Oleg kwemashi eConstantinople: incazelo, umlando kanye nemiphumela

iminyaka 907 emlandweni Russia imakwe mashi edume ku waseConstantinople (noma njengoba ibizwa - waseConstantinople), owahola iSikhulu Novgorod, u-Oleg. Lo mcimbi lihlotshaniswa kakhulu nokuqagela nokungabaza phezu ingxenye mlando, abaningi babo abakholelwa ubuqiniso ngenxa yezizathu eziningana. Kulesi sihloko sichaza ngokuningiliziwe mayelana nomkhankaso we-Oleg eConstantinople (isifinyezo), futhi uzame ukuqonda ukuthi lokhu kwenzeka njengoba udonsa zemihla ngemihla lasendulo.

Ubani Prince Oleg?

Oleg kwaba isikhulu Novgorod futhi Omkhulu Prince Kiev, eziqala 882 kanye 912, owawungumnyaka weshumi sokufa kwakhe. Ngemva kokuthola igunya phezu kwezwe Novgorod (okwakulungiswa ngemva kokufa Rurik) njengoba ibamba engamahlongandlebe Igor, yena lathunjwa Kiev lasendulo. Kwaba kulo muzi ngaleso sikhathi eyayizoba inhloko-dolobha futhi uphawu inyunyana izikhungo ezimbili ezinkulu lwamaSlav. Yingakho Prince Oleg ngokuvamile mlando njengabangane umsunguli Old isimo Russian. Umkhankaso alandelayo Oleg eConstantinople kwaba isizathu wabizwa ngokuthi "Lesiprofetho '.

Kungani okuthiwa Oleg Lesiprofetho?

Usitshela, "The Tale of esidlule Iminyaka", umkhankaso Oleg waseConstantinople owawuse-907. Emibhalweni yaminyaka yonke umbuzo uwukuthi njengoba ukugqashuka wathatha umuzi, futhi badumisa isibindi futhi wit ePrince, ngubani outwitted le baseByzantium. Ngokwalo mthombo, akazamukelanga ukudla ushevu kuzo, yingakho ebizwa ngokuthi "Lesiprofetho '. Abantu eRussia Ngilokho eyabizwa ngokuthi u-Oleg, ophumelele phezu amaGreki. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, igama layo livela eScandinavia lapho elihunyushwe ngokuthi "oNgcwele."

Hike Veschego Olega eConstantinople

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, okuqukethwe umkhankaso futhi empini Russian-WaseByzantium ezichazwe PVL (Chronicle). Lezi zenzakalo ezaholela ekumiseni kwe-isivumelwano sokuthula esasayinwa ngo-907. Ngo abantu, sesiye sibonga abadumile kula mazwi: "U-Oleg Lesiprofetho abethelwe ihawu lakhe emasangweni waseConstantinople esikhundleni." Kodwa, noma kunjalo, lo mkhankaso alisho imithombo ngesiGreki, kanye, ngokuvamile, ngakho alisho kuphi ngaphandle ngazo ezinganekwaneni Russian kanye zemihla.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kakade 911 rusichi ngemvume idokhumenti entsha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubuqiniso esiphethweni lesi sivumelwano, noyedwa mlando Akungabazeki.

EByzantium futhi Rus

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ngemva kwalowo mkhankaso Russes eConstantinople ngonyaka 860 e imithombo WaseByzantium lutho icaciswe ngezimpi nabo. Nokho, kukhona ezinye ubufakazi engaqondile ephambene. Ngokwesibonelo, ekuqaleni X leminyaka kakade wayala UMbusi uLeo IV iqukethe ukwaziswa nobutha "amaSkithe enyakatho" wasebenzisa imikhumbi encane, ngomkhumbi ngesivinini okusheshayo.

Oleg ukushaywa kwi "Tale of esidlule Iminyaka"

Njengoba le nganekwane ithi Oleg ukushaywa umoya, waseConstantinople sathathwa asigcini nje ngokulalela okushiwoyo ukuzibandakanya lwamaSlav, kodwa futhi izizwe Finno-Ugric, abalwe ezindaweni ezisithekileyo lasendulo Russian yokubhala ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-12 - "The Tale of esidlule Iminyaka". Uma ukholwa zemihla ngemihla, amanye amasosha wathutha ngehhashi ezingasogwini, kanye nezinye - kolwandle ngosizo imikhumbi ayizinkulungwane ezimbili. Futhi esitsheni ngamunye yafakwa abantu abangaphezu kuka amathathu. Izazi-mlando namanje ziyahlukahluka ukuthi ukholelwa ukuthi "Tale of esidlule Iminyaka", nokuthi idatha umkhankaso okukhulunywa encwadini yezindaba zemihla ngemihla, bangempela.

Izinganekwane umkhankaso lapha

The Legend of umkhankaso Prince Oleg ephikisana waseConstantinople iqukethe inqwaba ezinganekwaneni. Ngokwesibonelo, indaba ebonisa ukuthi imoto ihamba ngamasondo, ababebeka bafakwa Oleg. Abantu baseByzantium babekholelwa ukuthi besaba indlela yabo eConstantinople wambuza Russ emhlabeni. Nokho, basusa ukudla ubuthi, kusukela lapho Prince wenqaba. Khona-ke amaGreki kwakungasekho okunye, nikwazi ukunika imvume yabo ukuthi okunikelwe Oleg. Ngokusho yetinsita kwadingeka bakhokhe 12 amapeni wonke amasosha, kanye nenani ahlukene wezikhulu ekhatsi Kiev, Pereyaslavl, Chernigov, Rostov nakwamanye amadolobha ngaphandle Novgorod. Kodwa lokhu kunqoba wayengeyena ukuphela Prince. Ngaphezu izinkokhelo yesikhathi esisodwa, amaGreki waseByzantium kwakudingeka akhokhe Ruses intela njalo, kanye ukuvumelana isiphelo sesimiso inkontileka (kuba umbuzo yalesi sivumelwano ungene ngemvume 907), lapho bekumele lokulawula nemibandela ukuhlala, kanye ukwenza ibhizinisi abathengisi Russian emizini ngesiGreki. Amaqembu alethwe izifungo mutual. Futhi u-Oleg, esikhundleni salokho, senziwa isenzo edume kunazo ezamenza edume, ngokusho legend, emehlweni abantu abavamile. Baphanyeka izihlangu emasangweni omkhulu waseConstantinople, inhloko-dolobha eByzantium njengesifanekiselo wokunqoba. AmaGreki banikwa oda - thunga oseyili amabutho Slavic. IziKronike bathi kwakungemva kokuba waqe ku Oleg eConstantinople ngo 907, isikhulu abantu yase yaziwa ngokuthi "isiprofetho."

Nokho, uma izindaba Rus lasendulo Umlobi womlando mayelana sigasele eConstantinople ngo 860, isekelwe kuphela zemihla ngemihla WaseByzantium, indaba le kugasela kusekelwe batshele abanye izinto ezishiwo ebezilokhu engakaze eqoshiwe. Futhi ambalwa izifundo uqondane ukuthandwa le milando zaseScandinavia.

Inkontileka 907

Yayiyini imigomo yenkontileka, futhi senziwa ukuthi? Uma ukholelwa ukuthi "Tale of esidlule Iminyaka", ngemuva kokuwina izenzo Prince Oleg eConstantinople sasayinwa nge amaGreki ngempela inzuzo ku-Russia dokhumenti. Inhloso bezimiso zawo eziyinhloko ezibhekwa njengezincwadi resumption of ukuthula ubudlelwano obuhle bokwakhelana phakathi kwabantu namazwe. igunya WaseByzantium waqala ukukhokha Ruses ethile intela yonyaka (futhi lingakanani pretty okuqinile), kanye akhokhe inkokhelo yesikhathi omunye lokumiswa - kokubili imali kanye ezintweni, igolide, izindwangu ezingavamile, njll inkontileka sinika oshiwo ngenhla .. isihlengo osayizi eyodwa isosha ngalinye, kanye nobukhulu nesabelo ngenyanga, futhi amaGreki kwakufanele sithathelwe indawo yizinto abathengisi Russian.

Ulwazi mayelana nomkhankaso we-Oleg evela kweminye imithombo

Ngokusho ulwazi Novgorod Okokuqala Chronicle uchungechunge zenzakalo ziye zenzeka ngenye indlela. Kulesi umkhankaso wokulwa waseConstantinople ayenziwa ngaphansi kobuholi Prince Igor futhi "Lesiprofetho 'kuleli cala - kuphela umbusi. Chronicle uchaza edume Oleg imikhankaso ngokumelene iConstantinople. Unyaka lapho lokhu esibekiwe njengoba 920, futhi lo ukuqomisana kuhlasela umcimbi olandelayo iphathelene ngonyaka 922. Nokho, incazelo yalo mkhankaso e 920 imininingwane efana incazelo umkhankaso Igor sika zeminyaka 941, njengoba kubonakala imibhalo eziningana.

Ulwazi oluqukethwe encwadini yezindaba zemihla ngemihla WaseByzantium eyabhalwa Pseudo-uSimeyoni ngasekupheleni kwekhulu 10, iqukethe ulwazi mayelana eziyizitezi. Kwelinye izingcezwana isazi-mlando ukubona imininingwane ekhombisa isibikezelo ngekusasa nokufa iZiyoni Oleg, futhi kumuntu Rosa - kokwesikhulu. Ngezansi kubalwe ezinye zezincwadi zesayensi kanye ethandwa zinombono esashiwo V Nikolayev ku nokuhamba Rosov amaGreki abenza eminyakeni eminingi mayelana 904. Uma ukholwa ukuthi isakhiwo sayo (nokungelona inkulumo encwadini yezindaba zemihla ngemihla Pseudo-uSimeyoni), amazolo yahlulwa Trikefala kusukela umholi WaseByzantium Ioanna Radina. Futhi ambalwa nje wakwazi ukubaleka izingalo ngesiGreki kusukela imininingwane yabo Prince.

A. Kuzmin ekuhloleni umbhalo indaba "The Tale of esidlule Iminyaka" ngemisebenzi Oleg Kuye kwasikiselwa ukuthi umlobi wemiBhalo wemithombo Bulgarian noma isiGreki mayelana kuphangwa eholwa isikhulu yasetshenziswa. Umlobi womlando ngesiGreki ocashunwe nkulumo kanje: "Lena akuyona Oleg kodwa Saint uDemetrios, uNkulunkulu wathumela kithi." La mazwi abonisa, ngokuvumelana umcwaningi, ngesikhathi izenzakalo ngonyaka 904 - i-baseByzantium ayengamsizanga kwabaseThesalonika. A abavikela lalowo muzi kwathiwa kubhekwe babamba inkunzi Dimitriy Solunsky. Ngenxa yalokho, inani elikhulu izakhamuzi Thessaloniki cut, futhi abanye kuphela babo bakwazi ukuxolela kusukela pirates Arab. Kulo mongo, igama elithi ka usithe ngesiGreki uDemetriyu kungaba inkomba indawo ye waseConstantinople ongcwele, olwalungolwabafundi ngokungaqondile obhekene isiphetho lokhu labantu.

Njengoba izazi-mlando ahumushe ulwazi indaba?

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, ulwazi mayelana kuhlasela itholakala kuphela zemihla isiRashiya, futhi emibhalweni WaseByzantium ngale ndaba awucacisanga.

Nokho, uma sibheka umbhalo izingcezwana kwemibhalo ukuthi ubheke "Tale of esidlule Iminyaka", singasho ukuthi lonke ulwazi efanayo mayelana iminyaka umkhankaso 907 akuzona yokudlala ngokuphelele. Ukuswelakala kokusebenza ngokuhlanganyela idatha ku imithombo ngesiGreki, abanye abacwaningi abathi ngokwezinga wachaza usuku olubi lapho impi "Tale of esidlule Iminyaka". Kunezindlela eziningana imizamo yokwenza ubuhlobo baso umkhankaso Russes (dromitov) iminyaka 904 ubudala, kuyilapho amaGreki balwa ibutho pirates, eliholwa Lev Tripoliysky. A theory ukuthi ifana iqiniso, nombhali Boris Rybakov futhi Lva Gumileva. Ngokusho hypothesis zabo, ulwazi mayelana kuhlasela eminyakeni 907 kuyadingeka ukuze ubheke izenzakalo ngonyaka 860. Le mpi salandelwa ngolwazi mayelana nomkhankaso akuphumelelanga eholwa Askold futhi Dir, elaphefumulelwa ezinganekwaneni ukukhululwa okungavamile sabantu Christian sezizwe zakwa yobuqaba.

ukuphola umkhankaso

Ngokufanayo, akwaziwa ngokuthi uma senziwa umkhankaso Prince Oleg eConstantinople. Ngonyaka, kanti abandakanya umcimbi (907), kunemibandela wavela ngemuva mlando ayelenzile ukubalisisa kwabo. Kusukela ekuqaleni legend of Duke ibhodi babengenalo usuku oluqondile, ngenxa okuyinto idatha yakamuva abangu yahlukaniswa ngezigaba, okuyinto zibhekisela enkathini yokuqala neyokugcina wokubusa kwakhe.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, "Tale of esidlule Iminyaka" banolwazi kanye ukuphola eyisihlobo kuhlasela. Yayiqukethe Imininingwane ezazibikezela yi zo (kokufa isikhulu) empeleni sekuphele iminyaka emihlanu kokuba enziwe uhambo iConstantinople. Uma u-Oleg bafa ingakapheli iminyaka engu-912 (ngokusho idatha lemihlatshelo emisebenzini Tatishchev, okwenzeka ngesikhathi kuvele Halley - inkanyezi enomsila edume), umlobi ibalwa konke kulungile.

Okusho Oleg unqamule ukuba Tsargrad

Uma wayekhona ngempela umkhankaso, ke kungase kubhekwe njengokwelapha isenzakalo esibalulekile. Lo mbiko, esasayinwa ngenxa yomkhankaso, kumelwe libhekwe njengelingcwele belinganisa ubuhlobo amaGreki futhi Rus isikhathi minyaka eyishumi ezayo. izenzakalo ezalandela zomlando, ngandlela-thile, ziye zahlobana kuphangwa, okuyinto zenziwa Prince Oleg, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izinsuku efanele.