Likhanya ngendlela efanayo izinkanyezi. likhanya ngendlela efanayo amakilasi zezinkanyezi

Izimpawu zasezulwini zingadida kakhulu. izinkanyezi kuphela ezidlula ngokusobala ngokuphelele, likhanya ngendlela efanayo futhi neminye imingcele. Nge yokugcina sizozama ukuqonda. Kuyini luminosity lale nkanyezi? Ingabe kufanele lutho ukubonakala kwazo isibhakabhaka ebusuku? Kuyini luminosity weLanga?

Nature izinkanyezi

Izinkanyezi - a imizimba omkhulu kakhulu yasezulwini ezishisa kakhulu zikhipha izinhlayiyana zokukhanya. Basuke kwakhiwa kusukela amagesi nothuli okubangelwa kokucindezelwa okudonsa izinto. Ngaphakathi inkanyezi kuyinto core obukhulu, lapho ukusabela zenuzi zenzeke. Isiza kukhanya izinkanyezi. I izici eziyinhloko bohlu ukukhanya kukhona usayizi, isicwebezelisi, likhanya ngendlela efanayo, isakhiwo sangaphakathi. Konke lokhu imingcele zincike nenqwaba inkanyezi futhi othize amakhemikhali ukwakheka yayo.

The main "umklami" kwalezi kukhona helium ne-hydrogen. I ezincane ubuningi isihlobo kubo ingase equkethwe carbon, i-oksijini nezinsimbi (manganese, i-silicon nensimbi). Inani elikhulu hydrogen ne-helium e izinkanyezi abasha, kanye nesikhathi isilinganiso sazo kula manzi ziyancipha, yadedela nezinye izakhi.

Izinkanyezi ezindaweni kwangaphakathi isimo kakhulu "hot". Amazinga kuzo ifinyelela eziyizigidi eziningana degrees Kelvin. Kukhona ukusabela okuqhubekayo lapho hydrogen iguqulwe ibe helium. Uma uyikha phezulu le, izinga lokushisa komzimba lingaphansi kakhulu futhi ifinyelela kuze kube degrees ayizinkulungwane eziningana Kelvin kuphela.

Kuyini luminosity lale nkanyezi?

ukusabela iArmagedoni ngaphakathi izinkanyezi ephelezelwa ekushayweni amandla. Likhanya ngendlela efanayo ibizwa ngokuthi ubuningi ngokomzimba ibonisa ukuthi angakanani amandla uveza nendikimba ethile esemkhathini ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Kuvame kudidaniswe nemingcele, ezifana ukukhanya izinkanyezi esibhakabhakeni ebusuku. Nokho, ukukhanya, noma ezidlula sobala - mayelana isici abantu singenakulinganiswa. Kuyinto kakhulu ngenxa remoteness zokukhanya kusukela Earth uchaza kahle ukuthi izinkanyezi zibonakale esibhakabhakeni. I ezincane inani lesi silinganiso, aba maningi ukukhanya yayo sobala.

Ngokungafani nalo, luminosity zezinkanyezi - lokhu kuyinto ipharamitha umgomo. It akuxhomekile lapho owayebukele. Izinkanyezi isici ngokuchaza bamandla alo umthamo. Kungase ziyahlukahluka ezinkathini ezahlukene yasezulwini umzimba kwemvelo.

Vala luminosity, kodwa hhayi ezifanayo, iyona ngokuphelele ezidlula. Libhekisela ukukhanya ukukhanya elibonwa obuka at ibanga 10 parsecs, noma iminyaka ukukhanya 32,62. Ngokuvamile isetshenziswa ukubala luminosity zezinkanyezi.

Ukunqunywa likhanya ngendlela efanayo

Inani amandla okuyinto kudedela nendikimba ethile esemkhathini kunqunywa Watts (W), Joules ngomzuzwana (J / s) noma ergs ngoba cishe ngomzuzwana owodwa (erg / s). Kunezindlela eziningana ukuze uthole nokhetho olufunekayo.

Kulinganiselwa kalula kusukela L ifomula = 0.4 (Ma -M), uma babefisa ukwazi inani eliphelele inkanyezi. Ngakho, i-Latin incwadi L lumiswa likhanya ngendlela efanayo, uhlamvu M - Yimbi kangakanani eliphelele, futhi Ma - inani eliphelele elangeni (4.83 Ma).

Enye indlela kuhilela ulwazi olunzulu sokukhanyisa. Uma siyazi engaba (R) kanye lokushisa (T _EF ) Of ubuso bayo, luminosity kungenziwa kunqunywa L ifomula = 4pR ² ST ⁴ _EF. Latin s Kulokhu kusho ubuningi ezinzile ngokomzimba - Stefan-Boltzmann njalo.

Luminosity weLanga kuyinto 3.839 x 10 ²⁶ Watts. Ukuze kube lula futhi zicace, ososayensi ngokuvamile qhathanisa luminosity yomzimba yangaphandle nale value. Ngakho, kukhona izinto ezinkulungwaneni noma izigidi izikhathi buthaka noma namandla kunomFilisti ilanga.

likhanya ngendlela efanayo amakilasi zezinkanyezi

Ukuze uqhathanise phakathi inkanyezi, akhona zisebenzisa ngeengaba ezahlukene. Bahlukene phezu spectra, usayizi, izinga lokushisa, njll Kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke, i-isithombe more ephelele ukusetshenziswa izici eziningi.

Kukhona emaphakathi Harvard ngezigaba esekelwe spectra, okuyinto Likhipha ukukhanya. Isebenzisa izincwadi, ngasinye sihambisane ekushayweni umbala ethize (blue-O, B - omhlophe noluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, A - White, njll).

Izinkanyezi bohlu kungase kudingeke likhanya ngendlela efanayo ehlukile. Ngakho-ke, ososayensi Yerkes ziye zasungula ngezigaba ukuthi uyakucabangela lokhu ipharamitha. Yena wabe luminosity zabo owesekelwe phezu eliphelele. Kulokhu, uhlobo inkanyezi ngayinye udumo hhayi kuphela ibanga izinhlamvu, izinombolo, obhekene likhanya ngendlela efanayo. Ngakho, ukukhululwa:

• hypergiants (0);
• supergiants bhá (Ia +);
• supergiants elikhanyayo (Ia);
• supergiants evamile (Ib);
• giant elikhanyayo (II);
• imidondoshiya evamile (III);
• subgiants (IV);
• dwarfs ukulandelana main (V);
• subdwarfs (VI);
• dwarfs emhlophe (VII);

Luminosity okukhulu, ukubaluleka engezansi amagugu ngokuphelele. Ngezinye imidondoshiya supergiants kukhonjiswe nge uphawu lokususa.

Ubudlelwano obuphakathi inani eliphelele, uhla lokushisa, izinkanyezi luminosity libonisa Hertzsprung - Russell. It lwemukelwa emuva ngo-1910. Ishadi esihlanganisa Harvard kanye Yerkes ngezigaba, futhi ikuvumela ukuba ahlole futhi uhlukanise ukukhanya okwengeziwe ngokuphelele.

Umehluko iLuminance

Izinkanyezi imingcele kakhulu kwehlisa nomunye. On luminosity lale nkanyezi ehlaselwe lokushisa futhi isisindo salo. Zingamashumi incike ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali inkanyezi. mass Star siba sikhulu, ezincane Izakhi ezisindayo (ngoyisiwula kusinda kunakho hydrogen ne-helium).

Sinenkosi esikhulu kakhulu mass hypergiants okusezingeni eliphezulu supergiants. Ziyakwazi izinkanyezi ezinamandla kakhulu futhi bhá endaweni yonke, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, futhi ezingavamile. Dwarfs ngokuphambene abe mass amancane likhanya ngendlela efanayo, kodwa akhawunti cishe 90% azo zonke izinkanyezi.

Inkanyezi enkulu kunazo, okuyinto namuhla eyaziwa, kuyinto hypergiants blue R136a1. likhanya ngendlela efanayo izikhathi million 8.7 mkhulu kunezinhliziyo ilanga. inkanyezi okuguquguqukayo umlaza Cygnus (i-Swan P) idlula luminosity weLanga 630 izikhathi 000, kanye S Doradus lidlula lokhu ipharamitha kuyizikhathi 500 000. Enye inkanyezi kulencane aziwayo 2MASS J0523-1403 has luminosity kwelanga 0,00126.