonipha futhi ukuzila kweqiniso Izigodlo. Amabili abafundi bakhe - Efrayimi kanye Macarius - kamuva eyasungulwa zezindela entsha futhi abangu abagcotshwa.

Wakhe okusezingeni eliphezulu sezakhiwo ezingokomoya noDiyonisiyu hhayi kuphela wathola uthando ngabafowabo abaningi, kodwa futhi walala abantu, phakathi kwabo kwakukhona abantu ocebile kakhulu futhi enethonya - izicukuthwane nezikhulu eziphakeme grand. Ukuvakashela Pechersky Ascension Monastery, bathuthukisa ngesandla esivulekile, sibonga ngalo wathola ngamandla futhi lanwetshwa.

Kukholakala ukuthi ukuphila ezweni Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod, St noDiyonisiyu abadlale indima efanayo ukuthi St. Sergiy Radonezhsky eMoscow. Njengoba umfowabo omkhulu kuKristu, bathi wayeyingane efana nezinye Converter ezincisha injabulo futhi zenkolo oluvelele. Ngenxa yemizamo lwakhe olungapheli Nizhny Novgorod Pechersky Ascension Monastery elaba isikhungo ukuphila ngokomoya akuwona nje edolobheni kodwa wonke ndawo enkulukazi.

Esitulweni Episcopal

Ngo 1374, impilo Archimandrite Dionysios kwaba isenzakalo esibalulekile - esinqumweni Metropolitan of eMoscow Alexy wakhushulwa isikhundla sokuba umbhishobhi Suzdal, olawula futhi Nizhny Novgorod. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi sokuhlala kwakhe wawusegunjini endaweni le Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin. Naphezu sikhundla esiphakeme futhi isikhathi kakhulu, lo saint akuwenzanga ngaphandle ukunakwa based abode. Isibusiso noDiyonisiyu futhi wakhe oqondile iqhaza sezindela indela Laurentius sidalwe indaba lasendulo, wehlela emlandweni ngokuthi "Lavrentievskaya Chronicle" futhi ikhuluma ngokuphila umzabalazo wokulwa kwejoka zidlamlilo.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi ujabule futhi bechuma Pechersky Ascension Monastery e Nizhny Novgorod ngokuphindaphindiwe ebudloveni incithakalo wesitha. Kunobufakazi bokuthi e 1378 kanye 1379, yena waxoshwa futhi ngishiswa amaTatar. Zabulawa kwamehlela ngo-1550, eminyakeni emibili ngaphambi kokuzamazama Ivan Grozny wathatha Kazan futhi ngaleyo ndlela uqede kuphangwa yabo igazi.

Izimo ngokufa Bishop noDiyonisiyu kuyinto ebuhlungu kakhulu. Ngo 1384 wahambela eByzantium, lapho uMbhishobhi Omkhulu u waseConstantinople wakhushulwa erenki Metropolitan Bazo Zonke eRussia, okuyinto wambeka ekuqaleni kwazo Lobu-Orthodox LaseRussia. Ngaleyo minyaka, sabefundisi eRussia okwamanje sezisunguliwe futhi ukuze kwakhiwe le ezinegunya waya waseConstantinople kuze ukuwa yayo ngo-1453. Kodwa saint awabuyelanga emuva. Endleleni ekhaya lathunjwa isikhulu Lithuanian, ngemuva kokuhlala unyaka wonke ejele, wayesefa.

Ukuwa entabeni

Ezalandela amabili eminyaka, Pechersky Ascension Monastery aqhubeka wande udumo lwabo futhi kwaqinisa ngezithukuthuku iminikelo esusela ukuhlonipheka le Nizhny Novgorod, kanye kubantu abavamile, futhi ezimweni eziningi ezifundeni amathempelana yakhe. Lokhu impilo elokuthula kulinganiswa waphazanyiswa ubunzima, wathumela phansi wezindela 1597. ebusuku ngo-June kwakukhona Ngokuwa entabeni, onqenqemeni okuyinto Isigodlo sasikhona. Abangelwa yisisindo esikhulu emhlabeni Ngafaka phansi, abhubhise bacishe bayifunda yonke sezindela eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Nkulunkulu kuphela ngokusebenzisa lokulabhela omunye wabafowethu wabulawa noma balimala, kodwa abantu baya khona amahemuhemu okuthi lesi sigameko kuyinto sokuhle amashwa izinkinga ezintsha esikhathini esizayo. Ngezindlela eziningi, lezi zibikezelo zagcwaliseka abaphila eminyakeni yangemva kokufa Tsar Fodora Ioannovicha - owokugcina Rurik lwamakhosi, wehla emlandweni njengoba Isikhathi Nezinkinga.

Ukubuyiselwa Isigodlo endaweni entsha

Izindela kudingeke ukuba lakhiwe kabusha. Kodwa njengoba emthambekeni entabeni namanje igcinwe ingozi kokuwa, kwanqunywa ukuba uthumele ukwakhiwa indawo entsha, amakhilomitha ambalwa umfula we iVolga. Nokho, lapho abasunguli sezindela kwakungamadodana ezimbiwa phansi kuqala womhume, inkumbulo isethi Bandla isimo. Kuyaziwa ukuthi omunye abanikeli ukuze kwakhiwe indlu yezindela entsha wasezala umholi ikusasa izidlamlilo Russian - Kuzma Minin.

Ngesikhathi indawo entsha, kwanqunywa sokwakha izakhiwo itshe ngangokunokwenzeka, kodwa ukwakhiwa kwayo kuphela kwakungelona iminikelo ngokwanele. Kwadingeka lo wesigodlo we sezindela , Archimandrite Raphael ukuya eMoscow futhi ukucela usizo kumbusi. Umsebenzi wokwakha we Ensemble itshe wathatha isikhathi eside futhi abangu ngokugcwele iphele kuze kube maphakathi XVII leminyaka. Yaba sesimweni ekuso manje Ascension Caves Monastery (Nizhny Novgorod) liye lasinda kuze kube namuhla.

Isigodlo esanda esakhiwe

Isakhiwo Isigodlo, ufake inombolo yobuciko bokwakha isonto isiRashiya, eshaya iso nge ubuhle baso futhi lapho ebona ukuvumelana esifanayo okungavamile. It yakhelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi kungaba ukwenza ucwaningo bese kusukela iVolga, futhi phakathi kwezintaba. Kusukela yini iphuzu ke futhi wabheka, kuba Ukwakheka olunothile, maphakathi okuyinto isakhiwo emihlanu oluyingungu we Ascension Cathedral.

Njengabaningi Isigodlo eRussia, Ascension Caves Monastery kwadingeka engcwele ayo ekhethekile, nomhlanganyeli wenkazimulo umthanda, zezihambeli. Kwaba isithombe Our Lady of the Caves, iwuhlu olunembile isithonjana, ezikhathini zasendulo, okwakukhona kulo ibandla labaseTheselonika Dormition Kiev-Pechersk Lavra. Uma walethwa ogwini iVolga umsunguli we lezindela St noDiyonisiyu.

Izakhamuzi waphendukela emaphethelweni isithonjana eziyisimangaliso amacala nilila kokubili siqu futhi isizwe-wide. Kunezinto eziningi lapho imithandazo UnguNina KaNkulunkulu, ukukholwa heaved kuye ngobuqotho, sa nikela impumuzo labo abahluphekayo. Zitshele ngokukhululekile ukuthi wathela emseni wakhe nesirhawu sakaZimu.

Indima Isigodlo empilweni yomphakathi

Nizhny Novgorod Pechersky Ascension Monastery kwaba abode ocebile. ingcebo yakhe wasebenzisa hhayi kuphela ukusiza abampofu futhi abadla imbuya ngothi, kodwa futhi baba nesandla esivulekile bazipha nabo isimo, lapho empeleni kwaba khona isidingo sezisebenzi. Imibhalo Ilondolozwe okubonisa ukuthi 1619 endaweni yomcebo sezindela bathunyelwa ezishisiwe enkulu izidingo wezempi, futhi phakathi nempi Sweden ngezithukuthuku Isigodlo eyakhelwe wempi. Ngokuvamile ihora ithuna izindela, esikhundleni ingubo ku PATH izinhlamvu, wasukuma ukuze kwababusi abavikeli we lawobaba. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-1646, esikwatini ngokuphelele kwakhiwa yobuzalwane lezindela, wathunyelwa Smolensk ukuze ivikele lo muzi kusukela ayehlasela YaseCrimea AmaTatar.

Ngaphezu kokukodwa Ascension Isigodlo Caves, ngomyalo wabaholi neziphathimandla, laba indawo yeziboshwa ezibalulekile neSonto noMbuso izigebengu. Lezi abadingisiwe sihlubuki Musketeers ababeqa e 1688 ngokumelene Tsar uPetru I. izindonga okuqinile itshe, bachitha isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka, okwathi ngemva kwalokho baphinde ethunyelwe eMoscow, lapho ingacamelisa khona amakhanda abo lapho. Lapha, lapho esemusha wazala ukumlalela Ngokuzayo uMbhishobhi Omkhulu Nikon, umbhali wencwadi kwenziwe izinguquko ezithile esontweni abadumile, aphawula ukuqala uqhekeko ebandleni.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi Ascension Isigodlo Caves kusukela kudala kwaba idume sacristy salo, esiwulwazi isibe iqoqo oyigugu imisebenzi yobuciko zenkolo. Amasevisi ubuhle nemikhuba edingekayo ngokucebile hhayi kuphela ehlotshisiwe izincwadi zenkolo, imifanekiso, izinto zonke izinhlobo ingubo, kodwa futhi izingubo ezibizayo. Ngu ekuqaleni XX leminyaka esigodlweni sezindela igcinwe amasampula eziyingqayizivele amaVangeli ongcwele, wadala ngekhulu zokugcina, altare kweqa, nezinduku, kanye nezinye izimfanelo eziningi yesonto.

Ukuphela inhlalakahle ubudala

Phakathi nokubusa Umbusikazi uCatherine II, Pechersky Ascension Monastery (Nizhny Novgorod), kanye zonke sezindela Russian wahlupheka inkolo olwenziwa ke (ukuhoxiswa) ka wezindela umhlaba. Lokhu kwasho ukuphela kweminyaka impahla inhlalakahle yakhe. Esikhundleni ngenzuzo enkulu iza igadle kwezwakala nasezimalini yakhe, kwamenelisa nge okuqukethwe encane kuphela, zikhokhwa nguhulumeni. Ngenxa yalokho esigodlweni eyakhelwe okuqukethwe ayinayo imali eyanele, ayetha, umphakatsi welibhola letinyawo kwehlela. Kuphela phakathi nekhulu XIX kwakubucayi wakwazi ukubuyela izakhiwo sezindela ngokubukeka kwabo yasekuqaleni futhi ukwandisa isibalo izindela.

Iminyaka lobumnyama nokuchitha

Njengoba sekunama-uhulumeni abangamhloniphi uNkulunkulu Pechersky Ascension Monastery (Nizhny Novgorod) wabe isiphetho nezinye zezindela: wavalwa futhi izindela bahlakazeka ingxenye futhi ngokwengxenye bathunjwe. I wesigodlo we Isigodlo, uMbhishobhi Lavrenty (Knyazev) badutshulwe. Amanani egcinwe esigodlweni sezindela, zaphangwa nezakhiwo esetshenziswa njengoba izindlu kanye ibhizinisi emagcekeni. Nge Gubmuzeya ukuphathwa sivumelwano, endaweni ethile ye-okuyinto impahla yesigodlo wadluliswa, wathunyelwa smelter esiyingqayizivele izinsimbi ethempelini, kweqa futhi zakhiwa ngehele. Lapho ngaphambilini abilisiwe nokuphila okungokomoya iminyaka eminingi waba ngukumkani lobumnyama nokuchitha.

Renaissance nokuphila wanamuhla sezindela

Kuphela obhekwe kwedemokhrasi futhi ushintsho kumgomo kahulumeni maqondana isonto Pechersky Ascension Monastery (Nizhny Novgorod), isithombe zazo okusesihlokweni esithi, ngakwazi ukuba aqhubeke nomsebenzi walo. Kuyo ukubuyiselwa imisebenzi emikhulu, ukusebenza njengendlela Lobu-Orthodox LaseRussia, kanye neminikelo eminingi nezizimele ziye kwenziwe. Ungahlali eceleni futhi ehola izinhlangano ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni, kubhekwe kuyisibopho sakhe ukuze ube nengxenye kabusha ifa zenkolo namasiko yeRussia.

Namuhla, njengoba eminyakeni eyedlule, yakhoselisa pilgrims izivakashi Ascension Caves Monastery. Luhlelo yamasevisi Waphezulu labetibambile emathempelini yakhe, hhayi okuningi ukuhluka ababevalelwe nezinye izikhungo zezindela. Ngezinye 7,00 - Midnight; ngesikhathi 7.45 - Inkonzo kanye nezinye izinsizakalo salolusuku; 17.00 - Great Compline futhi Matins. Ngamaholide iyashintsha, okuyinto azise kusengaphambili kuwebhusayithi sezindela.