Norway: amaminerali. Imvelo, isimo sezulu, imboni yezwe

Ngokuqinisekile usuvele wazi okuthile ngezwe elinjengeNorway. Ebalazweni lomhlaba, ungathola lesi simo, esise-Peninsula yeScandinavia, eNyakatho Yurophu. Siphakamisa ukujulisa ulwazi lwethu ngokutadisha amaminerali, isimo sezulu, imvelo kanye nomkhakha wezwe.

Kusuka eningizimu-ntshonalanga nasempumalanga, iNorway imingcele iFinland (736 km), eSweden (1,630 km) neRussia (196 km). Ihlanzwa ukusuka enyakatho-ntshonalanga yiLwandle lwaseNorway, uLwandle lwaseBarents ngasenyakatho-mpumalanga, naseNyakatho Yelwandle ngaseningizimu. 25,148 km ubude bogwini.

Insimu yalesi sizwe ihlanganisa iziqhingi zaseBouvet noJan Mayen, kanye ne-Spitsbergen archipelago, iyunithi ekhethekile yokuphatha ehlanganisa i-Bear Island. I-Norway kumephu yezwe inikezwe ngezansi.

Njengoba ubona, insimu yezwe ihamba eduze komdwebo omncane (ngaphansi kwezingu-420 km yiyona ingxenye enkulu kunazo zonke) ku-Peninsula yeScandinavia, ogwini olusenyakatho-ntshonalanga. Kuhlanganisa wonke amadwala, iziqhingi neziqhingi ezisezindaweni zasemanzini.

Ngokusho kwedatha ka-1984, inani lombuso laliyizigidi ezingu-4.14 zabantu. Inhloko-dolobha idolobha lase-Oslo. Izwe laseNorway lihlukaniswe ngezifunda ezingu-18. Babizwa ngokuthi fjulke. IsiNorway yilona ulimi olusemthethweni. Isihlalo sobukhosi saseNorway siyunithi yezimali. Leli zwe liyilungu le-European Free Trade Association kusukela ngo-1960.

Amafutha kanye negesi

Ukukhiqizwa kwegesi eNorway kuyigatsha elibalulekile lomnotho. Izindleko ezinkulu zegesi yemvelo namafutha zigxilwe eNyakatho YaseNorth, emkhakheni wayo waseNorway. Kulinganiselwa ku-765 billion cubic metres. M no-1.5 bn amathani ngokulandelana. Kukhona ama-3/4 ama-deposit total kanye namafutha e-Western Europe yonke. Emanzini enyakatho ye-Arctic Circle, kutholakala nezinqolobane ezinkulu zamafutha. I-Norway ithatha indawo engu-11 emhlabeni ngokusho kwenani labo. Ingxenye yawo yonke igesi eNtshonalanga Yurophu igxile lapha. Kule ndaba, waphuma endaweni yeshumi ezweni laseNorway. Amaminerali aleli zwe amelwa ngokucebile futhi kabanzi. Amathani ayizigidi eziyizigidi eziyizigidi eziyizigidi eziyizigidi eziyizigidi eziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyisishiyagalolunye namashumi ayisithupha (8,8 billion) ayifinyelela ezindaweni zokugcina amafutha, kanti igesi - 47.7 trillion cubic meters M. Ukukhiqizwa kwamafutha eNorway kuyigatsha lapho kunezakhamuzi eziyizigidi eziyi-17 zaleli zwe ezihilelekile.

Ngaphezu kwengxenye yesine yokutshala imali eNorway kuya ekwakheni amapulatifomu okugaya, asetshonalanga eBergen, eNyakatho YaseLwandle. Enye yezinkampani ezinkulu zegesi yemvelo itholakala lapha. Ipulatifomu elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni wonke lakhiwa amaNorwegi. Ukufuduka kwayo kungu-1 million amathani. Ukuphakama kwesiteji kungamamitha angu-465.

Amalahle

Kulesi simo kunamakhopho amakhulu kakhulu amalahle engxenyeni ye-Arctic yaseYurophu. Zitholakala eziqhingini ze-Spitsbergen archipelago (eNorway). Amalahle akhona ngobuningi obukhulu. Kusukela ngo-2002, izinsiza zelahle eliqinile kule ndawo zilinganiselwa ku-tani eziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyisishiyagalolunye zaseNorway. Izindawo ezibonakalayo ezinokwethenjelwa futhi ezinokwethenjelwa zazo zingamathani ayizigidi eziyizigidi ezingu-135. Izimpahla ezinokwethenjelwa zingamathani ayizigidi ezingu-35. Ezinqolobaneni ezinkulu, izindawo zokugcina amalahle zikhona eBarentsburg, Piramida, I-Longir (i-Paleocene), i-Grumant City. Isiqephu esiphezulu selahle esinezimboni ezingu-4 sisezindaweni eziphakathi nendawo yesiqhingi saseMpumalanga Spitsbergen (eNorway).

Imithombo yamaminerali ayinqunyelwe kulokhu ngenhla. Ake sikhulume ngabanye.

Zheleznyak

I-iron ore iyisisetshenziswa esikhulu sensimbi iNorway inayo. Amaminerali kulelizwe alinganiselwa ngo-1999. Ngokusho kwedatha yonyaka, iNorway inendawo ye-6th-7 phakathi kwama-deposit ore deposit phakathi kwazo zonke ezinye amazwe aseYurophu. Izinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko zokufaka imali eNorway ziyi-deposit ore deposits. Leli yi-Precambrian yobudala bama-quartzite (i-Bjornevatn deposit, lapho imali yokugcina imali ingamathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-1, kufaka phakathi amathani ayizigidi eziyi-100-okuthenjelwa), i-magnetite-hematite ores ye-Cambrian-Silurian yobudala (i-deposits eduze neDunderland, i-Ford Rana), ne-hematite-magnetite ores Ukwakhiwa kwe-Ilmenite-magnetite (Rhodesan, Telnes, Kodali, njll).

Vanadium

Ezindaweni zokulondoloza, i-vanadium iyingxenye yesibili eNtshonalanga Yurophu (ngemva kweFinland) eNorway. Amaminerali okukhipha kuwo (kusukela i-vanadium ngendlela ehlanzekile engenziwanga emvelweni), ikakhulukazi igxile kwidiphosti yaseRhodesan. Inani le-ore linganiselwa ku-12-15 million amathani.

I-Titan

I-Norway ngokwezinqolobane zaleli mineral ithatha indawo ehamba phambili phakathi kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu. Intshisekelo enkulu yezimboni yizifundazwe ze-anorthosite zase-Eigersund. Nazi izibambiso ezinkulu kulolu hlobo eYurophu. I-Telnes idiphozi, enkulu kunazo zonke eYurophu ngama-ilmenite reserves (okufanekiselwa ngezansi), ibalulekile futhi.

I-Copper

I-Copper ibanjwe ikakhulukazi enyakatho. Kukhona futhi ama-deposit deposits, asetshenziselwa embonini yamakhemikhali ukukhipha ama-sulfur compounds. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthuthukiswa kwezinto ezihlukahlukene zamatshe zokwakha, kubandakanya i-marble ne-granite.

Ngokusho kwedatha ka-1999, leli zwe liphakathi kwezifunda eziyishumi zaseYurophu ngokwemigodi ye-copper ore. Ukubaluleka kwezezimboni eNorway yindawo yezethusi: Suliljemma (Sulikhielma), Trondheim (Fosdalen, Tverfjellet, Llokket, njll), iGron (Skuruvatn, Yoma).

Amanye amaminerali

ENorway, ngaphandle kwamanye amaminerali, kunezinsimbi zesiliva. E-Kongsberg kunezinsimbi ezifanele zesiliva, nase Blakequessley naseMoufiellet - lead-zinc amasheyithi okuvela kuyo le nsimbi. Futhi kuleli lizwe kunezinqolobane zegolide (i-pyrite deposits), i-graphite (eSenya Island, i-Skalann), i-phosphate ores (i-Kodali deposit), i-nepheline syenite (isiqhingi saseCiugno), i-feldspar (isifunda saseGlamsland), isihlabathi se-olivine (Achime), i-talcum (I-Gudbransdalen Valle, i-Filit Altenmarku), i-limestone (i-Dalen, i-Slemmestad, i-Kirchholt), i-marble (i-Lyngstad), i-dolomite (isifunda sase-Kragero).

Imishini eNorway

Njengamanje, iNorway yizwe lama-26 ngobukhulu ngokweGDP, uma kuqhathaniswa namanye amazwe (ngokusho kwedatha ka-2006). Inhlalakahle yezakhamuzi ngokuyinhloko ithembele ekuhlanzeni amafutha kanye nomkhakha wegesi.

Imbonini yokukhiqiza ezweni lezithakazelo ithuthuka kancane kancane. Lokhu kungenxa yokungena okulinganiselwe kwezindleko, kanye nemakethe emakhaya asekhaya. Amaphesenti angama-26 emklamo owodwa, kanye nemisebenzi engu-17% yombuso, ukwakhiwa nokukhiqizwa. Izimboni ezinamandla kagesi ziye zathuthuka eminyakeni yamuva. Imboni yaseNorway ihlanganisa izimboni ezihamba phambili ezilandelayo: electrochemical, electrometallurgical, electronic radio, pulp kanye nephepha, ukwakha imikhumbi. Izinga eliphakeme kakhulu lokuthuthukiswa kwemboni liyaziwa e-Oslo Fjord. Cishe isigamu sazo zonke izinkampani zezimboni eNorway zigxilwe lapha.

Igatsha elihola phambili lemboni kuleli zwe liyi-electrometallurgy. Ixhomeke ekusetshenzisweni okubanzi kwamandla ashibhile kagesi. I-aluminium, umkhiqizo omkhulu, wenziwe nge-aluminium oxide, engenisiwe.

Imbonini yezobuchwepheshe

Esifundazweni saseTelmark ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, ukukhiqizwa kwe-electrochemical kwadalwa. Lokhu kwakungukuqala kwemboni yamakhemikhali ezweni.

INorway namuhla ithumela izimpahla ezimbonini zeziqhumane, umanyolo we-nitrogen, ama-varnishes, amapende, ama-alginate. Ekukhiqizeni kwabo, akusebenzi nje kuphela izikhundla ezihola eYurophu, kodwa nasemhlabeni. I-Petrochemistry iye yakhula ngokushesha eminyakeni yamuva. Ngokweqile kwavela ukukhiqizwa kwamaplastiki, kanye nezinye izinto zokwenziwa.

Umquba we-nitrojeni ungenye yemikhiqizo eyinhloko imboni ye-electrochemical eyenza. I-nitrojeni, edingekayo kulokhu, ikhishwa ngokusebenzisa amanani amaningi kagesi emoyeni. Ingxenye enkulu yamanyolo we-nitrogen akhiqizwa ithunyelwa ngaphandle.

Imbonini yehlathi

I-37% yensimu yezwe ihlanganiswe namahlathi. Izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zezihlahla eNorway yi-birch, i-Scotch pine ne-spruce. Izindawo zokugcina izinkuni okwamanje kuleli zwe ziphindwe kabili eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-100 edlule. Amapulazi asemqoka ngumndeni, ngesikhathi esifanayo ehola amahlathi kanye nokulima. Kuningi kakhulu kuleli zwe. ENorway, izinhlanzi zemfuyo zithinta indlela yomuntu ngamunye kanye nobukhulu obuncane bempahla. Lokhu kudala izimo ezinhle zokongiwa kwezinhlobonhlobo eziphilayo ezweni. Umkhakha obalulekile embonini yezwe futhi uyimbonini ye-pulp kanye nephepha.

Ubunjiniyela bokusebenza

Cishe u-25% wabo bonke abasebenzi basezimboni bahlanganyela ekukhiqizeni imishini yokuthutha nemishini ehlukahlukene. Izindawo ezibaluleke kakhulu zomsebenzi zihamba ngomkhumbi wokwakha kanye nokwakhiwa kwemikhumbi, ukukhiqizwa kwemishini yokudlulisela nokukhiqizwa kagesi. Ubunjiniyela bokusebenza imishini yemboni emincane kuleli zwe. Ngokubamba iqhaza kwamanye amazwe angemva kwempi, kwakhiwa amasu amakhulu ekwakhiweni kwemikhumbi, kanye namafektri ahlose ukukhiqizwa kwama-hydraulic turbines, amapulatifomu okudoba amafutha ase-offshore, imishini yasendlini kanye nezimboni zikagesi nezimboni.

Ukuthunga, ukudla kanye nemboni yezembatho

Izindwangu zokudla, zokuthunga nezokugqoka azihlinzeki ngokuthekelisa. Bakwanelisa inqwaba yesidingo sikahulumeni sokugqoka nokudla. Abangu-20% bazo zonke izisebenzi zezimboni eNorway baqashwe kulezi zimboni.

Imbonini yezinhlanzi

Ku-Norway, kubalulekile cishe ukukhishwa kwegesi namafutha. Izindawo eziyinhloko zokucubungula izinhlanzi yiBerggen, eStanganger, eTrondheim, e-Alesund. Ingxenye ebalulekile yabadobi baseRussia inikeza iNorway inhlanzi ukuze iqhutshwe. I-Russia futhi ingomunye wabathengi abakhulu kakhulu emikhiqizweni yezinhlanzi. U-aquaculture waseNorway uye wakhula ngokushesha eminyakeni engamashumi amathathu edlule. Kuye kwazuza ulwazi oluthe xaxa ekukhiqizeni imishini ehlukahlukene yokulima izinhlanzi, ukuqapha, kanye nobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza emkhakheni wezinhlanzi zokucubungula izinhlanzi.

Ukukhululwa kwezwe

Ukukhululeka kanye namaminerali eNorway, njenganoma yiliphi elinye izwe, lihlobene. Kuvela ekusizeni okuxhomeke kakhulu ekutheni ingcebo yileli noma yombuso injani. I-Norway yizwe elinendawo enkulu yezintaba. Izintaba zaseScandinavia zingaphezu kwengu-70% yendawo yensimu. Basuka kusukela eningizimu-ntshonalanga kuya enyakatho-mpumalanga nge-1,700 km. Ukuphakama kwesilinganiso sezintaba zaseScandinavia kuyinto eyi-1600-1900 m (esiphezulu - 2469 m, iNtaba yaseGalhepiggen). Umqambi omncane ongasogwini (okuthiwa udoti) uhlala ezindaweni eziphansi. Ububanzi bawo buyi-40-50 km. Zitholakala ikakhulu eningizimu yezwe, ezindaweni ezincane, endaweni yase-Oslo-Ford. Ama-fjords (ama-plateaus-peneplains) ahlakazwa yi-fjords (izigodi) zentaba. Enyakatho yezwe kukhona ipulazi elincane eliphansi, elibizwa ngeFinnmarken. Ukuphakama kwalo kungamamitha angu-300-500. Amamitha ayi-1139 afika eziqongweni zomuntu ngamunye (iChuokkarassa), enezintaba zehlathi nezintaba-tundra. Njengoba i-fjeldami ehluke kakhulu yizintaba ezisezindaweni zaseScandinavia ezigxile kakhulu. Kukhona amahlathi amakhulu ase-taiga lapha. Njengoba ubona, uhlobo lwaseNorway luhlukile.

Kuleli zwe kuneziqhingi eziningi (uSere, Magere, Senja, Vesterålen, Lofoten). Imifula emikhulu kakhulu i-Logen (Gudbransdal), i-Glomma, i-Logen (Inombolo). Imvelo yaseNorway nayo ibonakala ngokuba khona kwamachibi. Bahlala cishe ngo-4% wendawo. Lezi zibizi ziyi-glacial. Okukhulu kunawo wonke yi-Miesa. Cishe ingxenye engu-27% yensimu kahulumeni ihlala emahlathini. I-Spitsenbergen archipelago (Western Spitsbergen, Edge, North-Eastern Land, Bear, Barents, njll) ibonakaliswa ngenye indlela yamapulangwe, izintaba zezintaba nezigodi ezikude. Ama-fjords agcwele ugu lwawo. Inani eliphakeme kunazo lapha iNewton (ukuphakama - 1712 m). Ingxenye engaphezu kwengxenye ye-archipelago igcwele izihlangu ze-glacial. I-Permafrost ithuthukiswe yonke indawo.

Isimo sezulu

Yize kunjalo, njengamanye amazwe enyakatho yeYurophu, iNorway ayinayo ihlobo elifudumele, linesimo sezulu esihle. Lona umphumela weGulf Stream. Isimo sezulu kulesi sizwe silinganiselwe, sendawo - enyakatho enkulu, e-oceanic - ezindaweni ezisogwini. Izwe laseNorway libhekene nobusika obumnene kakhulu. NgoJanuwari, izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile li--12 ° C enyakatho, futhi eningizimu - +2 ° C. Ihlobo lapha lipholile (+6 ... + 15 ° C), ngokuvamile kunemimoya enamandla nemvula. Inani lemvula lihluka kusuka ku-300 mm ngonyaka (empumalanga) kuya ku-3000 mm (ikakhulukazi emathafeni asempumalanga asezintabeni). Emithambekeni yasempumalanga emthonjeni wezintambo lapho isimo sezulu sesimo sezwe sibonakala khona. Ukumboza ama-glaciers kuthwala okuningi. Indawo yonke yalezi glaciers ingamamitha ayi-5000 square. I-Km. Ugu lolunqunywa yi-fjords.

Ukuzamazama komhlaba

Ukuphetha incazelo yeNorway, ake sengeze amagama ambalwa mayelana nokuzamazama komhlaba. Izwe livela ngaphakathi kwendawo ekhonjiswe ngumsebenzi obuthakathaka wesimo sezwe. Ngokuvamile, ukuzamazama komhlaba okuningi okubuthakathaka kudlula ogwini lwase-Atlantic.