Izinqubo eziyinhloko zokuphila kwamaseli

Iseli iyunithi eyisisekelo yazo zonke izilwane. Kusukela esimweni saso kuncike kumsebenzi wokusebenza, ikhono lokuvumelanisa nezimo zemvelo. Izinqubo zokuphila kwamaseli zihambisana nezikhathi ezithile. Izinga lomsebenzi ngamunye wabo kuxhomeke esigabeni somjikelezo wokuphila. Ngokuphelele, bahlukaniswa kabili: interphase kanye division (isigaba M). Owokuqala uthatha isikhathi phakathi kokubunjwa kweseli nokufa noma ukuhlukaniswa kwayo. Phakathi nesikhathi sokubambisana, cishe zonke izinqubo eziyisisekelo zomsebenzi obalulekile weseli ziyasebenza : ukudla okunomsoco , ukuphefumula, ukukhula, ukuthukuthela nokuhamba. Ukukhiqizwa kweseli kwenzeka kuphela esigabeni sikaM.

Izikhathi zokungena phakathi

Isikhathi sokukhula kwamangqamuzana phakathi kwezigaba sihlukaniswe ngezigaba eziningana:

• Presynthetic, noma isigaba G-1, - isikhathi sokuqala: ukuhlanganiswa kwe-RNA yamatriy, amaprotheni nezinye izici zamaselula;
• I-Synthetic, noma isigaba S: I-DNA kabili;
• I-post-synthetic, noma isigaba se-G-2: ukulungiselela i-mitosis.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanye amangqamuzana ngemva kokuhlukanisa ayeke ukuhlukanisa. Phakathi kwazo akukho nhlobo ye-G-1. Basendaweni okuthiwa isigaba sokuphumula (G-0).

I-Metabolism

Njengoba sekushiwo kakade, izinqubo zomsebenzi obalulekile weseli ephilayo ingxenye enkulu zenzeka phakathi nesikhathi esiphakathi. Okuyinhloko yi- metabolism. Siyabonga hhayi kuphela ukuphendula kwangaphakathi okuhlukahlukene kuphela, kodwa nezinqubo intercellular ezixhuma izakhiwo ngabanye kuyo yonke imvelo.

Ukushintshaniswa kwezidakamizwa kufakwe kuhlelo oluthile. Izinqubo zomsebenzi obalulekile weseli ngokuyinhloko zithembele ekugubheni kwayo, ukungabikho kwephulwa kulo. Izinto, ngaphambi kokuthinta imvelo ye-intracellular, kufanele ifinyelele embundeni. Khona-ke baqhutshwa ngokucubungula okuthile ekwenzeni ukudla noma ukuphefumula. Esikhathini esilandelayo, imikhiqizo esetshenzisiwe isetshenziselwa ukuhlanganisa izinto ezintsha noma ukuguqula izakhiwo ezikhona. Ukuhlala ngemuva kokuguqulwa konke, imikhiqizo yokushintshanisa eyingozi esitokisini noma nje ayiyidingi, isuswa emvelweni wangaphandle.

Ukufaniswa nokungafihleki

Ukulawulwa kokushintsha okuguquguqukayo ekuguqulweni kwezinto ezithile kwabanye kwenziwa nge-enzyme. Zibangela ukugeleza okusheshayo kwezinqubo ezithile, okungukuthi, zenze njengezinto zokucubungula. "Isivinini ngasinye" esinjalo sithinta ushintsho oluthile, oluqondisa ukugeleza kwenqubo ngendlela eyodwa. Izinto ezisanda kusungulwa zibuye zenzeke kwezinye izenzo ze-enzyme ezikhuthaza ukuguqulwa kwazo okuqhubekayo.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, zonke izinqubo zokuphila kwamaseli zixhunywe ngandlela-thile ngamathenda amabili okuphambene: ukufana nokungafihli. Ngokwesimetabolism, ukusebenzisana kwabo, ibhalansi noma ukuphikisa okuyisisekelo. Izinto ezivela ngaphandle ziguqulwa ngaphansi kwesenzo se-enzyme zibe yinto evamile futhi edingekayo kumaseli. Lezi zinguquko zokwenziwa zibizwa ngokuthi ukufana. Kulokhu, ukuphendula okunjalo, amandla adingekayo. Umthombo wawo yizinqubo zokungaboni, noma ukubhujiswa. Ukuhlukaniswa kwempahla kuhambisane nokukhululwa kwamandla okudingekayo ekusebenzeni okuyinhloko komsebenzi obalulekile weseli ukuqhubeka. Ukungaziphathi kahle nakho kukhuthaza ukwakheka kwezinto ezilula, ezisetshenziselwa ukuhlanganiswa okusha. Ingxenye yemikhiqizo yokubola iphuma kulokhu.

Izinqubo zomsebenzi wamaseli zivame ukuhlotshaniswa nokulingana kokuqala nokubola. Ngakho-ke, ukukhula kungenzeka kuphela ngokubaluleka kokubambisana ngokungaqondakali. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi iseli alikwazi ukukhula ngokungenamkhawulo: liqukethe imingcele ethile, lapho kukhula khona ukukhula.

Ukungena

Ukuthuthwa kwezinto ezivela emvelweni ukuya esitokisini kungacacile futhi kuyasebenza. Esikhathini sokuqala, ukudluliselwa kubonakala ngenxa yokusabalalisa kanye ne-osmosis. Ukuthutha okusebenzayo kuhambisane nokusetshenziswa kwamandla futhi kuvame ukuqhubeka naphezu kwalezi zinqubo. Ngakho, isibonelo, i-i-potassium ions ingena. Zifakwe esitokisini, ngisho noma ukuhlushwa kwabo kuyi-cytoplasm kudlula izinga layo emvelweni wangaphandle.

Izici zezinto zithinta izinga lokuzikhandla kwabo embranini yeseli. Ngakho, izinto eziphilayo zifaka kalula i-cytoplasm kunezinto ezingavamile. Ukuze upheleleke, ubukhulu be-molecule nazo ziyindaba. Futhi, izakhiwo zekhanda zixhomeke esimweni somzimba wesitfombe kanye nezici ezinjalo zemvelo njengokushisa nokukhanyisa.

Ukunikezwa kwamandla

Ekudleni kwezinto ezivela emvelweni, izinqubo ezibalulekile ezifundwa kahle zibandakanya: ukuphefumula kweseli kanye nokudla kwayo. Lesi samuva senziwa ngosizo lwe-pinocytosis ne-phagocytosis. Indlela yokwenza lezi zombili izinqubo zifana, kodwa ngesikhathi se-pinocytosis, izinhlayiyana ezincane nezikhudlwana ziyathunjwa. I-molecule yezinto ezifakiwe zikhangiswa yi-membrane, ithathwe yiziqephu ezikhethekile futhi igxila nabo ngaphakathi kweseli. Ngenxa yalokho, kwakhiwa isiteshi, kulandelwa amabhulabhu avela embundeni aqukethe izinhlayiya zokudla. Kancane kancane akhululwa egobolondo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlayiya zivezwe eduze kakhulu nezinqubo zokugaya. Ngemuva kokuguqulwa kwamanani amaningi, izinto zihlukaniswa zibe zilula futhi zisetshenziselwa ukuhlanganisa izakhi ezidingekayo esitokisini. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ezinye zezinto ezikhiqizwayo zikhishwa emvelweni, njengoba zingekho ngaphansi kokucubungula noma ukusetshenziswa.

Ukuphefumula

Ukudla akuyona yodwa inqubo ekhuthaza ukubukeka esitokisini sezinto ezidingekayo. Ukuphefumula kuyafana kakhulu. Imele uchungechunge lwezinguquko ezilandelanayo zama-carbohydrates, lipids nama-amino acids, ngenxa yalokho izinto ezintsha ezibonakalayo: i-carbon dioxide namanzi. Ingxenye ebaluleke kunazo zonke yenqubo yindlela yokwakhiwa kwamandla, okugcinwa iseli ngendlela ye-ATP nezinye izici.

Ngokuhlanganyela kwe-oxygen

Izinqubo zokuphila kweseli lomuntu, njengezinye izinto eziphilayo eziningi, zingenakwenzeka ngaphandle kokuphefumula kwe-aerobic. Into esemqoka edingekayo kuye yi-oxygen. Ukukhululwa kwamandla adingeka kakhulu, kanye nokubunjwa kwezinto ezintsha kubangelwa ukusiketshezi.

Inqubo yokuphefumula ihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezimbili:

• I-Glycolysis;

• I-oksijeni isigaba.

I-Glycolysis yindlela yokuhlunga kwe-glucose ku- cytoplasm yeseli ngaphansi kwesenzo se-enzyme ngaphandle kokuhlanganyela kwe-oxygen. Imelela okweshumi nesishiyagalombili ngokulandelana ngokulandelana komunye nomunye. Ngenxa yalokho, ama-molecule amabili we-ATP akhiwa kusukela kumlenze we-glucose eyodwa. Imikhiqizo yokubola iwela mitochondria, lapho isigaba se-oksijeni siqala khona. Ngenxa yeminye imizamo eminingi, i-carbon dioxide, ama-molecule we-ATP engeziwe nama-athomu e-hydrogen. Ngokuvamile, iseli sithola ama-molecule angu-38 we-ATP kusuka kumlenze we-glucose owodwa. Kungenxa yemali enkulu egcinwe amandla ukuthi ukuphefumula kwe-aerobic kubhekwa ukuthi kuphumelela kakhulu.

Ukuphefumula kwe-Anaerobic

Kukhona olunye uhlobo lokuphefumula kwamabhaktheriya. Esikhundleni se-oksijeni, basebenzisa ama-sulphate, nitrate nezinye. Lolu hlobo lokuphefumula aluphumelelanga kakhulu, nakuba ludlala indima enkulu ekusakazeni izinto ezendalo. Ngenxa yokuphila kwama-anaerobic, umjikelezo we-biogeochemical of sulfur, nitrogen kanye ne-sodium kwenziwa. Ngokuvamile, izinqubo ziyaqhubeka nokuphefumula kwe-oxygen. Ngemuva kokuqedwa kwe-glycolysis, izinto ezakhiwe zingena ekusebenzeni kokuvutshelwa, okubangelwa yi-ethyl alcohol noma i-lactic acid.

Ukuthukuthela

Iseli lihlangana njalo nemvelo. Impendulo yethonya lezici ezihlukahlukene zangaphandle ibizwa ngokuthi ukucasuka. Kuboniswa ekushintsheni kweseli kuya esimweni esivumelekile futhi kwenzeke ukusabela. Uhlobo lokuphendula kumathonya angaphandle alufani kuye ngezici zokusebenza. Amaseli omzimba asabela ngokuchotshozwa, amangqamuzana amangqamuzana - ukuvimba okuyimfihlo, ne-neurons - isizukulwane sesisusa somzimba. Kuyinto ukucasula okuhambisana nezinqubo eziningi zomzimba. Ngenxa yalokho, isibonelo, ukulawulwa kwemizwa kwenziwa: ama-neurons akwazi ukudlulisela ukukhungatheka hhayi kuphela kumaseli afanayo, kodwa nakwezinye izicubu.

Isigaba

Ngakho-ke, kukhona uhlelo oluthile lwe-cyclic. Izinqubo zokuphila kweseli kulo ziphindaphindiwe phakathi nesikhathi sonke se-interphase futhi seziqediwe ngokufa kweseli noma ngokuhlukaniswa kwayo. Ukuzikhiqiza kuyisihluthulelo sokulondoloza impilo yonke emva kokunyamalala komzimba othile. Ngesikhathi sokukhula kwamaseli, ukufana kufana nokungafihli, ivolumu ikhula ngokushesha kunobuso. Ngenxa yalokho, izinqubo zomsebenzi obalulekile weseli zivinjelwe, ukuguqulwa okujulile kuqala, emva kwalokho ukutholakala kweseli kungenzeki, kudlulela ekuhlukaneni. Ekupheleni kwenkambiso, amangqamuzana amasha akhiwa ngekhono elikhulayo kanye nesimetabolism.

Akunakwenzeka ukusho ukuthi yiziphi izinqubo ezibalulekile ze-cell play play indima ebaluleke kakhulu. Zonke zihlangene futhi zingenasici ekuhlukanisweni komunye nomunye. Indlela emisebenzini emihle futhi esebenzayo ekhona emgodini, iphinda ikhombise ukuhlakanipha nobukhulu bemvelo.