Lo mbhikisho ePoland ka 1830-1831: izimbangela, impi, imiphumela

Ngo 1830 - 1831 iminyaka. entshonalanga Empire Russian lanyakazisa kuvukela ePoland. Impi kaZwelonke waqala ngokumelene isizinda sokwephulwa kwe okwandisa amalungelo izakhamuzi zakhona, kanye inguquko kwamanye amazwe the Old World. I inkulumo ukuyiveza, kodwa echo yayo iminyaka eminingi ukusakaza kulo lonke elaseYurophu futhi kwadingeka imiphumela kakhulu efinyelela kude ngoba idumela waseRussia enkundleni ngamazwe.

prehistory

Ingxenye enkulu Poland ukuthi lathathwa umbuso iRussia ngo 1815, ngokuvumelana iCongress of Vienna emva izimpi kaNapoleon. isimo esisha yadalelwa ubumsulwa inqubo engokomthetho. LoMbuso elalisanda elisekelwe Poland iphetha inyunyana siqu Russian. Ngokusho ngakwesokudla bese uMbusi u-Alexander I, lesi sinqumo ukusilela ezinengqondo. Izwe agcinwayo sisekelo wayo siqu, ibutho kanye Ukudla, okwakuyinto kwezinye izindawo zombuso. Manje le nkosi Russian egqoka futhi isihloko inkosi yasePoland. E Warsaw, yena lalimelelwe umbusi ekhethekile.

kokubhikisha kwango-Polish kwaba kuphela Kuxhomeke isikhathi lapho tinchubomgomo Petersburg. Alexander Ngangaziwa liberalism yakhe, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi akakwazanga unquma kabusha ezinqala eRussia, lapho kwakukhona enendawo eqinile yezikhulu olandelanayo. Ngakho-ke Monarch bona amaprojekthi abo wokuvelela kazwelonke komgwaqo umbuso - ePoland futhi Finland. Nokho, ngisho noma izinhloso ingozi kakhulu u-Alexander I baziphathe lingahambisani kakhulu. Ngo 1815, wanika uMbuso Poland umthethosisekelo nesandla esivulekile, kodwa benza bacindezele amalungelo ezakhamuzi zayo eminyakeni embalwa, lapho babesebenzisa ukuzimela yabo yaqala ufake wakhuluma ku isondo inqubomgomo kwababusi Russian. Ngakho 1820, i-Seimas akasiqedanga amajaji nokulingwa, yilokho Alexander wafuna.

Ngaphambi nje kokuba ama ukucwaninga kwangaphambilini yethulwa umbuso. Konke lokhu nje sisondela kuvukela ePoland. Iminyaka Engu kwavukelwa Polish ezenzeka esikhathini inkathi conservatism kwinqubomgomo ezingxenyeni ezikude zombuso. Ukusabela wabusa yonkana isimo. Lapho ePoland nzima uzibuse ngo izifundazwe ezisenkabeni eRussia ayehlaselwa e ikholera nezibhelu umnyuziki kubangelwa nalolu bhubhane ngokuhlukaniswa.

indlela isivunguvungu

I eza emandleni Nicholas angizange athembisa le nabasePoland iyiphi nokuzitika. Entsha umbusi wokubusa kuyinkomba owaqala ngokuvukela lokuboshwa isijeziso we Decembrists. EPoland, Okwamanje, uye waqinisa ukunyakaza yokushisekela izwe futhi anti-Russian. Ngo 1830 eFrance kwakunengozi Julayi Revolution okuyinto egumbuqela Charles X, elibuye ujabule abasekeli izinguquko ezinkulu.

Kancane kancane, isizwe iwine ukusekelwa izikhulu eziningi ezidumile tsarist (phakathi kwawo kwakukhona Jikelele Iosif Hlopitsky). Isimo esashintsha futhi lasakazekela abasebenzi nabafundi. Kwesokudla Bank Ukraine wahlala eziningi abebengeneme isikhubekiso. Ingxenye nabasePoland babekholelwa ukuthi la mazwe elawo by kwesokudla, ngoba beniyingxenye Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, phakathi Russia, e-Austria futhi Prussia ngasekupheleni XVIII leminyaka.

ke Governor umbuso wawungowami Konstantin Pavlovich - umfowabo omdala Nicholas mina, sazilahla esihlalweni sobukhosi ngemva kokufa kuka-Alexander I. bakhi babekhuphukela ukumbulala futhi kanjalo unike isibonakaliso ezweni ukuqala isiphithiphithi. Nokho, lelo tulo ePoland lihlehliselwe ngokuphindaphindiwe. Konstantin Pavlovich wayazi ngengozi futhi awubashiyanga sokuhlala kwakhe waseWarsaw.

Kanti eYurophu, kwagqashuka omunye revolution - ngalesi sikhathi waseBelgium. Catholic ingxenye elikhuluma isiFulentshi sabantu Dutch kwaba esivuna ukuzimela. Nicholas mina, owayebizwa ngokuthi "gendarme yeYurophu" e Manifesto yayo yamemezela kwenqatshwa yayo lomcimbi waseBelgium. EPoland kwakukhona amahemuhemu ukuthi inkosi uzothumela ibutho laso ukuze ayodambisa ukuvukela esemancane eNtshonalanga Yurophu. Ukuze engangabazi abahleli kwavukelwa kuhlonyiwe Warsaw, lezi zindaba kwaba isizathu sokugcina. Lo mbhikisho kwakuhlelwe Novemba 29, 1830.

Qala isiphithiphithi

Ngezinye 6 ntambama ngosuku esimisiwe ibutho elihlomile ehlaselwa Warsaw ibhalekisi, lapho bebehlala khona: wamisa Guards Lancers. Yaqala ukucekwa izikhulu abaqhubeka bethembekile kombuso. Phakathi lababuleweyo kwaba uNgqongqoshe neMpi Mauritsiy Gauke. Konstantin Pavlovich wayekholelwa ukuthi Pole ngesandla sakhe sokunene. Umbusi ngokwakhe wasinda. Ukuvikelwa Kuxwayisiwe wabaleka esigodlweni sakhe Kungakabiphi kwavela squad Polish, wafuna izinto ngenkani, ikhanda lakhe. Ngemva kokushiya Warsaw, Constantine alethwe amasosha Russian ngaphandle komuzi. Njengoba Warsaw kwaba ngokuphelele ezandleni amavukelambuso.

Ngakusasa kwaqala ngawo-Polish uhulumeni izinguquko - Administrative Council. kwesokunxele zonke izikhulu yakhe pro-Russian. Kancane kancane wakha isiyingi kanye nabaholi lempi kuvukela. Omunye protagonists baba uLieutenant General Iosif Hlopitsky, okuyinto akhethwe kafushane umashiqela. Phakathi naso sonke ngxabano, wazama ngokusemandleni akhe ukuxoxisana Russian izindlela zokubonisana, njengoba ngiqonda ukuthi nabasePoland akakwazi ukubhekana nalo lonke ibutho yasebukhosini, uma kwenzeka ukuthi kuzothunyelwa ukuze ayodambisa ukuvukela. Józef Chłopicki wayemelele lontamo amavukelambuso. izimfuno zabo sebehlala ebucayini Nicholas mina, esekelwe umthethosisekelo 1815.

Omunye umholi UMichael Radziwill. isikhundla sayo uselokhu okuphambene. Okuningi izihlubuki olukhulu (kuhlanganise ke) kuhlelwe ukuphinde anqobe Poland, phakathi Austria, Prussia neRussia. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubhekwa revolution abo njengengxenye kokubhikisha kwango-Europe-wide (baqinisile eyinhloko inkomba kwaba Julayi Revolution). Yingakho nabasePoland kuye kwadingeka oxhumana nabo abaningi nge-French.

izingxoxo

Warsaw baba okubalulekile nokukhishwa isikhulu esisha. Disemba 4 ukuvukelwa Poland uyasala kwibanga elibalulekile - wadalwa Yesikhashana Uhulumeni, ehlanganisa abantu abayisikhombisa. Ikhanda + lakhe baba Adamu Czartoryski. Wayengumngane ezinhle u-Alexander I, kwaba lekomidi zakhe ezichithekileyo, futhi owasebenza njengoNgqongqoshe wezangaPhandle Russia e 1804 - 1806 iminyaka.

Naphezu kwalokhu ngosuku olulandelayo uJózef Chłopicki wathi umashiqela. Ukudla wenze phezu kwakhe, kodwa entsha umholi babengamaphesenti yathandeka kakhulu phakathi kwabantu, ngakho-ke, iPhalamende kwadingeka ashona. Józef Chłopicki akazange ame ku mkhosi nezitha. Wagxila wonke amandla ezandleni zakhe. Ngemva kwezenzakalo kukaNovemba 29, eSt bathunyelwa yezingxoxo. Uhlangothi Polish ifuna sisekelo wayo, kanye inzuzo ngendlela ezifundazweni eziyisishiyagalombili e Belarus ne-Ukraine. Nicholas akazange ukuvumelana nale migomo, kuphela ezithembisa ushwele. Le mpendulo kwaholela yokukhuphuka eminye yale nkinga.

25 Januwari, 1831 lathatha isinqumo ku detronizatsii nkosi Russian. Ngokusho kwale dokhumenti, uMbuso Poland ayisekho kwakungekaNkulunkulu Nicholas titulature. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokuba uJózef Chłopicki balahlekelwa amandla kwakushiyelwa sebuthweni. Waqaphela ukuthi Europe akuyona ukwesekwa evulekile nabasePoland, futhi lokho kwakusho ukuthi ukunqotshwa kwe-mbuso sekuseduze. Ukudla bekulokhu eziwukweqisa. IPhalamende lidlule isiGungu Prince Mihailu Radzivillu. amathuluzi Yokusebenzelana Kwamazwe baye kulahliwe. Manje lokhu kubhikisha Polish 1830 - 1831 iminyaka. Kwatholakala esimweni lapho impi ukuxazululwa kuphela amandla izikhali.

Ibhalansi amabutho

Ngo-February 1831 izihlubuki ephethwe ukubiza ebuthweni abantu abangaba yizinkulungwane ezingu-50. Lesi sibalo cishe ifaniswe inani lamasosha ethunyelwe Poland Russia. Nokho, izinga sokuzithandela amayunithi ziphansi kakhulu. Isimo ikakhulukazi eziyinkinga kwaba wezikhali kanye nalawo agibela amahhashi. Vimbela November kuvukela Petersburg wathumela Ukubala Ivan Dibicha-Zabalkansky. Imicimbi e Warsaw steel umbuso ezingalindelekile. Ukuze bagxile yonke amasosha ayesekela izifundazwe entshonalanga kwekholomu edingekayo 2 - 3 izinyanga.

Bekusikhathi eziyigugu, lapho nabasePoland akazange abe nesikhathi ukuyisebenzisa. Józef Chłopicki ukubeka ngasekhanda yebutho akazange ukuhlasela lokuqala, futhi bahlakazeka amabutho azo emigwaqeni wawo obaluleke kakhulu. ezindaweni Ngaphansi kokulawula kwazo. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, u-Ivan Dibich-Zabalkansky waqoqa amabutho amasha. Ngo-February wayenobuhlobo isibhamu kwaba abantu abangaba yizinkulungwane ezingu-125. Nokho, wenza amaphutha esingenakuthethelelwa. Bephuthuma uyogalela juqu, ukubala akazange athathe isikhathi ukuhlela ukuhanjiswa kokudla kanye nezinhlamvu impi ukuthi ekugcineni waba nomthelela omubi empilweni yakhe.

Grochowski impi

Amabutho wokuqala Russian wawela umngcele wasePoland, February 6, 1831. Izingxenye wathutha bacondze etindzaweni letehlukene. Kula mabutho iphansi kwesandla sika-Kipriana Kreytsa waya esifundazweni Lublin. Umyalo Russian kuhlelwe ukuhlela umdlalo, okuyinto bekumele ekugcineni ukuhlakaza amabutho esitha anamandla. Lo mbhikisho kazwelonke-wenkululeko waqala ngempela ukuthuthukisa ngokuvumelana ngesakhiwo, elula okumelwe azinike ojenene yasebukhosini. ukwehlukana eziningana Polish waya Serock futhi Pultusk, breaking kude amabutho main.

Kodwa kungazelelwe, isimo sezulu wangenela emkhankasweni. Ukuncibilika waqala, okuyinto kuvinjelwe impi Russian main kuhlelwe ukuya umzila. Dibich kwadingeka enze isinqumo esibonisa esejika. Ngo-February 14, kwakukhona amaviyo skirmish futhi Jikelele Yuzefa Dvernitskogo Fedora Geysmara. I nabasePoland iwine. Futhi nakuba wayengenazo Okubaluleke kakhulu amasu, impumelelo lokuqala lubonakale ephefumulelwe nabezempi. kokubhikisha kwango asePoland athatha lingaqinisekile.

Ibutho main amavukelambuso ngasedolobheni wema Olszynka Grochowska, avikela zonke izindlela ukuba Warsaw. Kukulo muzi lapho ngoFebhuwari 25 futhi kwakungekho impi yokuqala bamisa. NabasePoland wayala Radzvill futhi uJózef Chłopicki, Russian - Dibich-Zabalkansky, ngonyaka ngaphambi kokuqala umkhankaso baba marshal ensimini. Le mpi yathatha usuku lonke futhi kwaphela liyewushona. I ukulahlekelwa cishe okufanayo (the nabasePoland ayizinkulungwane 12 abantu, ngesiRashiya 9000). Abavukeli baphoqeleka ukuba siphumele Warsaw. Nakuba impi Russian anqoba Tactical, ukulahlekelwa yayo Udlule wonke amathemba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlamvu achitheka, kanye lift entsha kwakungenakwenzeka ngenxa emigwaqweni emibi futhi ukuphazamiseka nezokuxhumana. Kulezi zimo Dibich akazange alinge umbelesele Warsaw.

aqondisa nabasePoland

Iminyaka ecishe ibe ngamakhulu abahambanga ezinyangeni ezimbili ezizayo ibutho. izibhelu nsuku yaqhuma emaphethelweni Warsaw. Ibutho Russian ngenxa yezimo yokuhlanzeka abampofu waqala umqedazwe nekholera. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ezweni lonke kwaba impi yabashokobezi yokufuna. In the main umyalo ofanayo Polish Army kukaMikayeli Radzvilla wadlulela Jikelele Yanu Skrzhinetskomu. Wanquma ukuhlasela lamabutho iphansi kwesandla sika-umzalwane zombusi Mikhail Pavlovich futhi Jikelele uKarl Bistrom, owayeneminyaka eduze Ostrołęka.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo lo Regiment 8000th wathunyelwa ukuhlangabezana Dibich. Wayefanele ukuphambukisa main amabutho Russian. NabasePoland iqhinga ngokugqamile Kwangimangaza lokho ngoba isitha. Mikhail Pavlovich futhi bistro nge kwabaqaphi ahlehla. Dibich eside kunenkolelo yokuthi i nabasePoland zanquma ukuhlasela, waze wagcina ethola ukuthi labo ethumba Nur.

Le mpi at Ostrołęka

Meyi 12 ibutho Russian main kwesokunxele ezindlini zabo dlula kwesokunxele Warsaw nabasePoland. Ukushushiswa kwenziwa emasontweni amabili. Ekugcineni imtholile ezingemuva avant-garde Polish. Kusukela 26th Kwalandela impi ka Ostroleka owawungumnyaka isiqephu ebaluleke kakhulu yomkhankaso. NabasePoland wabelane Narew. I aphakeme amabutho wokuqala Russian uhlaselwe ihlukane ngebhange ngakwesokunxele. Abavukeli waqala ashona ngokuxhamazela. Dibicha amabutho awela ngisho Narew Ostroleka ngokwako, ngemva ekugcineni usule emzini mbuso. Benza imizamo eminingana ukuhlasela abahlaseli babo, kodwa imizamo yabo baba yize. Ohamba phambili we nabasePoland ngokuphindaphindiwe beat ihlukane iphansi kwesandla sika-Jikelele Charles Mandershterna.

Lapho kuqala engxenyeni ngosuku lwesibili ukuze ujoyine azowalekelela Russian ukuthi ekugcineni wanquma umphumela impi. Nabayizinkulungwane 30 nabasePoland wafa cishe 9000. Phakathi kwalabo abafa kwakunezingane ojenene Kamenski noHeinrich Lyudvik Katsky. Ukuqala ebumnyameni wasiza izinsalela lezi zihlubuki behlulwa ukuba abalekele emuva enhlokodolobha.

Ukuwa Warsaw

Juni 25 umlawuli omusha yempi Russian ePoland baba Bala Ivan Paskevich. Ngo efeni lakhe kwaba abantu abangu-50 000. Petersburg, yi-Ukubala yafuna ukuqedela Ukunqotshwa kwe-nabasePoland, futhi kubaqede amandla Warsaw. Ngo ukubhubhisa lezi zihlubuki e-dolobha kwaba abantu abangaba yizinkulungwane ezingu-40. Ukuhlolwa kuqala emibi kulowo Paskevich kwaba owela we emfuleni Vistula. Kwanqunywa yokunqoba isithiyo esibangwa amanzi eduze komngcele Prussia. Ngo-July 8 owela yaqedwa. Kulokhu, lezi zihlubuki azizange abeke yisiphi izithiyo ethuthuka isiRashiya, ukubhejela lokuhlushwa amabutho ayo waseWarsaw.

Ekuqaleni Agasti enhloko-dolobha Polish, kwaba khona omunye izinguquko. Lesi sikhathi, esikhundleni enqotshwa Osterlenkoy Skrzhintsekogo baba umlawuli omkhulu Heinrich Dembinski. Nokho, wesula emva kuzwakala ukuthi ibutho Russian esewelele kakade Vistula. E Warsaw, izibhelu neziyaluyalu, isiyaluyalu. Massacre obenziwa kokuhlwithwa esixukwini esithukuthele, befuna ukunika wezempi obhekene ukulimala ebulalayo.

Agasti 19 Paskevich weza emzini. Emavikini amabili alandelayo yayiqhutshelwa belungiselela lokushaya. amayunithi ngamunye ashaqe edolobheni eliseduze ukuze ekugcineni azungeze dolobha. I Storming waseWarsaw laqala ngo-September 6, lapho elihamba Russian ehlaselwa ulayini izinqaba esakhiwe wokuvimba abahlaseli. Kuleyo mpi walimala Paskevich abakhulu. Noma kunjalo, ukunqoba Russian yayisobala. 7 Jikelele Krukovetsky ethathwe ibutho 32000th, yena wabalekela entshonalanga. Septhemba 8 Paskevich wafika Warsaw. Inhlokodolobha lathunjwa. Ukunqotshwa kwesokunxele amaqembu abahlakazekile izihlubuki isibe Kuxhomeke isikhathi.

Imiphumela

I last Polish ukwakheka wezempi wabalekela Prussia. Okthoba 21 umaluju Zamosc, nezihlubuki elahlekile inqaba yabo yokugcina. Ngisho nangaphambi kokuba enze lokho, yaqala a ukuthuthela kwelinye izwe omkhulu nesiphulukundlelayo izikhulu edlubulundayo, amasosha kanye nemindeni yabo. Izinkulungwane zemikhaya wazinza eFrance naseNgilandi. Abantu abaningi efana Yan Skrzhinetsky babalekela e-Austria. EYurophu, kazwelonke zomzabalazo wenkululeko Poland, inkampani kwamukelwa uzwela nesihawu.

Lo mbhikisho isiPolish 1830 - 1831 iminyaka. Kwaholela ekubeni yokuthi impi Polish uyekwa. Iziphathimandla waqhuba kabusha zokuphatha embusweni. Isifundazwe bathathelwe indawo enkundleni. Futhi ePoland kwakukhona jikelele nalo lonke uhlelo Russian of izilinganiso kanye imali efanayo. Ngaphambi kwalokho, ilungelo-yasebhange Ukraine kwaba zingaphansi kwethonya elinamandla kwamasiko nenkolo ka umakhelwane walo entshonalanga. Manje Petersburg sinqume ukuncibilikisa isiGreki eSontweni LamaKatolika. "Akulungile" ezifundeni Ukraine uyabanda avaliwe noma abe um-Orthodox.

Ukuze izakhamuzi uthi entshonalanga, uNicholas ngaba ngisho okungaguquguquki nge umfanekiso undlovukayiphikisa umashiqela. Nakuba kungekho esimweni ayizange wawancengela ngokusemthethweni ngoba lezi zihlubuki, ukunkenketha izenzakalo Polish iminyaka eminingi yasakazwa Old World. Ukubalekela abathutha baye bafeza okukhulu ukuze imibono yomphakathi mayelana Russia avunyelwe amazwe aseYurophu komzamo ukuqala kweMpi YaseCrimea ngokumelene UNicholas.