Lokwahlulela at eNuremberg iminyaka engu-70 kamuva. Inkantolo i-International Wezobulungiswa phezu abaholi amaNazi

Lokwahlulela at eNuremberg ngemva kweminyaka engu-70 liqedwa uhlala uphawu acacile sikhunjulwe ubulungisa izigebengu amaNazi. Kwakuwusuku ngqa kule nqubo, okuyinto yayiyinto eyinhloko emphakathini emhlabeni wonke eminyakeni yokuqala wokuthula ngemva kokuwa kwamaNazi.

inqubo inhlangano

Mayelana Isivivinyo wabaholi laseJalimane lobuNazi baqala ukukhuluma eside ngaphambi ukunqoba empini. Umhlangano wokuqala olusemthethweni Allied Foreign Izikhonzi ngalolu daba senzeka ngo-1943. Ngesikhathi Conference Yalta, uStalin, Churchill kanye Roosevelt mathupha ephakanyiswe kugwenywe le nkinga.

Ngamunye zokulahla abaholi balezi zizwe ngendlela yabo abonile Isivivinyo kubaholi sokubusa kwamaNazi. UNdunankulu waseBrithani waze ngisho wasikisela nokuthi Hitler esingu eduze ngokushesha ngemuva kokuboshwa. Stalin futhi Roosevelt uphikise ke. Ngandlela-thile, kodwa isivumelwano olusemthethweni kwesivivinyo yafinyelelwa ngemva kokunqoba engqungqutheleni London ehlobo lika-1945. Ikakhulukazi, ihlanganiswa by uhlu enkulu izigebengu impi yamaNazi, lapho kufakwe abantu abangu-24. Kwakuwusuku lempi, osopolitiki kanye kwezombusazwe abazinze ye-Third Reich.

Yiqiniso, zonke kwasekuqaleni ngabe yahlulelwe Hitler, kodwa wazibulala ngo ndlu yakhe Berlin ngaphambi kokuwa. Naye wathatha ukuphila kwakhe inhloko-ze yamaNazi Yozef Gebbels. Bona nabanye abaholi umbuso esatshwe ukuboshwa, ngemva kwalokho wayelandela eNuremberg nokulingwa. iminyaka engu-70 kamuva, uzalo bakwazi ukusho ngokuqiniseka ukuthi ayikho lesimbi main ngeke baphunyuke esijezisweni.

Qala emihlanganweni

Novemba 20, 1945 wavula le eNuremberg nokulingwa. Ngamafuphi nje, wayelindele umhlaba wonke. Onyakeni olandelayo, izintatheli ka wonke amaphephandaba ezinethonya izincwadi ezweni ngalinye obuzama kukhishwe ulwazi olusha mayelana uphenyo.

Ukuqala eNuremberg nokulingwa bandisa ohlangothini American. Ngobusuku obandulela usozimboni nezibi Gustav Krupp, onikele usizo imali eningi ukuze elalisekela umbuso wamaNazi. BaseMelika wesaba ukuthi yayizokufa, ngaphandle kokulinda ukuba umusho zabo.

Linani selilonkhe lebantfu labange emihlanganweni 403. Le Tribunal, ngokuhambisana Isivumelwano London, abangu yakhiwe ngabantu abamele labo kwemibuso ezine enqobile (USSR, USA, UK kanye France). Izwe ngalinye wayekhona lapho umahluleli kwecala, umshushisi omkhulu futhi ezihlukahlukene ochwepheshe emthethweni. Ngokwesibonelo, iSoviet Union emelelwa izithakazelo Ukrainian Umshushisi Roman Rudenko, Justice uColonel Alexander volkov. Futhi eNuremberg kwaba omunye abameleli eliphakeme kweSoviet Union, iNkantolo uJona Nikitchenko Ephakeme.

Le mpi ephakathi kwala umbimbi

inhlangano Ukusheshe ubephelezelwa uvalo jikelele okungenakuqhathaniswa okutholwa yibo bonke abadlali. Kwakuhlangene Ukuwohloka yemvelo ubuhlobo lamazwe elinqobile. IMpi Yomshoshaphansi sasingakafiki uqalile, kodwa izwe ngokushesha amabombo wakhe. State ihlukaniswe Yurophu yaba izindawo ayezozibusa ithonya. Lapho engqubuzanayo zabaholi bezombusazwe nje kuphela kodwa futhi we imibono.

Oyingqopha-mlando yaba inkulumo Fulton Churchill zilethwe Mashi 5, 1946, lapho kwaba eNuremberg nokulingwa. iminyaka engu-70 kamuva, izazi-mlando ziyavuma ukuthi leli inkulumo kwaba nokuphikiswa okwandulela izinhlelo yeningi kanye lamaKhomanisi engxenyeni kwekhulu XX yesibili. Churchill wagxeka ubuholi zaseSoviet ukubhujiswa kwenkululeko yombango, wehlise "yensimbi kwesihenqo" phezu uthi, wakhe ubuhanjelwe Red Army.

It kubange sigemegeme. Bethonywe futhi ngesikhathi eNuremberg nokulingwa. Kafushane, ngaphakathi Tribunal yaqala ukubonakala ukuphikisana ezingasho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izigebengu wamaNazi ziye zanquma ukuthi yithuba zabo zokugcina ukugwema isijeziso. Endabeni ka impi phakathi kwe-United States ne-Soviet Union lonke inqubo kungaba ugoqe. Abamangalelwa babé nesibindi sokushumayela izinkulumo zakhe, kanye nabameli babo futhi ushintshe mpendulo.

Ukuvikelwa ummangalelwa

Abameli German bakhela ukuzivikela kwakhe kwenye indawo kommangalelwa ezimisweni eziningana. Okokuqala, wagxeka inhlangano inqubo kanye neqiniso lokuthi yilona lodwa iqembu engxenyeni abanezikhalo (umbimbi) kunokuba inkantolo ezimele, njengoba kuyinto evamile e nenkathi yokuthula.

Okwesibili, abameli wenqaba ukuqaphela ukuba semthethweni kwesakhiwo ulimi olusha emishweni. Ngokwesibonelo, kwakungadingeki ekhona ngaphambi welithi "ukulungiselela ukuhlaselwa amasosha" kanye "ubugebengu ngokumelene ukuthula".

imisho ukufa

Noma kunjalo, izinyanga eziningi umsebenzi inkantolo iye yathela izithelo. Have zeminye ihlolwe kwemibhalo, omningi ku lalifuna ubufakazi yezenzo zobugebengu ezihlukahlukene. Ngokusho inkantolo abangu-12 bagwetshwa intambo. Omunye wabo - Martin Bormann - wabulawa kanti ebalekela Berlin ezinsukwini zokugcina lapho yaze yaphela impi. Kodwa ngesikhathi somhlangano we-Tribunal umzimba wakhe awuzange abatholakali, futhi abaningi bakholwa ukuthi wakwazi ukuphunyuka. Ngakho-ke, wagwetshwa ukufa engekho.

Isigwebo sokufa kulindile futhi Germana Geringa - umongameli Reichstag kanye kwamaNazi isikhonzi zezindiza. Wayengomunye izibalo esibi kakhulu lobuNazi, waphila ngokuvumelana inkantolo.

Ukuqala kwesivivinyo eNuremberg kwaphawulwa kukhulunywa yezifiso osithekile Molotov-Ribbentrop sivumelwano eyayikhuluma ukwahlukanisa iPoland ubudlelwane ahlangene phakathi kweJalimane eU.SSR ngo 1939-1940. Ohlangothini Soviet kwaba inkinga ezishelelayo kakhulu, lapho amaqembu wazama ukuxoxisana ngaphambi kokuqala inqubo. Ngandlela-thile, kodwa Ribbentrop sithola isigwebo sokufa. Isivumelwano, esisayinwe kuye futhi Molotov, yanyatheliswa eSoviet Union kuphela iminyaka yokwakha kabusha.

Okunye Imiphumela yenqubo

Abantu abaningana (kuhlanganise Rudolf Hess) baye bagwetshwa udilikajele. Babephakathi kommangalelwa kulingane, isibonelo, aphethe nomsakazo umgqugquzeli nama- Friche.

IQembu LamaNazi, le-SD, i-SS, amaGestapo kanye nezinye izitho ingajezisa ku zeminyaka yokubusa kaHitler kwathiwa zezigebengu. Ngokombono wezomthetho buka, kwaba i mqondo obalulekile. Wavumela ukwandisa umkhankaso obengeziwe denazification Germany nakwamanye amazwe aseYurophu, lapho imibuso upopayi khona. Le miphumela wahola eNuremberg Izilingo. Icala yaphela ngo-October 1, 1946.

izinkantolo ezengeziwe

Kungaba yiphutha ukucabanga ukuthi umlando we eNuremberg nokulingwa yaphela ngemva kokuqedwa lesiGungu esikhulu. Wayengumuntu isinyathelo sokwengeza. Wahlulela izigebengu ezinkulu-Third Reich. Nokho, amajele Allied abantu abaningi ku siyibuka ngelinye iso, zihilelekile Kwesizwe nezinye izenzo ezinyantisayo umbuso kaHitler.

Ngakho-ke, esikhathini 1946-1949 biennium. e okufanayo eNuremberg lidlule izinqubo nambili. Zaba umqalisi kubaholi American, owawungumnyaka umshushisi ecaleni. Imilandu sibuyekezwe odokotela ezihilelekile isipiliyoni zabantu emakamu okuhlushwa, izikhulu SS, ojenene nokunye. d. Abahluleli nifunde eziningi izigwebo zentambo. Lokhu msebenzi omkhulukazi bekungeke kube eyodwa le eNuremberg nokulingwa. Iminyaka kophenyo, lalifuna ubufakazi, kokuxoxa ofakazi - konke lokhu sezithathe isikhathi eside kakhulu.

Isiphetho izigebengu kokubaleka

Ezinye izigebengu amaNazi ezinsukwini zokugcina lapho yaze yaphela impi ngokuphepha babaleka kuleli. Basuke ikakhulukazi bazinza naseLatin America, lapho bakwazi ukuthola amadokhumenti amasha anamagama zamanga. Ezinye zalezi ngababaleki azikaze ezitholakele.

Kodwa kuye kwaba ngenye indlela. Ngokwesibonelo, omunye abahleli ekubulaleni abantu abaningi kumaJuda Adolf Eyhman phambi 1960 wahlala ngokuphepha eBuenos Aires. It ukulandela phansi, zibanjwe futhi ulethe ku-Israyeli Mossad izikhulu. Icala Eichmann kwaba iminyaka emibili. Yena bakamalalahlengezela imbozwe cindezela bese ifanana eNuremberg nokulingwa. iminyaka engu-70 kamuva, bephunyuka esijezisweni abaholi amaNazi wayesenze amaphutha wafa ukuguga, kodwa amacala abo obenziwa esintwini ngazwi linye uyakulahla wonke umphakathi wamazwe omhlaba.