Lapho amafutha esundu ikhula kanjani?

Abantu abaningi ukwazi ukuthi ukhona amafutha esundu. Namuhla-ke ingenye esetshenziswa kakhulu futhi evamile imikhiqizo amakhambi emhlabeni wonke. Lesi sihloko sizosisiza sihlole imibuzo ngokuphathelene nalokhu izitshalo ukwazi ezingavamile, enika umkhiqizo ezidingekayo: lokho namafutha esundu, okuyinto lukhula nokunye.

Okokuqala, ngifuna uqaphele ukuthi incazelo yokuqala kakhulu somuthi, kepha efaniswe amafutha esundu, osekwenziwe igama Venetian Alvise da Mosto Cada ekhulwini xv. Lokhu usosayensi ukucwaninga eNtshonalanga Afrika.

Eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-50 edlule, izithelo entendeni oilseed isishintshe kakhulu kanye izigqila ulwandle i-Atlantic Ocean, ngemva kwalokho amafutha isibe obudlange kangaka emhlabeni.

Kukhona iziqhingi uSolomoni (South-West Pacific), lapho ungabona imigqa engapheli wamasundu, isithelo okuyinto uwoyela ikhiqizwa.

Amafutha esundu: izithombe, incazelo

Lokhu entendeni isitshalo nomndeni ingenye kwezinhlobo lamafutha esundu.

Ngesimo zasendle ekhula, kuba umuthi omkhulu obude ongafinyelela 20 kuya ku-30 metres, kodwa isiko ngokuya likhula kusuka kwamamitha ayi-10 kuya ku-15. Isiqu esiyinhloko entendeni at 4-6 livela kuphela onyakeni wokuqala wokuphila, futhi emthunzini (ngaphansi kombhede) - kuphela eminyakeni 15-20. Khula sesihlahla has a ububanzi of 25 amasentimitha.

entendeni uhlelo isihlahla impande unamandla ngempela, kodwa kwenzeka, njengoba umthetho, hhayi ijulile kakhulu. izitshalo abavuthiwe stem elisekela babe kuyoshaya izimpande eziningi singatsheki adventitious. Ezinye izitshalo ezihlobene obukhulu kangaka ukumboza isiqu kuze ukuphakama 1 imitha.

Amaqabunga emithi yesundu eside (kufika ku-7 amamitha), ezinkulu kanye feathery. Esikhathini isitshalo omdala umqhele bungabalwa 20-40 izicucu. Kodwa unyaka ngamunye at entendeni bafe kanye namahlamvu 25, esanda esikhundleni. Elikhulu elinsundu ameva amboze umoba leaf.

Ngaphandle kwakho konke lokhu okungenhla, akuve kukuhle kakhulu futhi ngokubabazekayo e ukubukeka, lokhu amazing namafutha esundu.

isithelo

Lena avamile drupe zosuku. izithelo Okusaqanda we namafutha esundu phezulu camera pericarp lunemicu futhi ngaphakathi esemgwaqweni uginindela equkethe uwoyela. Ngaphansi kwalo uginindela umboze kahle okuqinile ziyadliwa igobolondo, ngaphakathi okuyinto - nengaphakathi (noma imbewu). Lesi sakamuva bahlanganisa ikakhulu endosperm, i-embryo imbewu incane.

Amafutha esundu (isithombe phezulu izithelo) kuyinto lenqwaba drupes. Sisindvo ngamunye okuyinto 55-100 g ziqoqwa e inflorescences paniculate oqukethe ingqikithi kusuka 1300 kuya 2300 fetus.

nobuntu amafutha

amafutha esundu ikhiqizwa isithelo uginindela. umbala wayo ziyahlukahluka kusuka ophuzi kumnyama shades amnyama obomvu, futhi ikakhulukazi esetshenziswa uwoyela kanye nenqubo ukwenziwa insipho.

Namafutha esundu ikhenela kukhiqizwa kusuka izikhwebu isithelo wamaSundu. Ngokusho impahla yayo kanye nokusungulwa iyafana kakhukhunathi futhi ngokuvamile sisetshenziswa esikhundleni.

Nakuba la mafutha unephuzu ukuncibilika 27 kuya ku-30 degrees Celsius, ngokuvamile ngaphansi hydrogenation, isetshenziswa admixture namanye amafutha yemifino noma uketshezi eceleni ukuze bathole ukudla amafutha hydrogenated e imajarini womshini.

Ukuze kukhiqizwe ithani elilodwa lamafutha esundu kumele kube amathani amane nesigamu izithelo.

ukuvuna

Amafutha esundu, njengoba kuphawulwe ngenhla, has a inombolo enkulu izithelo. Kucatshangwa ngakho konke lokhu izisebenzi zasemapulazini nongabuthi avuthwa isivuno amathani afinyelela ku 2 (kuvela ezithelo 80 kuya ku-100) ngesandla nsuku zonke. Qaphela ukuthi kushiwo ukuthi ihlukuzo ifinyelela 25 kg isisindo. Futhi ngamunye kubo mayelana izithelo, anamakhulu mabini.

Qoqa izithelo kunzima kakhulu futhi kuthatha isikhathi, ngoba zitholakala ezingeni ukuphakama kwebhilidi ezine storey. Ikwenza kanjani lokhu? Abasebenzi unamathisele imimese abukhali ukuze ekupheleni ugodo extendable. Ukusebenzisa lezi abaqoqi owagawula izihlahla kanye nezithelo eqoqwe izinqwaba emathilomu nasemgwaqweni. Khona-ke ezithelo kuwele processing plant.

indawo ezikhulayo

Emazweni nge eshisayo ezikhulayo namafutha esundu. Lapho isikhulile? Kukhona entendeni Afrika yalolu hlobo (Elaeis guieneensis). Nakuba kwelakubo - Afrika ezishisayo (Nigeria), likhula eMalaysia, eMelika Ephakathi Indonesia.

Kukhona indawo lapho bekhula wesundu (zinhlobo Elaeis melanococca, Acrocomia futhi Coco Mbocaya) nase-South America (ngokukhethekile, eParaguay). Hlakulela lesi sitshalo ukwenziwa amafutha ezimbonini kanye nokudla.

umkhiqizo

Wild ekhula izimbali zawo ziwukudla amafutha esundu futhi lithele izithelo kuphela ngonyaka 10-20-th wokuphila, nitshale otshaliwe ngokukhethekile iqala ukuthela izithelo ngonyaka lesithathu noma lesine emva kokutshala.

Nothile Kuveza esiphezulu kufinyelelwe eneminyaka engu-eminyakeni 15-18, futhi kuso sonke isikhathi ingqikithi izitshalo exotic ngokwesilinganiso kusukela eminyakeni 80 kuya 120.

Umlando omncane

Amafutha kusukela izithelo zalesi izitshalo ezinhle ewusizo ekhiqizwa Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Phakathi abavubukuli kwatholakala ujeke khuculula dweba lamafutha esundu (zokungcwaba Afrika okuqondene III yeminyaka BC. E.).

Ukutshala izihlahla zesundu kuyinto ngezinga ezimbonini waqala kuphela kwekhulu lamashumi amabili. Ngaleso sikhathi, uwoyela izithelo zawo babenesithakazelo inkampani, okuyinto eyaletha insipho imajarini.

Ukubolekisa ngezindodla ukutshalwa kwezihlahla waqala e-Indonesia ngo-1911, e-Malaysia - ngo-1919. Futhi waqala ukwandisa endaweni nge okutshalwe lezi zitshalo emazweni ase-Afrika.

Njengamanje, amafutha esundu - omunye izitshalo ehola emhlabeni, wasebenzisa ukwenziwa amafutha zemifino. Ngokwezibalo, zalo ezingaphezu kuka-9 million tonnes zakhiqizwa 1988, futhi ukukhiqizwa yonyaka liba nokuningi.

ukusetshenziswa

Abomdabu ngokwabo ngokuvamile usetshenziselwa ukudla eyatholakala kusukela drupes ibhotela sha, ngaleso sikhathi, ukunambitha efana lamantongomane. Ngemva kwalokho, ukunambitheka kanye nephunga ke ukushintsha akuyona mnandi kakhulu.

Ngokuvamile, amafutha esundu isetshenziswa ahlukahlukene ngempela: kusukela Imicu amaqabunga awo asemasha okwenziwe ngentambo, namahlamvu omile asetshenziselwa ukwelukwa amacansi, amakhethini, wenza kuzo futhi kula maqhugwane ophahleni. Kusukela sifanamsindvo obhasikidi aluka, ngempela ezihlwabusayo amahlumela amasha asetshenziswa ukudla (okuthiwa entendeni iklabishi), kusukela juice iwayini lamasundu ikhiqizwa.

ENgilandi, amafutha isetshenziswa gcoba imishini nesibani ukwenziwa.

Eminyakeni yamuva, eqala ukukhuluphala wesundu Brazil.

Ekuphetheni - mayelana izici isicelo uwoyela

Kuyamangalisa ukuthi amafutha esundu elisetshenziswa yokusansimbi (zokugcoba ngoba Izigayo kweqa futhi m. P.) Ingabe esetshenziswa futhi embonini yezokudla.

Ukusetshenziswa Its ekukhiqizeni izithasiselo, disintegrants, ice cream e zezimboni ukuthosa amazambane chips (esithosiwe).

Ngaphezu kwalokho, it is asetshenziswe ekukhiqizeni izimonyo kanye nemikhiqizo ezithaka imithi. Futhi kusukela ekuqaleni kowezi-2000, amafutha esundu ngempela ngenkuthalo esetshenziswa enkulu ekwakhekeni owakhiwa ngezitshalo.