Mkhathi wokuqala nendoda ebhodini

"Lo mkhathi kuqala umkhankaso eMhlabeni ngesilinganiso esingamaphesenti 0.68 kuya ..." Iqala kanjalo umbhalo umsebenzi e incwadi physics abafundi bebanga le-11 yenzelwe ukusiza ukuqinisa izingqondo amalungiselelo eyinhloko Mechanics relativistic. Ngakho: "Lo mkhathi kuqala umkhankaso kusuka phansi ngesilinganiso esingamaphesenti 0,68 c. Idivayisi wesibili uqala ukunyakaza kusukela kuqala luhamba luye ohlangothini olulodwa ngesivinini V2 = 0,86 s. Kuyadingeka ukuba abale ngesivinini yesibili isitsha isihlobo iplanethi ewumhlaba. "

Ubani ufisa ukuhlola ulwazi lwabo bangaqeqeshwa kule msebenzi. Ungase futhi, kanye abafundi ukuba babe yingxenye ikhambi yokuhlola ye "mkhathi kuqala umkhankaso lisemhlabathini ngesivinini 0.7 imizuzwana. (C - Isivinini kokuqoka ukukhanya). Idivayisi wesibili uqala ukunyakaza kusukela kuqala siye ohlangothini olufanayo. Isivinini salo - 0.8. Kuyadingeka ukuba abale ngesivinini yesibili isitsha isihlobo iplanethi ewumhlaba. "

Ukuze labo abazibheka owayeyazi kahle le ndaba, kungenzeka ukuba wenze isinqumo - Kukhona ezine izimpendulo kungenzeka: 1) 0; 2) 0.2; 3) 0.96 s; 4) ukuze 1,54.

Injongo eyinhloko didactic, okwamanje sifundo push ukwethula abafundi nencazelo ngokomzimba nefilosofi Einstein postulates essence izakhiwo umqondo relativistic isikhathi nendawo, njll injongo Sikhungo we sifundo ukuthuthukisa izinsizwa nezintombi we dialectical yalelozwe izinto.

Kodwa abafundi sihloko abazi umlando Russian indiza emkhathini, uzovuma ukuthi imisebenzi izimo okukhulunywa ngaso inkulumo ethi "imikhumbi-mkhathi kuqala", ungakwazi ukudlala indima ebalulekile zemfundo. Uma wayefisa, uthisha usebenzisa lezi imisebenzi angase kudalulwe njengoba izici lehlukene ekucabanga kwengcondvo netintfo yokushisekela izwe yombuzo.

Mkhathi kuqala isikhala, impumelelo kazwelonke isikhala isayensi ngokuvamile - lokho ngalokhu laziwe?

On ukubaluleka ucwaningo isikhala

ucwaningo Space senziwe isayensi idatha ezibalulekile avunyelwe ukuba baqonde okushiwo izenzakalo entsha imvelo bawafaka emaceleni inkonzo abantu. Ukusebenzisa iziphuphutheki, ososayensi bakwazi ukunquma ifomu ngqo Zomhlaba iplanethi, ngokutadisha omise babe kungenzeka ukulandelela izindawo anomalies kazibuthe eSiberia. With ukusetshenziswa namarokhethi kanye iziphuphutheki bakwazi ukuthola futhi ukuhlola amabhande emisebeni emhlabeni Earth. Ngosizo lwabo kwakunokwenzeka ukuxazulula ezinye izinkinga eziningi eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Mkhathi ngca uvakashele Moon

Inyanga - umzimba wasezulwini, lihlotshaniswa impumelelo umbukwane umxhwele kakhulu isikhala isayensi.

Flight to the Moon okokuqala emlandweni waqalwa Januwari 2, 1959 esiteshini okuzenzakalelayo "Luna-1". Ukwethulwa yokuqala yelungu yokufakelwa satellite "Luna-1" Lo magazini uye waba impumelelo enkulu emkhakheni ukuhlola umkhathi. Kodwa injongo eyinhloko iphrojekthi engakaze izuzwe. Kwaba ukufaka ekusebenzeni le indiza kusukela Earth the Moon. Ukwethulwa ngolwazi oluyigugu yesayensi ezingokoqobo mayelana izindiza eziya nezinye izindikimba cosmic. Ngokuhamba "Moon-1" Umsebenzi lakhiwe (okokuqala!) Eyesibili isivinini cosmic. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungenzeka ukuthola idatha phezu ibhande emisebeni zomhlaba, ekhishwe neminye imininingwane eyigugu. I cindezela izwe liye eyabiwe mkhathi "Luna-1" igama "Dream".

AMC "Luna 2" siphindiwe eyandulela cishe ngokuphelele. amathuluzi ezisetshenzisiwe kanye nemishini ivumela ukuqapha isikhala interplanetary, kanye ulungise idatha etholwe "Luna-1". Run (12 September 1959) ngesikhathi wenza usebenzisa 8K72 RN.

14 Septhemba, "Luna 2" ifinyelele satellite engokwemvelo surface eMhlabeni. indiza yokuqala ngqa lenziwa iplanethi yethu enyangeni. Ebhanoyini kwakukhona ezintathu AMC pennant ongokomfanekiso, okuyinto Sibhalwe othi: "I-USSR, ngo-September 1959". Phakathi yafakwa ibhola sensimbi, okuyinto, lapho eshaya kobuso nendikimba ethile esemkhathini sichitha zibe inqwaba streamer encane.

Imisebenzi enikezwa esiteshini okuzenzakalelayo:

• sifinyelele ebusweni kwenyanga;
• ukuthuthukiswa lesibili isivinini cosmic;
• zokunqoba yesisindo Umhlaba iplanethi;
• ukudiliva kwenyanga ebusweni pennants "USSR".

Bonke eziye zagcwaliseka ngayo.

"East"

Kwakuwusuku mkhathi wokuqala emhlabeni wonke umkhankaso ku Earth orbit. Academician M. K. Tihonravovym by umklami esidumile ukuthuthukiswa S. P. koroleva eyenziwa iminyaka eminingi, kusukela entwasahlobo ka-1957 Ngo-April 1958 phathelana imingcele esikiselwayo ikusasa umkhumbi, kanye nokusebenza yayo jikelele ezaziwayo. Kwakuthinta bazitshela ukuthi mkhathi wokuqala uzoba isisindo elingamathani angaba ngu-5 nokuthi ngesikhathi kabusha entry kwakuzodingeka olwengeziwe lokuvikela ezishisayo enesisindo mayelana 1.5. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwase kutholakele indlela ejection umshayeli.

Ukudala izindiza zokuhlola yaphela ngo-Ephreli 1960. Summer ayeseqalile ukuhlola ke.

Mkhathi lokuqala "Vostok" (isithombe ngezansi ke) lalinabashumayeli tincenye letimbili: egumbini insimbi bese ukwehla module sixhumene.

Lo mkhumbi kwaba ifakwe isilawuli manual kanye othomathikhi, ukuzikhethela ukuthi ilanga ne-Earth. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakukhona cababa, izinga lokushisa elawulwa futhi ugesi. IBhodi lwakhiwe ukundiza umshayeli single kule spacesuit. Lo mkhumbi kwakufanele portholes ezimbili.

Mkhathi wokuqala uye emkhathini ngo-1961 ku-12 Apreli. Manje, lokhu usuku lugujwa njengoba Suku Cosmonautics. Ngalolu suku, YA Gagarin orbited umkhumbi isikhala kuqala emhlabeni. Bakhandwa ezivezwa revolution emhlabeni Earth.

Umsebenzi oyinhloko eyenza mkhathi wokuqala nendoda ebhodini, kwaba ukufunda astronaut impilo kanye nokusebenza kwamandla iplanethi yethu. indiza ngempumelelo Gagarin: compatriot wethu, umuntu wokuqala wabona Umhlaba isikhala - ukuthuthukiswa isayensi elisuselwa ezingeni elisha.

Le ndiza ku ukungafi

"Lo mkhathi wokuqala nendoda ebhodini wethulwa ku Earth orbit Apreli 12, 1961. Eyokuqala umshayeli-Cosmonaut mkhathi-satellite "Vostok" uye yisizalwane USSR, umshayeli, Major Gagarin Yu. A. "

Tass amazwi okuthunyelwe ekhumbulekayo kuze kube sekugcineni emlandweni, omunye emangalisayo kakhulu futhi eshaya emakhasini ayo. Ekupheleni emashumini isikhala travel uyoba evamile, lomkhuba zezwe, kodwa indiza, umuntu ophelele emzaneni omncane eRussia - Gzhatsk - kuze kube sekugcineni ezingqondweni izizukulwane eziningi njengoba feat kakhulu esithinta abantu.

Uhlanga isikhala

Phakathi kweSoviet Union ne-United States phakathi naleyo minyaka engu kwakubikwa mncintiswano esingashiwongo ilungelo ukudlala indima ephambili ekunqotshweni isikhala. Umholi mncintiswano kwaba eSoviet Union. I-United States ayengenalo namarokhethi ezinamandla.

I Astronautics Soviet umsebenzi wabo ihlolwe ngo-January 1960, ngesikhathi ukuhlolwa ePacific. Zonke amaphephandaba ezinkulu emhlabeni banyathelisa ukwaziswa abantu baseSoviet maduze umkhankaso emkhathini ukuthi nakanjani ushiye US ngemuva. Bonke abantu emhlabeni ayelinde indiza yokuqala bavimba ngokulangazela okukhulu.

Ngo-April 1961, indoda okokuqala sabuka Umhlaba isikhala. "East" baphuthuma ekufezeni Sun, yonke iplanethi kubuka le indiza esuka imisakazo. Umhlaba washaqeka futhi ube nexhala, zonke amehlo waphawula ukuhlola omkhulu kunayo yonke emlandweni wesintu.

Amaminithi Lokho Shook Okwezwe

"Indoda in Space!" Lezi zindaba kwaphazanyiswa emsebenzini phakathi nalowo musho radio kanye izindaba ejensi. "AbaseSoviet umkhankaso indoda! Yuri Gagarin emkhathini! "

"East" kuso ukundiza emhlabeni, kuthathe imizuzu 108. Futhi lezo zikhathi kungukuthi kuphela wabonisa airspeed side yangaphandle. Lawa kwakungamadodana imizuzu yokuqala kweminyaka isikhala esisha, yingakho baze washaqeka emhlabeni.

Uhlanga phakathi kwalezi zinto zombili ayizikhondlakhondla owaphuma isihloko ekulweni ukuhlola umkhathi yaphela nge ekunqobeni i-USSR. Ngo-May, US ballistic futhi umkhankaso indoda emkhathini. Futhi okwamanje ekuqaleni umuntu okungaphezu emkhathini woMhlaba esabekwa abantu baseSoviet. Mkhathi lokuqala "Vostok" ne-astronaut ku bhodi ngenxa namaSoviet. Leli qiniso bekulokhu isihloko nokuziphakamisa okukhulu abantu baseSoviet. Ngaphezu kwalokho, indiza sidonsa aphethwe kakhulu kunalokhu, ngase indlela kakhulu eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, mkhathi lokuqala Gagarin (isithombe kuyinto ukubukeka kwayo) ayikwazi eqhathaniswa capsule, okuyinto landizela somshayeli American.

Morning isikhala inkathi

Lezi imizuzu 108 washintsha Yuriya gagarina ukuphila, isizwe sakithi futhi izwe kuze kube phakade. Uma kukhishwa emkhathini isikhala kuqala umkhumbi nendoda ebhodini, lo mcimbi abantu Earth sebekholelwa ekuseni engu isikhala. Emhlabeni kwakungekho muntu engathokozela uthando olukhulu olungakaze hhayi kuphela takhamiti, kodwa futhi abantu emhlabeni wonke, kungakhathaliseki ubuzwe, ezombusazwe kanye nezinkolelo zakhe. feat waso kwakuyindishi samuntu konke okuhle ukuthi sidalwe umqondo womuntu.

"Inxusa Yokuthula"

Overflights Zomhlaba emkhunjini "Vostok", Yuri Gagarin eya amazwe emhlabeni. Wonke umuntu efuna ukubona nokuzwa lokuqala Cosmonaut emhlabeni. ngokulinganayo wakhe bamukela ondunankulu nabengameli, izikhulu esikhulu namakhosi. Futhi Gagarin wabingelela ngenjabulo wabavukuzi dockers, ezempi kanye ososayensi, abafundi emayunivesithi olukhulu emhlabeni labadala emizaneni ishiywe Afrika. I Cosmonaut lokuqala kwaba ngokulinganayo elula, friendly futhi sibe nomusa kubo bonke. Kwakuyisikhathi "inxusa ukuthula" weqiniso, a amazwe aqaphela.

"Umuntu esikhulu futhi esimangalisayo, indlu"

Umsebenzi Gagarin osomaqhinga sibaluleke kakhulu kuleli zwe. Akekho ngakho ngempumelelo, njengoba kwenza indoda yokuqala owayekade emkhathini, ubophele ifindo ubungane phakathi kwabantu nezizwe, ukuxhuma imicabango nenhliziyo. Wayefanele abangasoze balukhohlwa, ukumamatheka ebukekayo, umusa emangalisayo esihlanganisa abantu abavela emazweni ehlukene, izinkolelo ezahlukene. Ngokungavamile ezithonyayo babe abanothando yakhe, ivela ukusebenza yonke inhliziyo, obiza ukuthula emhlabeni.

"Ngabona indlela enhle Umhlaba - wathi Gagarin. - Kusuka esikhaleni imingcele izakhamuzi zaseBosnia zifana. Iplanethi yethu ibukeka kusuka isikhala njengoba indlu eyodwa ezinkulu futhi ezinhle abantu. Bonke abantu abaqotho abavela umhlaba banesibopho ukuhleleka nokuthula ekhaya lakhe. " Wayekholelwa olungenamkhawulo.

I ukwanda ngendlela engakaze ibonwe yezwe

Entathakusa ka-ukuthi lusakhunjulwa, wayejwayelene inani elilinganiselwe labantu. Emini, igama lakhe usefunde yonke le mbulunga. Ukuze-ke bafinyelela izigidi zabantu, wamthanda ngoba umusa wakhe wothando, intsha, ubuhle. Ukuze isintu, kwaba kuzalwa njengebika esizayo, isithunywa ebuya eziyingozi, evulekile izindlela ezintsha ukuze ulwazi.

Emehlweni abaningi wayemelela wezwe lakhe, ngokwakhe sasimelele abantu ngesikhathi sakhe ngubani negalelo elikhulu enkululekweni ukuze ukunqoba amaNazi, futhi manje siqale sikhuphuke emkhathini. Igama Gagarin, ngubani waklonyeliswa Hero isihloko eSoviet Union, waba uphawu lokuhlala kuyanda wezwe ezinkulu eziphakeme entsha entuthukweni yezenhlalo nezomnotho.

Esigabeni sokuqala ukuhlola umkhathi

Ngisho nangaphambi kokuba indiza abadumile, lapho mkhathi wokuqala nendoda ebhodini wethulwa emkhathini, Gagarin wacabanga ngalokho ukubaluleka abantu kuyinto ukuthuthukiswa isikhala, ufunani imikhumbi enamandla nezikhali ezicitshwayo. Kungani zixhunywe izibonakude futhi ibalwa emzileni? Kungani impukane iziphuphutheki kanye umsakazo antenna ephakamayo? He is kahle ukuthi ukuphuthuma kanye nokugcizelela ukubaluleka lezi zimo futhi wafuna ukuba bafake isandla esigabeni sokuqala ukuhlola womuntu isikhala.

Mkhathi lokuqala "Vostok": umsebenzi

The main izinselele ngokwesayensi ukuthi ebhekene umkhumbi "Vostok", zazimi kanje. Okokuqala, ukutadisha umthelela izimo wokushayela izindiza kuyi-emzileni isimo umzimba womuntu kanye nokusebenza yayo. Okwesibili, hlola imithetho yokwakha mkhathi.

Umlando sokudalwa

Ngo-1957, i-SP Korolev emnyangweni ekhethekile bureau yesayensi lahlelwa inombolo 9. Kuhlanganisa umsebenzi ukudalwa iziphuphutheki yokufakelwa planethi. Lo Mnyango eliholwa Korolev umhlobo, MK Tikhonravov. imibuzo kudalwa satellite abangu naye wafundelwa lapha, okuzoqondiswa ngomuntu ebhodini. Ngo Korolyevskiy P-7 lalibhekwa njengento imoto kwethulwa. Ngokusho izibalo, missile ngezinga wesithathu Ukuvikelwa wakwazi ukudonsa okusanhlamvu nanhlanu ton ukuze ongaphakeme-Earth orbit.

Izibalo ngendlela efanele usaqala yentuthuko iqhaza Mathematics Academy of Sciences. Yanikwa isixwayiso sokuthi sindisa ngokuphindwe kayishumi kungaholela ukwehla ballistic kusukela orbit.

UMnyango watadisha nemibandela umsebenzi. Kwadingeka ukuba bashiye kuhlolwe cruise ongakhetha. Njengoba ngendlela efaneleke kakhulu ukubuya yomuntu, safunda ukuthi kungenzeka ukuqaliswa kanye nokwehla ngezindiza ezincane. Hlukanisa wokutakula mkhathi singanikezwanga.

Ngokuhamba ocwaningweni lwezokwelapha eqhubekayo iye yakufakazela ukuthi ofanele kakhulu umzimba womuntu owenziwe kahle eyindilinga ukuma mkhathi, okuvumela ukumelana imithwalo esindayo ngaphandle nemiphumela engathi sína impilo zezinkanyezi. Yilokho ukuma eyindilinga wakhethwa ukwenziwa module Uzalo bomkhumbi bavimba imigwaqo.

Omkhulu womkhumbi wokuqala "Vostok-1K" sithunyelwe. Kwakuyisenzo esasibonisa indiza okuzenzakalelayo, okwenzeka ngo-May 1960 futhi kamuva wayesebenzela ukuguqulwa wadala "East-3KA", okuyinto wayezimisele ngokugcwele ukuqhuba ukuthula bavimba imigwaqo.

Ngaphandle eyodwa kuhlulekile indiza kushabalele wemoto kwethulwa kwi kwethulwa, uhlelo esinikezwe kwethulwa eziyisithupha unmanned nesithupha mkhathi bavimba imigwaqo.

Uhlelo ukusebenza:

• indoda ephethe indiza emkhathini - mkhathi lokuqala "Vostok 1" (sithombe isitsha isithombe);
• indiza ubude ngosuku, "Vostok-2";
• kokuqhuba indiza iqembu, "Vostok-3" futhi "Vostok-4";
• iqhaza indiza emkhathini wokuqala wesifazane-Cosmonaut, "Vostok-6".

"East": izici umkhumbi futhi imishini

Izici:

• isisindo - 4,73 m;
• obuphelele - 4.4 m;
• ubukhulu - 2,43 m.

idivayisi:

• mkhathi eyindilinga (2.46 m, 2.3 m);
• linezingxenye Instrumental futhi oyindilinga esemkhathini (2.27 m, 2,43 m) - wanakekela uxhumano mechanical phakathi kwabo esebenzisa sivala pyrotechnic futhi yensimbi.

imishini

ukuzilawula ngokuzenzekelayo futhi mathupha, ukuzikhethela othomathikhi elangeni orientation manual Earth.

Life Support (enikeziwe izinsuku 10 ukuze silondoloze emkhathini yangaphakathi ehambisana kwemigomo Umkhathi).

ukulawula ngemiyalo futhi-logic, ugesi, ukulawula izinga lokushisa, kokwehla.

Ukuze umsebenzi indoda

Ukuze unikeze umuntu basebenze emkhathini ibhodi kwathiwa ahlome instrumentation elandelayo:

• amadivaysi ezizimele kanye radiotelemetry ezidingekile ukuqapha isimo se-astronaut;
• ama-apharathasi uxhumano umsakazo iziteshi yasemhlabeni;
• umyalo umsakazo;
• Uhlelo-isikhathi iyunithi;
• uhlelo TV ukuqapha umshayeli emhlabeni;
• zokuqapha nomsakazo isiqondiso ekutholeni umzila wokuzungeza umkhumbi;
• retropropulsion nabanye.

Lo mkhumbi-mkhathi kudivayisi

I module Uzalo kwadingeka portholes ezimbili. Omunye wabo sise dweba emnyango, kancane ngenhla kwekhanda umshayeli sika, omunye nge control sengqondo indlela ekhethekile, ukuvalelwa phansi ngasezinyaweni zakhe. Ngigqoke izinto astronaut isudi yafakwa isihlalo ejection. Safika Kucatshangwa ukuthi ngemva braking le capsule Uzalo endaweni engamamitha 7 km-astronaut kumele ukhiphe futhi parachute ukwenza cababa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakunengozi kungenzeka kokufika umshayeli ngaphakathi emshinini. I capsule Uzalo kwadingeka parachute, kodwa hhayi nge okuyiwa cababa ezithambile elinikeziwe. Lokhu kubekeka esimweni esingesihle abebephakathi umuntu ukulimala kabi phezu kokwehla.

Uma inqatshelwe uhlelo okuzenzakalelayo, astronaut zingase zisebenzise control manual.

I "Vostok" wayengekho kufaneleka fly abantu enyangeni. Kwakumelwe indiza engamukeleki zabantu ngaphandle ukuqeqeshwa okukhethekile.

Ubani okuzoqondiswa umkhumbi "East '?

. Yu A. Gagarin: mkhathi lokuqala "Vostok - 1". Isithombe ngezansi isakhiwo isithombe umkhumbi. G. S. titov: "Vostok-2" A. G. Nikolaev "Vostok-3", PR Popovich: "Vostok-4" V F. Bykovsky "Vostok-5" V. Tereshkova "Vostok-6".

isiphetho

imizuzu 108, phakathi kwesikhathi lapho "Vostok" wenza revolution emhlabeni Earth, iye phakade ushintshe impilo yale planethi. Imemori yalezi imizuzu ezithandwayo zezingoma hhayi kuphela mlando. izizukulwane Ukuphila izizukulwane zethu ezikude ngeke ngenhlonipho kabusha ukufunda amadokhumenti etshela ngokuzalwa enkathini entsha. AD, ovule indlela yokuba abantu expanses enkulukazi yonke.

Indlela Nokho kude isintu iye yathuthuka ekuthuthukisweni yayo, izohlala ukukhumbula lolu suku emangalisayo lapho indoda abokuqala ubuso nobuso bendawo yonke. Abantu bayolokhu ukukhumbula igama inkazimulo okungenakufa isikhala iphayona owaba ovamile Russian - Yuri Gagarin. Zonke impumelelo amanje nawesikhathi esizayo isikhala isayensi kungase kubhekwe njengokwelapha izinyathelo nenqwaba yabantu, umphumela esizuzwe ngamanga Ukunqoba kwabo - lo sokuqala nesibaluleke kakhulu.