Nenhlabathi anesihlabathi: kwebalingisi kanye ngezigaba

Kuyini yenhlabathi egugulekile? Izici and ngezigaba yalezi nenhlabathi uzonikezwa yithi kulesi sihloko. Igama nenhlabathi lisuselwa elithi Latin alluvio, okusho "alluvium", "kubangela". Lokhu kuchaza etymology kanye umsuka nenhlabathi. Kudaliwe emifuleni inwash, ukuthi sakhiwa izinhlayiya yamadwala ukuthi emifuleni ezokuthutha kusukela sifinyelela engenhla engezansi washiya usebe lwawo phakathi kwemifula. a impahla okunjalo kwezinkolo kubizwa ngokuthi alluvium. He is uvundile impela ngenxa emfuleni walala namaminerali nje kuphela, kodwa futhi izinsalela begazi zezitshalo nezilwane. Ukwahlukanisa nenhlabathi olubanzi anesihlabathi. Phela, imifula babe umbuso wabo kwamanzi. Ukusuka lapho, bavele zenzeka kaningi asemabhodleleni futhi ezifanayo nezinye izinto, lithembela kulokho inhlabathi akha kwezinye izindawo. Ake sibheke lezi zinhlobo nenhlabathi ngokulandelana.

Uyini kwimfunda kanye masimu

mfula ngasinye phakathi namakhulu eminyaka kancane kancane okushintsha sendawo bezwe eduze. Futhi uma umfula, bazolokhu kuyinto le nqubo. Yena ulingeka ogwini. Kusukela kulesi siteshi liya livuleka njengoba zikhula. Kodwa ngaphezu ukuguguleka ugu, futhi kukhona inqubo ezijulile. Umfula enquma ku phansi embhedeni wakhe. Le nqubo ingafaniswa isicelo imbobo amanxeba. I ajulile ukulunywa ummese, aba maningi amathuba okuba emaphethelweni isikhumba. Kodwa lokhu kuqhathanisa okunemibandela kakhulu. Uma ubheka emfuleni namabhange yayo esigabeni ovundlile, ungakhetha isiteshi, kwimfunda kanye masimu. Nge ngowokuqala zonke licacile - lena yindawo lapho amanzi notshwala. Lapho, ezansi daka zanqwabelana nezinye inhlabathi. Kwimfunda - isigaba nesigodi emfuleni, okuyinto igcwele amanzi ngesikhathi amanzi okusezingeni eliphezulu. Futhi njalo uma ukugeleza eshiya ezifakwa kuso. Ngenxa yale nqubo ekuqongeleleni ukhiqiza yenhlabathi egugulekile. Amasimu enanikade kakhulu ukuqonda. Kodwa umfula zakhukhula ogwini, bahlakazeka ukwakha emithambekeni bushelelezi. Amasimu futhi emathafeni uzamcolo alikho yonke imifula. Ngokwesibonelo, e zigodi amanzi imifudlana phakathi rock kanzima futhi awukwazi ukufiphaza kubo.

Izimpawu nenhlabathi anesihlabathi

Lolu hlobo inhlabathi ithatha amaphesenti amathathu kuphela ezweni. Kepha kubhekwa indawo enothe kunazo. Ngemva yenhlabathi egugulekile - eqinisweni, odakeni emfuleni, ecebile namaminerali. Ngakho-ke, lezi nenhlabathi bayigugu kwezolimo. Khumbula ukuthi bonke yezimpucuko wokuqala ongabantu azalelwa iphinde ithuthukiswe emifuleni: saseNayile, Yan Tszy noMfula Yellow, le iTigrisi ne-Ewufrathe. Lezi nemifula wanika abantu le nhlabathi evundile lapho sikhule isitshalo ocebile ngisho ne ezingeni bakudala kulinywe. Ngisho eGibhithe yesimanje zonke ezolimo wezwe bagxila kuphela nomlambo iNayili. Ngo nenhlabathi kwimfunda anesihlabathi elise ezimfundeni, okuyizinto amadlelo engcono kanye nezimfunda ngezindlu izinkomo ukudla ebusika. On emfuleni masimu athuthukile viticulture. Ngosizo sokufuna ezindaweni ihlathi umkhuba elayisi ezikhulayo. Floodplains ibalulekile Zokudoba. Ngempela, phakathi kwemifula lapho sihamba eziyizimbangela lizalele abasha.

Ukwahlukanisa nenhlabathi anesihlabathi

Isici nobuntu lezi nenhlabathi ngukutsi ngokushesha zikhule. Ikakhulukazi kumayelana ezindaweni emathafeni kukazamcolo. Ezinye emifuleni uzamcolo kwenzeka ngasekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo lapho iqhwa liyancibilika, abanye - ebusika (Mediterranean sezulu), eyesithathu - ehlobo, ngesikhathi izimvula yezimvula. Kodwa umbuso kwamanzi inikeza yonyaka eliphakeme futhi aphansi (amanzi ongaphakeme) ukugeleza izilinganiso. Lapho umfula phakathi amanzi okusezingeni eliphezulu eshiya ezifakwa yayo, linamandla inqubo accumulative. Kodwa nenhlabathi anesihlabathi kwimfunda kukhona heterogeneous ukubunjwa yabo. Lapho kufika uzamcolo, ukugeleza komfula kuyinto fast kakhulu eduze kombhede. Ngakho-ke, engxenyeni engasogwini izinhlayiya emikhulu imali - amatshe nesihlabathi. Lapho amanzi lingasekho, okwamanje kwakhiwa amabhishi kanye imiphini. A kancane okwengeziwe emlanjeni phakathi kancane. Kukhona imali izinhlayiya emihle - yl, nobumba. Kukhona izindawo kwimfunda zazo zigcwele njalo ngonyaka, kodwa kuphela kwabangela izikhukhula ezinkulu. Leyo nhlabathi egqinsiwe. Ekugcineni, ngo-amathala kukhona Turf, ihlathi kanye edlelweni nenhlabathi yakhiwa ne ukwengeza alluvium.

ngezigaba Dobrowolski

academician bodumo uqokomisa zinhlobo ezilandelayo main zenhlabathi, ezakhiwe imisebenzi emifuleni. GV Dobrovolsky ihlukanisa emlanjeni nenhlabathi, alluvium futhi Turf embondelene. Kancane ezikude emfuleni, e kwimfunda emaphakathi, lapho emifuleni elisezansi ongafinyelela amakhilomitha amaningana ububanzi, elise edlelweni nenhlabathi. Nenhlabathi anesihlabathi of marsh, sise unyawo nobethala ephansi, eziningi humus kanye gleya. Kodwa Ukwahlukaniswa Dobrowolski zezemfundo kusebenza kuphela ukuba imifula Russian ukuthi iyangena emaphethelweni emathafeni nge sezulu esipholile ezwekazini. Kwezinye izindawo zemvelo engakwazi ukuya ngenqubo waterlogging ithala izindawo.

Umthelela sezulu kanye komhlaba

Umfula udlala indima ayisisekelo ukwakheka nenhlabathi anesihlabathi. Kuyinto inhlabathi yakhe kuxazululwe phezu amabhange yasethafeni kukazamcolo. Kodwa futhi ezweni anesihlabathi kungazithinta sezulu, ikakhulukazi inani lemvula enayo. Ezindaweni ezinomswakama babe nenhlabathi asidi. Nge ukwehla inani imvula inhlabathi ibe kokungathathi hlangothi ngaphezulu. nenhlabathi ane-alikhali akhiwa ezindaweni ezomile. Amanzi asemhlabathini futhi iba nomthelela omkhulu emhlabathini. Nokho, impermanent. Esikhathini esiyiminyaka yamanzi ongaphakeme nesomiso komhlaba inamandla walihlanganisa nomhlabathi phansi. Kodwa ngenkathi yezimvula nezikhukhula, banezizathu umphumela. I yamanzi kungaholela waterlogging inhlabathi, ebanikeza ezilamatshe aligugu ethile. okukhulu Ikakhulukazi sikhonjiswa ngumgogodla kanye ithala of kwemfunda.

Nenhlabathi evela emithonjeni kuya esizalweni somfula

Ngokuvamile ukusakaza sizalelwe ezintabeni. Ukusakaza Small namanje akanawo amandla ukuze basuse wachichima. Futhi uyaqhubeka phakathi rock kanzima. Kodwa amanzi has blurs nosawoti linombhalo Silica futhi izinto eziphilayo, lesi oxides manganese nensimbi, Gypsum kanye wokulinganisa, chloride kanye sodium sulfate. Esikhathini sifinyelela ongenhla emifuleni entabeni alluvium indawo, ezakhiwe ngamatshe futhi isihlabathi indawo. Amanzi agelezela flat yingxenye Russia abe Hydrography ezahlukene. Basuke owazalwa nasemaxhaphozini. Futhi ngenxa yokuthi kwimfunda anesihlabathi nenhlabathi, ngisho sifinyelela engenhla aqukethwe imifula ingxenye enkulu humus. Esikhathini sifinyelela phakathi ukusakaza elisezansi meander futhi ngokuvamile ukushintsha embhedeni wabo. Yehlisa ijubane emfuleni, okwenza amanzi kuba amile, amatshe aligugu, futhi kunomswakama nayo oxidized. Lona nomthelela kakhulu ngqo kwi ukwakheka nenhlabathi anesihlabathi. Delta at enjalo imidondoshiya aqueous njengoba iVolga Yenissei, uDon, it is branched ukuwela emkhonweni. Esikhathini sifinyelela engezansi inqubo anesihlabathi kuyinto ephansi kakhulu. Kukhona imali humus, ubumba, ₃ SaS0 nosawoti, potassium kwakwakhe, sodium, manganese, yensimbi.

Anesihlabathi wapheka nenhlabathi

Lezi nenhlabathi zitholakala eduze ngokushesha emfuleni, ogwini lwayo ezitshekile. Basuke izimpawu esincane kakhulu humus e kwengoma. Nakuba lezi zindawo zigcwele unyaka ngamunye kwimfunda, umfula walala khona kuphela alluvium anolaka - isihlabathi indawo, shingle. Phakathi izikhukhula kwakhiwa emikhulu, abese uqedwe kwezulu. Nenhlabathi anesihlabathi we wapheka gleying kancane, isakhiwo yabo mechanical. Top ungqimba - ukushuba encane wapheka friable. Ngezansi amanga mncane humus umkhathizwe. ububanzi balo, kuye ngokuthi izimila ugu bengase bazikhandlele ngamasentimitha amathathu kuya kwangamashumi amabili. amafutha Ngisho aphansi ahlelwe ukuthungwa ukukhanya. Ngakho abampofu e humus nenhlabathi akuzona kwezinhloso zenzuzo wezolimo.

Kuyini inhlabathi egqinsiwe anesihlabathi

Kancane ezikude embhedeni emfuleni, lapho imiphini ugu, kukhona izindawo zigcwele njalo ngonyaka, kodwa isimo oqinile (eRussia - emva Ubusika ikakhulukazi seqhwa). Ngakho, sebethule ukusakaza aqueous of ukuthungwa ukukhanya (amatshe, isihlabathi) is alternated enezingxenye of humus, okuyinto abake Ukugaya edlelweni kwezimila. inhlabathi Egqinsiwe anesihlabathi, ngokungafani kuya inhlabathi Turf, mnandi wezolimo. On lezi zindawo flat ukugcwalisa ukwaluka abalimi izinkomo noma ukuzisebenzisa ngaphansi hay. Iphrofayela egqinsiwe anesihlabathi inhlabathi ungqimba humus ube amasentimitha amathathu kuya amane obukhulu. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuba ikhule aluhlaza edlelweni izimila nezihlahla. Wapheka futhi ekhona iphrofayli, kodwa lokhu ungqimba elincanyana - emihlanu ngamasentimitha. Ngezansi gleyed alluvium egqinsiwe. Ukwakheka Mechanical kwenhlabathi ku esinzima ngokwengeziwe.

nenhlabathi anesihlabathi-edlelweni

Akulesi ikakhulu Central emaThafeni le floodplains. Lezi nenhlabathi yakhiwa loamy noma loam sandy slabosloistymi River inhlabathi. komhlaba ephansi ngisho zikhathi zesomiso okuphakelayo utshani uhlaza. Ngakho, ngo-iphrofayela kwakhiwa topsheet enamandla esihle grained humus nailivaniya. Emiseleni at a ngokuvamile esingaphansi imitha ukujula, capillary feeds izimila edlelweni. Ezansi iphrofayli inhlabathi yathi gleying. Humus anesihlabathi-edlelweni nenhlabathi of ezintathu per cent ezingaphezu kuka e egqinsiwe. Uma komhlaba aligugu amanengi kakhulu, kumasayithi afana bayatfutfuka kwimfunda subtypes solodized noma nenhlabathi okunosawoti. nethonya elikhulu inhlabathi kumiswa has kwezimila. Nezihlahla kwakhiwa podzolized subtype anesihlabathi edlelweni inhlabathi.

bog nenhlabathi

I ayimigodi amanzi, ezivame ebonwe nearterrace indawo esigodini emfuleni, nge kunomswakama kukhona engalulami kwamanzi inqubo. Ngaphandle yamanzi livela emithambekeni ukunqwabelana ebusweni. Zonke lezi zici (amanzi phansi, kunomswakama, impumuzo ukucindezeleka) kuholele yokuthi izingosi ezinjalo bayatfutfuka anesihlabathi marsh nenhlabathi. Basuke izimpawu ukuthungwa esindayo, ecebile Peat, gleying. Kulesi sisekelo athuthukile marsh izimila, ngezinye izikhathi Iminyezane. ogleevaniya izinqubo ezenzeka nge ezifakwa anesihlabathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inhlabathi kwandisa ngenxa ekuqongeleleni humus. Ukuze uhlobo enjalo wokusabela kwenziwa kungaba esidi noma wavuma ane-alikhali.

inhlabathi masimu

Akufanele sibakhohlwe ukuthi amabhange okusezingeni eliphezulu semilambo, futhi, eligoqiwe anesihlabathi imali. bona kuphela - amadala kuneningi nenhlabathi kwemfunda. Phakathi namakhulu eminyaka ngisho zeminyaka ku amathala kwakhiwa ungqimba obukhulu nezinye ngezizathu - ihlathi podzolic, edlelweni, umhlaba omnyama. Kodwa ngaphansi kwalesi kumiswa amanga zonke inhlabathi efanayo anesihlabathi.