NGAMAFUTHA: isakhiwo, umlando, ukusetshenziswa

Oil - omunye abameleli besigaba izidubedube okusamanzi (ngaphezu kwakhe sifaka amanzi ngisho Artesian). It wathola igama layo kusukela Persian "uwoyela." Bekanye ozocerite kanye negesi yemvelo kuthathwa iqembu namaminerali ngokuthi petrolytes.

SIYINI NGAMAFUTHA ngokombono zemvelo noma yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali

Kuyinto okunamafutha, izidakamizwa oily, umbala kanye kwabantu okuyinto iyahlukahluka kuye ngokuthi indawo zokukhiqiza. Kungenzeka luhlaza okotshani noma cherry obomvu, ophuzi, onsundu, omnyama, futhi ezimweni ezingavamile - kungekho nto enemibala emihle. I fluidity amafutha iyahlukahluka kakhulu: umuntu emanzini, elinye - i-viscous. Kodwa enibaziyo nomunye ezahlukene kanjalo Izakhiwo we ketshezi, ngakho ukuqanjwa kwawo zamakhemikhali, njalo inhlanganisela eyinkimbinkimbi hydrocarbon. Ukuze uthole ezinye izindawo zivumelana ukungcola - sulphur, nitrogen nezinye izingxube zamakhemikhali kuyiphi nephunga luncike khona hydrocarbon elimnandi nesibabule compounds.

Igama Isakhi esiyinhloko uwoyela - "hydrocarbon" izinkulumo oluphelele mayelana ngezithako zawo. Le into, ehlanganisa i-carbon ne-hydrogen athomu, ifomula kabani jikelele kulotshiwe njengoba CxHy. Omele elula salolu chungechunge kuyinto methane CH4, khona kunoma yimaphi uwoyela.

Ukwakheka aphansi amafutha isilinganiso kungenziwa imelelwa iphesenti kanje:

• 84% i-carbon
• 14% i-hydrogen
• 1-3% sulphur
• <1% umoya-mpilo
• <1% metal
• <1% usawoti

EZIPHUMA nesenzakalo uwoyela negesi

Amafutha kanye negesi ngokuvamile nabangane, okungukuthi, zingabantu ndawonye, kodwa lokhu kuyiqiniso kuphela kusukela ku-1 kuya 6 amakhilomitha ukujula. Iningi Amasimu kuyinto kuleli banga, inhlanganisela uwoyela negesi zihlukile. Uma ukujula kuyinto esingaphansi ikhilomitha, zikhona uwoyela eyodwa, futhi abangaphezu kuka-6 amakhilomitha - elinegesi.

Reservoir lapho amafutha kutholakala, ngokuthi ngalendoda. Lokhu idwala ngokuvamile ukungena nakwamanye amazwe lapho kungafaniswa isiponji alukhuni ebutha futhi uphethe amafutha, igesi, kanye nezinye izinto eziwuketshezi ezithathekayo (isib, amanzi). Enye imfuneko kuba phambi accumulations ka isivalo uwoyela-kwesigubhu okuyinto kuvimbela ukuhamba phambili uketshezi ngenxa lapho yokugcina ikhiyiwe njengezinyoni ezibanjwa isicupho. Izazi zesayensi yokwakheka komhlaba funa ezingibeni ezinjalo, lapho ke abizwa ngokuthi Amasimu, kodwa ngempela igama kwesokudla akuyona. Ngenxa uwoyela negesi umsuka ephansi kakhulu izingqimba ngaphansi kwengcindezi okusezingeni eliphezulu. Ezingqimbeni engenhla zivela yokuthi, njengoba uketshezi ukukhanya bavame phezulu. Bona ngokoqobo odlulela kwamanzi.

KUPHI FUTHI NINI NGAMAFUTHA oluvelayo

Ukuze uqonde mshini kumiswa uwoyela, udinga ukuhamba ngengqondo emuva eminyakeni eyizigidi edlule. Ngokwe-theory biogenic (aka - imfundiso yokuziphendukela umsuka organic), esukela esikhathini Carboniferous (eminyakeni million 350 BC) futhi kwaze kwaba maphakathi nawo-Paleogene (eminyakeni million 50 BC.), Ezindaweni eziningi amanzi abe conglomerations engajulile yezinsalela organic ukuphila - ababhubhayo izilokazane ezincane kanye ulwelwe asewile ukuba phansi, ukwakha phansi izingqimba engokwemvelo. kancane kakhulu, izingqimba zavalwa abanye, wezinto ezingaphili - inhlabathi isihlabathi, isibonelo, wawa njalonjalo. Yokucindezeleka okwandayo elithatha izendlalelo eqina, ukufinyelela oxygen engokwemvelo wayengekho. Ebumnyameni ngaphansi kwethonya ingcindezi kanye lokushisa ekuguqulweni uhlala hydrocarbon elula, ezinye zazo ziba gaseous ingxenye - liquid okuqinile.

Uma kuphuma uketshezi lanikezwa ithuba ukubaleka kumiswa sabazali, baphuthuma kuze kube nje musa ogibeni. Nokho, ukuvelela Kubuye futsi kube nesikhatsi ukudliwa. Izingibe uketshezi ngokuvamile anikezwa kanje: phezulu igesi ke amafutha, ezansi - amanzi. Lokhu kungenxa kwabantu ngamunye wabo. Uma leyo ndlela ingasetshenziswa hhayi uketshezi Friend kwesigubhu ihlangabezane, ayebonakala phezu, bakuphi ukubhujiswa nokuhlushwa kwala kusakazeka. uwoyela wemvelo engena kwamanzi kuvamise amachibi obukhulu semiliquid Malta futhi asphalt, noma omunye impregnates esihlabathini, ukwakha okuthiwa Sands uwoyela.

UMLANDO SABANTU OF NGAMAFUTHA

uwoyela okukhipha phezu ayikwazanga kodwa zidonse ukunaka phansi ekhuluma ngabantu basendulo. On kusaqalwa ukuphola cishe akukho lwazi, kodwa esikhathini evuthiwe uwoyela isiko ezisetshenziselwa ukwakhiwa - lokhu kuboniswa idatha kusuka Iraq, okuyinto atholakala bokusetshenziswa kwesihluku lamafutha ukuvikela amakhaya kusuka umswakama. EGibhithe, wathola combustibility wamafutha, lalisetshenziselwa ukukhanyisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uye wathola isicelo e mummification futhi njengoba sealant for izikebhe.

Ukuba ezingavamile, uwoyela kuye kwaba yinto eyivela zisabalulekile ezikhathini zasendulo: abaseBhabhiloni hweba it eMpumalanga Ephakathi. Kusolwa ukuthi lo msebenzi ikhiqize eziningi nemizana. Kungenzeka futhi ukuthi amafutha asetshenziswa kudalwa omunye "Izimangaliso the World" abadumile - Hanging Gardens yaseBhabhiloni. Kube yayiwusizo njengoba sealant, hhayi amanzi permeable.

AmaShayina aba phakathi kwabantu bokuqala obengayembethe aneliseke iziphethu ukufinyelela kwamanzi. Basungula imishini, usebenzisa bamboo ozwakala neziqu nge metal "nsundu" ekupheleni. Ekuqaleni, babefuna imithombo usawoti ukukhiqiza usawoti, kodwa ke bathola uwoyela negesi. Nge yokugcina bona ayahwamuka usawoti - ukubeka umlilo kuso. On ngokusetshenziswa kwamafutha eChina ngaleso sikhathi akukho idatha.

Enye indlela ukusebenzisa amafutha endala welashelwa izifo yakhe yesikhumba. Mayelana umkhuba phakathi izakhamuzi Peninsula Absheron wathi ku amanothi Marco Polo.

uwoyela Okokuqala eRussia okukhulunywa ukubonwa ngekhulu xv. Izazimlando ziye wathola ukubhekisela ongahluziwe ukuhlangana amagcobo phezu kwesihloko Ukhta emfuleni lapho akha khona ifilimu phezu kwamanzi. Elapho eqoqwe futhi wenziwe ke umuthi noma umthombo wokukhanya - ngokuvamile kwaba ukwelashwa izimbaqa.

Isicelo esisha uwoyela eziye zatholakala ukubonwa ngekhulu XIX, lapho bekhanyise isiketekete yasungulwa. Lwakhiwe nge wemithi Polish Ignatiy Lukasevich. Kungenzeka ukuthi kwaba futhi umsunguli we indlela isizinda uwoyela kaphalafini. Ngeminyaka embalwa nje ngaphambi Canadian Abrahama Gesner wasungula indlela ngokukhiqiza kaphalafini kusukela kwelahle, kodwa ziphuma uwoyela kwenzakala oholela kangcono.

Kaphalafini wasetshenziswa kakhulu ukukhanyisa, ngakho isidingo ukhula njalo. Ngakho-ke kwakudingekile ukuba anqume umbuzo ukukhiqizwa yayo. Ukuqala embonini kawoyela seluqaliwe ngo-1847 e Baku, lapho kahle lokuqala lalibizwa yamba, okwakunginika uwoyela. Awu kungakabiphi kwaba kangangokuba Baku ibizwa ngokuthi Black City.

Kodwa labo imithombo abangu yamba ngesandla namanje. Ngowokuqala ngqa yamba kahle by injini umusi, sigqugquzelwa umshini imishini, kwabonakala eRussia 1864 e-Kuban esifundeni. Ngemva kweminyaka emibili, ngo-Kudakinskom ensimini Uqede imishini yokugaya kahle omunye.

Emkhakheni ekuqaleni umkhiqizo kawoyela zezimboni seluqaliwe ngo-1859 ngu-Edwin Drake yamba eyokuqala e-US ngo-August 27 kulo nyaka i amafutha kahle - ke waba ka 21.2 amamitha ukujula futhi itholakala edolobheni Taytusvil ePennsylvania, lapho phambi imishini kwemithombo Artesian ngokuvamile uwoyela ezitholakele.

Amafutha imishini wancipha intengo kawoyela kuye kwaholela yokuthi ngesikhathi esifushane, lo mkhiqizo isibe kubalulekile ngoba impucuko yesimanje. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kwaba ukuqala embonini kawoyela.

UKUSETSHENZISWA NGAMAFUTHA

Okwamanje asisebenzisi uwoyela injalo okumsulwa. Nokho, kukhona imikhiqizo eminingi kusetshenzwe ebalulekile emhlabeni wethu. Ngemuva zokuqala ezinhlanu uphendulela ziphuzo zazihluzwa zokubasa:

• zezindiza kanye motor uphethiloli
• kaphalafini
• Propellant
• diesel
• igesi
• uwoyela fuel

Ingxenyana lamafutha nophethiloli - umthombo nangenye uchungechunge ziphuzo zazihluzwa eminye imikhiqizo:

• itiyela
• upharafini
• amafutha
• uwoyela fuel

Isiphetho okwengeziwe ibitume - Ixhume uhlalwane nesihlabathi ukukhiqiza asphalt. Omunye umkhiqizo kawoyela okuyinto liyasetshenziswa imisebenzi komgwaqo - a kodaka, okuyinto CONCENTRATE izinsalela uwoyela ngemva ziphuzo zazihluzwa. Enye zinsalela, petroleum coke, elisetshenziswa womshini ferroalloys kanye electrode.

Chemical umkhakha isebenzisa hydrocarbon elula njengoba feedstock ngoba ukusabela ukuthi iguqule compounds ifomula. Imiphumela iba yinhlanganisela yokukhandleka plastic, iraba, indwangu, umquba, udayi, i-polyethylene ne-polypropylene, kanye amakhemikhali yasekhaya eminingi.

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