Lokushisa Ingabe Ohulumeni Banalo Lonke - kukhona into enjalo

Sonke siyazi ukuthi izidumbu abasizungezile kushisa noma kubanda. Glass, elithululelwa abilayo ashisayo, kodwa enkomishini uma ayinalutho - abandayo. Sinomuzwa isandla abandayo noma efudumele lapho othinta ingilazi. Futhi lokho esizizwa ngayo? into efana lokushisa wethulwa ukuqonda izazi.

Ekuqaleni, lapho wayengakafiki wasungula theory yamangqamuzana-kinetic, ososayensi babekholelwa ukuthi izinga lokushisa oluhambisana isakhi esithile esikhethekile - caloric. Nguye, ngokunembile, ubuningi bayo inquma umzimba kushisa noma kubanda. Lokhu kuyafana ukuhlolwa ukuthi "onamandla" uthole inhlanganisela ndaba futhi caloric. Kususelwa lo mfanekiso, amandla kanye lokushisa yotshwala ulinganiswa amayunithi efanayo - degrees.

Manje izinga lokushisa kubhekwa ngezinga elithile le energy kinetic ka -molecule ikhonza, ngokukhethekile, isilinganiso degree of Ukushisa emizimbeni. Ukulinganisa ososayensi zisebenzisa amayunithi wamandla: SI simiso amayunithi ngeke joule. Kodwa lokushisa izilinganiso wayeseke waphila iminyaka eminingi ngaphambi theory amandla. Njengoba sekushiwo, emisebenzini yansuku zonke, uphiko oluyisipesheli yokukala - degree.

Prakthiza eziningana izindlela ezahlukene nesilinganiso lokushisa. Ukuze ngamunye wabo unendlela yawo lokushisa isikali ukusungula degrees iyunithi. Zibizwa ngokuthi ngamagama ososayensi, indlela yokunquma - Fahrenheit, Reaumur, Celsius. Isimiso wukuthi bathatha nezinyathelo range lokushisa ulwahlukanise enombolweni ethile. Ngakho, uhlelo elilingana no-0 degrees Celsius qhwa yamanzi, futhi degrees 100 - lokushisa yayo ukubila. Lokhu uhla lihlukaniswe by 100 ukunikeza ukubaluleka 1 degree.

Kuwo wonke uhlelo wokusungula ukubaluleka kwelinye izinga ezisetshenziswa zungeza yabo amaphuzu, nomunye futhi umzimba ofanayo ngamunye wabo kuyodingeka lokushisa lalo. Nokho, inani layo angadluliselwa komunye isikali kwenye. Kodwa ososayensi sethule umqondo omusha - izinga lokushisa ngokuphelele. Kuyinto, futhi, ngenxa ukuqonda indlela yokukala izinga lokushisa kwe-energy ezishisayo yezinhlayiya.

Ngenxa yalokhu indlela kusho ukuthi izinga lokushisa ngokuphelele - nguye kukalwa kusukela ngokuphelele zero ukubaluleka okuyinto lokushisa lapho ezinyakazayo ezishisayo engekho ngokuphelele, futhi amandla sangaphakathi umzimba incane. Le ndlela elilinganiselwa ezenziwa okuthiwa UKelvin, isithenjwa iphuzu okuyinto thatha ngokuphelele zero lokushisa elilingana lokususa 273,15 degrees Celsius.

Ngakho, izinga lokushisa ngokuphelele ngomqondo kwansuku akuhlukile evamile - ukuthi omunye nje iphuzu reference kokuqala. Yiqiniso, akekho ongasho ukuthi mgwaqo plus 296,15 degrees UKelvin, lapho plus 23 degrees Celsius, nakuba bobabili izinombolo abavumelekile. Ngesikhathi izinga lokushisa Kelvin - kungenye isicelo ukuthi ongakaphathelani kwansuku izimo.

It kuvela ukuthi izinga lokushisa eliphelele noma izinga lokushisa Kelvin - iyithuluzi, okuyinto isetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko ososayensi. Isetshenziselwa lapho ucabangela ezihlukahlukene nezindaba theory ne practical ezimayelana nocwaningo izakhiwo, izimpawu kanye izenzakalo ezweni elizungezile. Abantu abavamile abangenalo maqondana isayensi, akasenawo ukuba nentshisekelo kungenzeka ukusetshenziswa esiwusizo into ezifana lokushisa ngokuphelele.

Ukwethulwa kwencazelo ngokuphelele zero kuholela izenzakalo eziningi ezithakazelisayo. Ngokwesibonelo, uma uzama ukuwufinyelela kukhona into enjalo njengoba umumo wokwakha. Kwakucatshangwa ukuthi uma kagesi umqhubi zamanje selehlile zero degrees Kelvin (0 ° C), ukunyakaza ezishisayo asendabeni ngobuningi zamabhasi, ukumelana kagesi umqhubi azothanda zero kanye ukulahlekelwa zamanje kuyoba esincane. Nokho, abanye bakholelwa ukuthi practice lungafinyeleleki ngokuphelele zero lokushisa, ngisho ngaphansi kwezimo zelabhorathri ayeke ukukhuluma eduze ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze leli nani.

Ayikho ezithakazelisayo kancane lo mkhuba superfluidity. Uma izinga lokushisa eliphelele igesi kuqala ukuze wehlise ke lapho inani elithile, ngayinye igesi zabo, inguquko yenzeka esikhathini igesi ketshezi. Lapho-helium iba ketshezi, ke ozuza ikhono ukungena ngokusebenzisa capillary kulencane. Ukuze ukusetshenziswa ekuphileni kwansuku zonke izenzakalo ezinjalo azisetshenziswa, kodwa sikwazi ukuqondisisa eziningi imibuzo quantum Mechanics nesayensi ayisisekelo.

Into enjengale lokushisa ngokuphelele, isetshenziswa izifundo theory kanye ucwaningo esisebenzayo lapho kutadishwa emhlabeni. Ngaphandle kwakhe, isihloko iphatha nomqondo lokushisa ngokwalo ngokombono kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela yamangqamuzana-kinetic.