Paris Club namalungu aso. ukuxhumana Russian ne Paris kanye London Clubs. Izici womsebenzi we Paris kanye London amakilabhu ka abakweletwayo

Paris kanye London amakilabhu ka abakweletwayo kukhona lolungakahleleki izinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe ngokwethukela. Bahlanganisa inombolo ehlukile iqhaza ihlukile futhi ngezinga ithonya labo. kwamiswa Paris kanye London amakilabhu kabusha izikweletu zamazwe asathuthuka. Ake sicabangele eminye imininingwane njengoba ubuhlobo Russia wabe nalezi izinhlangano.

Izici womsebenzi we Paris kanye London Club abakweletwayo

Kulezi Izinyunyana kunetindlela ekhethekile ukuze ibuyekezwe futhi kabusha izikweletu. Umehluko bukhona Sakhiwo sangekhatsi izinhlangano. London club, eqinisweni, ihlinzeka ngengosi ukuze rescheduling imalimboleko olunikezwa amabhange commercial, ayiqinisekile wuhulumeni ayemkweleta. Inhlangano ayinakho usihlalo unomphela futhi likanobhala. Izinqubo, kanye nenhlangano iforamu, ezahlukene uhlamvu khulula. Paris Club kwamiswa ngo-1956. It has amalungu 19. Ngokungafani London, Paris Club nekubuketa onecala abakweletwayo olusemthethweni. Esimweni usongo ngokushesha yokungakhokhi imalimboleko uhulumeni izikhalazo unecala lokugcina uhulumeni waseFrance. Odlulisiwe isicelo esisemthethweni sokuba izingxoxo ngemali.

izingxoxo

I Paris Club is uhlela ukuxhumana okuqondile yezwe okweletayo futhi isimo izonikeza loan. Eyokuqala uNgqongqoshe Wezezimali noma Central Bank Usihlalo. Simelele ayemkweleta ezingxoxweni izikhulu samanje kusukela Ministry of Finance, uMnyango Wezindaba Zangaphandle noma Ministry of Umnotho. Futhi khona njengezibukeli ezihloniphayo. Ziyakwazi abameleli we-World Bank, IMF, UNCTAD nezikhungo yasebhange lesifunda. Phakathi nezingxoxo athuthukile iqoqo izincomo. I okuvunyelwane eqoshiwe. Lo mbhalo ngokomthetho usalelwe sokweluleka ngokwemvelo. Kwenza iziphakamiso ukuze abamele amazwe, phakathi obekukhona kuwo engxabanweni yezimali, phezu ukuxoxisana kanye basayine izivumelwano zamazwe amabili ku kubukezwe nemibandela izibopho ukukhokha imbuyiselo. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi okuqukethwe has umlingisi izincomo, izinhlinzeko zoMthetho olandelwayo iyawabopha amaphathi owamukela ke. Ngokuhambisana nesivumelwano waphetha, okuyinto, zona semthethweni. Ukuthathwa kwezinqumo ngokukhishwa, ukusungulwa kwezimo Kwenziwa isimiso ukuvumelana. Lokho umphumela izingxoxo kufanele ivumelane zombili.

Kabusha izikweletu kweSoviet Union

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ubuhlobo club London, ithi isanda ukuqothulwa kwezindlovu zase-USSR, elandelwa uchungechunge lwezinkinga. ESoviet Union ubhekwa okweletayo elikhulu wonke amazwe. Ngo-1991 yabonakala inkinga yokuqala. Khona-ke eMoscow uye wenqaba ukukhokha inzalo loan yase-USSR. Ngaphansi kohlaka London Club ukuthi wahlela ukuba kube umkhandlu okhethekile. Kuhlanganisa 13 ngamabhange, lapho Russian Federation uye yaba mihle kakhulu. Umsebenzi oyinhloko kwaba ukukhokhela izibopho ezwe elaliyi-USSR. Ngokuvamile, umbuzo ulula. Nokho, kwaba ngokwanele ukuxazulula nzima. Kuze ekwindla ka-1997, emhlanganweni ejwayelekile weBhodi. Njalo ezinyangeni ezintathu tincumo yokukhokha engamancozuncozu futhi isithakazelo ezinye izinyanga 3. Isikhundla BPC (uMkhandlu) kwaba ezinzima ngokwanele ukuba siqale. Kwakuthinta bazitshela ukuthi ngisho noma eMoscow ukukhokha zonke luhlehliswe. Kanti lesi sikhundla ngokucacile zavela ngo-1993. Mangisho ukuthi kuze kube manje baseMoscow abazange babe isithombe esicacile inani langempela izibopho wase-USSR. Kwakuthinta babecabanga ukuthi izikweletu Imininingwane kufana $ 80-120 bhiliyoni. Sikhishwe yokuthi ivolumu zegolide exchange angaphandle Isikhwama kwaba cishe u- $ 5 billion., Kuyacaca ukuthi inkokhelo bekulokhu kuyinto engenakwenzeka.

Ukuqala isiphetho

Izinyathelo zokuqala ezathathwa A. Shokhin ngo-1994. Ngaleso sikhathi wayesevile eminyakeni engu iPhini undunankulu kuhulumeni. Shokhin wakwazi ukuxoxa Fonttsem (ikhanda BPC) deferment zeminyaka 5 isithakazelo kanye nokukhokhwa izikweletu eminyakeni 10. Kodwa lesi sinyathelo kwabonakala yesikhashana. Wakhe kufanele sokuvuselela lenkhulu ingxenye eyinhloko izibopho futhi isithakazelo zanqwabelana WaseRussia kumasheya ezindawo zikahulumeni. Isinyathelo esilandelayo senziwa ngo-1995, abasha Isekela uNdunankulu uVladimir Panskov. Wavuma kabusha engu-25. Ngemva kwalokho, ngaphambi kokuba eMoscow wayenethuba lokuzikhethela. Beliyolwela uvele ukhohlwe ukuthi kukhona ingxenye eyinhloko izikweletu noma iya ku ukuhlelwa kabusha eminye. I kunazo ayethanda, yebo, bheka samuntu kuqala. Kodwa isinqumo sakhe kwaba nzima ngenxa isikhundla elukhuni amabhange German. Bona zaba ngu-53% of the debt. Ngemva kokunqikaza kancane, kwanqunywa ukuba uhambe kabusha eminye.

ezicashile uvele

Endaweni yokuqala, leli thuba elihle kangaka inikezwe kanye kuphela. Kulokhu, okweletayo kumele sibuyisele esele isheduli ngokwanele eqinile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isimo izibambiso omusha lapho sokuvuselela izikweletu oluhambisana Eurobonds. Ukuze noma ikuphi ukuzindela cross-okuzenzakalelayo wamemezela kubo. It is, ngokufanele, kuhilelani nokwehla abukhali rankings isimo futhi ukuba kude kwaso ezimakethe zezimali zomhlaba.

kuzokwenzekani

Ngo-August 2009, uHulumeni omamukele isinyathelo Ministry of Finance yokuhlala wangaphandle izikweletu wase-USSR. Kwakuthinta kucatshangwa ukuthi uzokhokhelwa mayelana $ 34 izigidi ezingu .. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ababolekisi 9.000.000. Hhayi kushiwo izimfuno zabo ukuba isikweletu. Ngo izinkulumo ezengeziwe Kwahlelwa ukuba nabo. Ngenxa yalokho izinyathelo Ministry of Finance wakwazi ukuqedela ukukhokhwa izikweletu commercial ngokushintshana USD 405,8 izigidi ezingu Eurobonds ne maturities -. 2010 futhi-2030 th. Inombolo ephelele izimangalo, ngokuvumelana umbiko wephephandaba owakhishwa e-Ministry, lidlule 1900.

Paris Club abakweletwayo futhi Russia

Ngemva kokuwa zase-USSR, kwathiwa bazitshela ukuthi uhulumeni elalisanda kumiswa ziyothwala isabelo sabo umthwalo izikweletu zangaphandle ayekhona. Ngaleso sikhathi wayesevile eminyakeni engu-90 bln. Dollars. Kanye izikweletu State ngamunye ethembele nesabelo okuhambisanayo amafa. Nokho, umkhuba kwathi kuphela Russia ungase ukuhlangabezana nezibopho zakhe. Kule ndaba, ngokuvumelana kwabo bobabili, kwanqunywa ukuthi Russian Federation ithatha phezu kwawo wonke izikweletu republic esenana renunciation yabo lamasheya esele ku-amafa. Kwakuwuhambo isinqumo esinzima, kodwa kungenzeka wayengomunye wabo ukuze ilondoloze isikhundla wezwe ezimakethe zomhlaba kanye kwaqinisa ithemba ezinamathuba zimali angaphandle.

izigaba izingxoxo

Paris Club neRussia babambe izingxoxo ngezigaba eziningana. Baqala ngokushesha emva isimemezelo esemthethweni kuqedwa i-USSR. Isigaba sokuqala ithatha Countdown 1992. Esikhathini kohlaka Paris Club of abakweletwayo inikeza yesikhathi esifushane izinyanga ezintathu esinhle ku buyiselo ezikweletini zangaphandle. Kulesi sigaba sisebenza loan kusukela IMF by 1 bln. Dollars. Isigaba sesibili ezenzeka kusukela ngo-1993 kuya ku-1995. I Paris Club wavumelana basayine izivumelwano kuqala nge Russia ku ukwakha kabusha. Ngokusho lezi zivumelwano lizwe eqala zonke izibopho zase-USSR, ukuvuthwa olungena esikhathini kusuka December 1991 kuya ku-January ka-1995. Isigaba sesithathu waqala ngo-Ephreli 1996. Russia nase-Paris Club abakweletwayo evumile igcwaliswe isivumelwano sawo esibanzi. Ngokusho kwakhe, esikweletini wawuyizinkulungwane mayelana $ 38 bhiliyoni Ngesikhathi esifanayo 15% wabo kulindeleke ukuba ixazululwe phezu lengu-25 letako, kuze 2020-th, futhi u-55%, okubandakanya izikweletu zesikhathi esifishane -. Sekuyiminyaka engu-21. Isikweletu kabusha kwakumelwe ikhokhwe ingqikithi yokwanda okuqhubekayo 2002.

imemorandamu

Yena esasayinwa 17 Septhemba 1997. Paris Club futhi iRussia yasayina isivumelwano sokusungula Memorandum of Understanding. He sungula ukubusa wezwe inyunyana njengoba umhlanganyeli egcwele. Kusukela kwasayinwa izimangalo idokhumenti izikweletu ezivela eRussia babe isimo esifana kwamanye amazwe.

protocol

Juni 30, 2006, kwamenyezelwa ku senkokhelo ekuseni ezikweletini. Ngesikhathi ukusayinwa olandelwayo nezikweletu Imininingwane zaba $ 21.6 bhiliyoni .. Lokhu ukuhlelwa kabusha kwesikweletu senzeka ngo 1996 futhi 1999. Ngaphambi 2006, isevisi Russian futhi abuyisele izibopho. Iziphakamiso eziyisisekelo sihlinzekela inkokhelo yesikweletu ngesikhathi par, futhi ingxenye - ngemali yasemakethe. Ngokusho ubhale izinkinga ezihilelekile zakamuva abahlengiwe ukuthi babe nesilinganiso esinqunyiwe. Ukubolekwa kwemali yalolu hlobo okuye kwalungiselelwa labo amalungu Paris Club, njengoba Netherlands, iGreat Britain, eFrance naseJalimane. I-premium ukuze ukubuyiswa kwemali kwesikhathi kula mazwe zaba cishe $ 1 billion. Ukukhokhwa US izikweletu eyenziwa ngaso elibonakalayo, kodwa Melika wanikeza loan ngesilinganiso fixed.

izinkokhelo kwakamuva

Ngemva izivumelwano A. Kudrin wathi Vnesheconombank izovala izikweletu kuze 21 Agasti. Kwakuthinta ngalolu suku, Paris Club lithole kusukela Russian Federation ikhokhwe isithakazelo. lesi siprofetho sesigcwalisekile yakhe uNgqongqoshe woMnyango wezeziMali. Phakathi nosuku mhlaka-21 Agasti ngesikhathi iwebhusayithi ebhange olusemthethweni BakaJehova ababenomusa ngayo imininingwane eyayenziwe yokudluliswa wokugcina akhawunti ababolekisi. Ngakho, izinkokhelo uhlelo zaba 1.27 amaRandi, ngokusebenzisa ukukhokhelwa ekuqaleni wathunyelwa bhiliyoni 22,47. Omunye emazweni wokuqala, iyiphi i-akhawunti agcwaliswa, kwaba-Australia. Mark Vail (Vice Ndunankulu State) wathi ngesikhathi senkokhelo ekuseni kubonisa nokuqinisa emnothweni Russian futhi ukhonza njengesisebenzi liyisici esiyinhloko ubudlelwane bala mazwe. Ngaphambi kokusayina Juni sivumelwano Russian kubhekwa okweletayo ngobukhulu. Paris Club selokhu kwachitheka eU.SSR uye wagxila emsebenzini walo ngokufinyelela isivumelwano eMoscow. Ngemva sokukhokhwa wonke izikweletu, ochwepheshe abaningi baqala ukukhuluma sekufanele awushiye yokuqhubeka nomsebenzi we-inhlangano. Ngaphezu WaseRussia, i buyiselo zakuqala izibopho, amazwe anjenge-Peru, Algeria. Ngisho esikhathini esithile esidlule, Paris Club babengazi nokuthi lezi uthi ngeke nje simane siyishalazele ukukhokha izikweletu, futhi ukwenza lokhu ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Vnesheconombank izinkokhelo enziwa zezimali ayisishiyagalolunye. Ukuze ukudluliswa kweemali Ministry of Finance ngaphambilini benana ruble 600 billion ngonyaka euro kanye dollar. izinkokhelo Uthishanhloko babe kulezi zezimali. Ngemva ulindele ukubuyiselwa yona iphelele we izikweletu Russia waba ilungu egcwele Paris Club.

Imiphumela

Naphezu kwezinkinga elalihambisana nokuxhumana yaseRussia Paris kanye London Clubs, Russian wakwazi namanje ukuqeda izikweletu ubudala. Lezi izinhlangano kusukela ekuqaleni ukhona, ukwenza njenge ukuxhumana okubalulekile phakathi kwamazwe ukuhlinzeka nokwamukela izibopho yemali. Bazama ukwehlisa umthwalo lamazwe ngqo sokuyokhonza izikweletu zabo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo inhloso yabo ukugcina solvency ka umboleki ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Russian Federation efuna indlela olunzulu ukuze ekuxazululeni izinkinga zezizwe ngezizwe izikweletu, kuncike izithakazelo wonke umuntu othintekayo. Inkinga izikweletu ukuthi kwavela 90s, kwaba umphumela confluence kwezimo ezingezinhle inhloso kanye subjective. Noma kunjalo, Russian wakwazi ukubonisa ukubaluleka kwayo futhi bekwazi ukwamukela hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi ukuze ifeze isibopho ngamazwe. izinkokhelo Early kungukuthi nje kwenza ukuba sigweme ukukhokha izikweletu futhi kokuqina, kodwa futhi ukuqinisekisa iqhaza ngokugcwele eRussia Paris Club.

isiphetho

Okwamanje, isilinganiso credit ibaluleke kakhulu kunoma yiliphi izwe. Banikezwe nesimo esinzima kwezomnotho emhlabeni, kudingeka ukuqonda ngokucacile izidingo zabo namakhono. Kufanele ukuthi ukwakheka debt umphakathi okubangelwa imali eshodayo kusabelozimali. Futhi, yena, yinani lika izimbobo kwambulwe e isabelomali naso sonke isikhathi ukhona yezwe. izikweletu kwangaphandle - nezibopho abantu ngokomzimba nezinhlangano kwamanye amazwe. Yena kwenza kube nesidingo ukuba khona izinhlangano lokungakahlelwa naseParis Clubs.