Amanzi-usawoti umuntu ukwabelana umsebenzi, nomthethonqubo ukwephulwa

operation evamile yomzimba womuntu yakhiwa isethi eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu sebuningini izinqubo, enye yazo amanzi-usawoti exchange. Lapho isebujameni evamile, indoda ekujaheni ukuze bathuthukise impilo yabo siqu, kodwa ngokushesha nje lapho zikhona ngempela ngeziphambeko abalulekile, abaningi ngokushesha bazame ukusebenzisa izindlela ezahlukene. Ukuze lokhu bekungenzeki, kungcono ukuthola ukuthi kunani umzimba amanzi-usawoti, futhi kungani kubalulekile kangaka ukugcina esimweni esihle. Futhi kulesi sihloko, sizoxoxa amalungelo zalo eziyisisekelo nezindlela ukubuyisela.

Kuyini lokhu?

Amanzi kanye nosawoti exchange - is kuhlangene komunye nomunye electrolyte olungenayo nasoketshezini emzimbeni, futhi izici eziyinhloko nokwenziwa nokusakazwa kwayo eminye kwezicubu zangaphakathi, izitho, ezindaweni, futhi izinqubo ezihlukahlukene zabo excretion nomzimba womuntu.

Iqiniso lokuthi abantu babo ngaphezu kwesigamu yakhiwa amanzi, wonke umuntu uyazi kusuka ebuntwaneni, nge ezithakazelisayo kunalokho iqiniso lokuthi inani loketshezi emzimbeni kuyehluka futhi kunqunywa inombolo ngokwanele ezinkulu yezinto, kufaka phakathi iminyaka, inani amafutha mass, kanye phakathi kwalabo electrolyte kakhulu. Uma osanda kuzalwa umuntu ephuma emanzini ngo-77%, i-indoda ekhule kuhilela% 61 kuphela, futhi abesifazane - futhi zonke 54%. Ngakho okuqukethwe amanzi ongaphakeme emzimbeni yabesifazane ngoba ethé ukuhluka kancane amanzi-usawoti umzimba, kanye samanje inombolo ngokwanele enkulu amaseli fat.

imphawu letibalulekile

Isamba oketshezi emzimbeni womuntu isethwe cishe ngendlela elandelayo:

• Cishe 65% onikelwa ketshezi intracellular nokuhlobanisa ne-phosphate kanye potassium, okuyizinto anion futhi seka, ngokulandelana.
• Mayelana 35% uketshezi extracellular, okuyimali ngokujwayelekile esegazini futhi izicubu, futhi uketshezi interstitial.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyafaneleka yokuthi amanzi emzimbeni womuntu isebujameni khulula, njalo aphethwe colloids, noma abahileleke ngokuqondile ukwakheka kanye noqhekeko amaprotheni, fat and carbohydrate molecule. Njengamanje kwezicubu ehlukahlukene isilinganiso ezahlukene amanzi isibiyeli, khulula futhi lesibopho, okuyindawo futhi isiqondiso ngqo engaphansi amanzi nosawoti exchange.

Kuqhathaniswa plasma, kanye uketshezi oluthile intercellular, izicubu libhekene khona amanani ngokwanele ezinkulu i-magnesium, i-potassium ne-phosphate, futhi akuyona lokuhlala esikhulu calcium, i-sodium, chlorine ne-hydrogen ion elisebunyeni. Lo mehluko wenza kubangelwa yokuthi odongeni capillary amaprotheni has permeability ongaphakeme.

isiqondiso Ofanele amanzi-usawoti umzimba abantu abayimiqemane kuqinisekisa hhayi kuphela nokugcinwa abasebenzi unomphela, kodwa futhi lemali edingekayo uketshezi lomzimba, nokugcina acid-base balance, kanye kakhulu ezifanayo emakamu edingekayo izidakamizwa osmotically asebenzayo.

umthethonqubo

Udinga ukuqonda kahle ukuthi ukusebenza umzimba amanzi-usawoti. isiqondiso imisebenzi eyenziwa izinhlelo eziningana bokuphila. Okokuqala receptor ezikhethekile aphendule izinguquko ezahlukene lokuhlushwa ejenti osmotically asebenzayo, ion, electrolyte, kanye umthamo samanje uketshezi. Ngemva kwalokho amasignali ithunyelwa isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko, futhi kuphela ngaleso sikhathi umzimba iqala ukushintsha amanzi ukusetshenziswa, kanye kude kwaso nosawoti kubalulekile, futhi, ngaleyo ndlela, uhlelo amanzi-usawoti exchange kulawulwa.

Excretion ion, amanzi, kanye electrolyte izinso ingaphansi kweso ngqo isimiso sezinzwa futhi ezihlukahlukene hormone. Phakathi ukulawulwa amanzi nosawoti exchange futhi iqhaza physiologically izinto asebenzayo akhiqizwa izinso. Inani okuqukethwe sodium ngaphakathi umzimba njalo kushintshwe izinso ezingaphansi CNS elawulwa nge natrioretseptory ezikhethekile ngokuqhubekayo isabela okuvela kuyo noma yiziphi izinguquko sodium okuqukethwe ngaphakathi uketshezi lomzimba kanye osmoreceptors futhi volyumoretseptory ngokuqhubekayo ehlaziya ingcindezi osmotic we extracellular futhi ivolumu afundwa uketshezi.

Ukulawulwa exchange potassium ngaphakathi emzimbeni womuntu iyaphendula uhlelo sezinzwa, esebenzisa ezihlukahlukene hormone amanzi-usawoti exchange, futhi corticosteroids ahlukahlukene kuhlanganise insulini kanye aldosterone.

Regulation chlorine exchange kuncike ngqo izinga nezinso excreted ion zalo zivele ezimweni eziningi kunenzuzo nge umchamo. Lonke inani excreted sodium chloride kuncike ngqo yokudla komuntu, umsebenzi sodium reabsorption, acid-base balance, kwezinso ijabulise isimo umshini, futhi nezinye izakhi. Exchange of the chloride kuhlobene exchange of amanzi, ngakho ukulawulwa amanzi nosawoti exchange emzimbeni kuthinta inani nezinye izinto we ukusebenza evamile izinhlelo ezihlukahlukene.

Yini kuyinto evamile?

Inani elikhulu of izinqubo bokuphila ezahlukene emzimbeni wethu, encike ngqo kwi inani nosawoti kanye uketshezi. Njengamanje kuyaziwa ukuthi ukuze ugweme ukuphulwa yamanzi-usawoti umzimba, umuntu ngosuku udinga baphuze-30 ml amanzi kilogram of bodyweight ngayinye. Le mali lanele ukukunikeza isilinganiso umzimba wethu isilinganiso esifanele namaminerali. AbaseGibithe bayakunengwa ngukuphuza amanzi elichithwe amaseli ezihlukahlukene semithambo izicubu namalungu omzimba, kanye ukuncibilikisa futhi eminye iphume imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene imfucuza. Ngo iningi labantu amacala isibalo yamanzi idliwe emini umuntu cishe ingeqi amalitha amabili nesigamu, futhi ngokuvamile lesi ivolumu Kumiswa into efana nale:

• ukuba 1 ilitha esiluthola ukudla;
• angu-1.5 wamalitha - ngezithukuthuku ukuphuza amanzi ethafeni;
• 0.3-0.4 amalitha - ukwakheka namachibi amanzi.

Ukulawulwa amanzi nosawoti exchange umzimba kuncike ngqo nokulingana phakathi nenani irisidi yayo futhi Ukukhishwa isikhathi esithile. Uma emini umzimba kudingeka uthole mayelana 2.5 amalitha, kulesi simo, mayelana esilinganayo uzobe excreted kusuka emzimbeni.

Amanzi kanye nosawoti exchange emzimbeni womuntu kulawulwa a eyinkimbinkimbi izinhlobo neuroendocrine izimpendulo, okuyinto zihlose nokugcina ukuzinza ivolumu njalo, kanye ingcindezi osmotic komkhakha extracellular, nokuthi kubaluleke kakhulu - oketshezini olungenambala lwegazi. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ezihlukahlukene izindlela Umngcele we-data ukulungiswa kukhona ezizimele, bobabili kufanele ukubaluleka eziphakeme ngokwedlulele.

Ngenxa mithetho ibangelwa asekelayo amazinga esitebeleni kunazo lokuhlushwa ion futhi electrolyte yakhiwa uketshezi extracellular futhi intracellular. Phakathi umzimba omkhulu ukunikeza cations potassium, i-sodium, calcium ne-magnesium, kanti anions - hydrogen, chlorine, sulphate ne phosphate.

sokwephulwa kwe

Akunakwenzeka ukuthi iyiphi ingxenye yensimbi e umzimba amanzi-usawoti, njengoba kule nqubo abathintekayo lenqwaba imizimba ehlukahlukene. Kungenxa yalesi sizathu ukuthi inqubo umzimba engaveza ezihlukahlukene ukwephula, ekhombisa isihloko, phakathi esimelela lokhu okulandelayo:

• okuvela edema;
• ukunqwabelana esiningi uketshezi phakathi nomzimba, noma, Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuntula yayo;
• ukwephulwa of electrolyte ibhalansi;
• ukwandisa noma ukunciphisa ku osmotic umfutho wegazi;
• ukushintsha e acid-base ibhalansi;
• ukwandisa noma ukunciphisa e lokuhlushwa ezinye ion ethize.

izibonelo eziqondile

Kuyadingeka ukuba bakuqonde ngokunembile, ukuthi imizimba eminingi ehilelekile ukulawulwa kwamanzi-usawoti umzimba, ngakho iningi labantu amacala akuyona ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze kutholakale imbangela eqondile nkinga. Ngokuyinhloko amanzi ibhalansi kunqunywa ngokuqondile umthamo wamanzi busuka futhi wasuswa kusuka emzimbeni yethu, futhi yikuphi ukwephula nalolu shintsho kuhlobene ngokuqondile ibhalansi electrolyte futhi baqala ukuvela ngesimo hydration olubi nokuphela kwamanzi emzimbeni. Kukulokhu ngokweqile - lokhu ukuvuvukala, okuwukuthi uketshezi kakhulu emisipheni ezihlukahlukene zomzimba, izikhala intercellular kanye izimbotshana serous, okuyinto kuhambisana electrolyte ukungalingani.

Lapho lokhu amanzi emzimbeni, esikhundleni salokho, ihlukaniswe izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko:

• ngaphandle isamba okulingana cations lapho kukhona ukoma okuqhubekayo, namanzi eziqukethwe amaseli, ihlinzekwa isikhala interstitial;
• sodium ukulahlekelwa ukuthi kusukela uketshezi extracellular kwenzeka ngqo futhi ngokuvamile hhayi ephelezelwa ukoma.

kwempilo yamanzi ibhalansi manifest esimweni lapho kungancipha noma lenyuke ketshezi Imininingwane circulating. Ngokuvamile kubonakala ukwanda ngokweqile polyplasmia ngenxa, ukuthi, ukwandisa inani legazi emanzini.

Exchange sodium

Ulwazi izimo ezihlukahlukene sokugembula lapho kukhona ushintsho ukwakheka ionic ka oketshezini olungenambala olusegazini noma lokuhlushwa ion ezithile kwalo ngempela ebalulekile ukuze kuhlonzwe umehluko eziningi izifo. iziyaluyalu abahlukahlukene in exchange sodium e umzimba ukweqisa ayo noma ukungabi izinguquko ezihlukahlukene ekusatjalalisweni wonke umzimba. Lesi sakamuva kwenzeka khona amanani evamile noma okushintshiwe sodium.

Ukuntula kungaba:

• Iqiniso. Kuyinto ngenxa ukulahlekelwa amanzi, kanye sodium, okuyinto evame kubonakala umzimba edonsa enganele usawoti futhi ukujuluka engahlula, polyuria, ukusha olubanzi, wamathumbu isimiso, nezinye izinqubo namanje abaningi.
• Isihlobo. Kwangathi ukuthuthukisa ngokumelene abaphathi ngokweqile izixazululo aqueous ngebelo idlula excretion ngamanzi nezinso.

Okweqile iyahlukahluka ngendlela efanayo:

• Iqiniso. Iqondiswa isiguli zibangele noma iyiphi izixazululo usawoti, ukusetshenziswa kakhulu usawoti ezivamile, ahlukahlukene ukubambezeleka excretion sodium ngu izinso, kanye ukukhiqizwa ngokweqile noma ngokweqile ekuphathweni eside glucocorticoids.
• Isihlobo. Ngokuvamile ebonwe khona amanzi emzimbeni futhi imbangela eqondile sindisa uketshezi ukuqhubeka zonke izinhlobo ukuvuvukala.

nezinye izinkinga

ukwephulwa Major potassium exchange okuyinto cishe ngokuphelele (98%) itholakala uketshezi intracellular umelwe hyperkalemia futhi hypokalemia.

Hypokalemia kwenzeka khona esiningi ngokweqile umkhiqizo, noma esimweni ethula osuka ngaphandle glucocorticoids noma aldosterone, okuyinto abangela engahlula potassium uketshezi kule izinso. Iphinde singenzeka esimweni ekuphathweni emthanjeni, izingxube ezihlukahlukene zoketshezi noma potassium enganele engena emzimbeni ngokudla.

Hyperkalemia is phetho njalo yokulimala, ukuzila ukudla encishisiwe igazi ivolumu kanye nokuphathwa ngokweqile potassium izixazululo ahlukahlukene.

yokutakula

Kujwayeleke amanzi nosawoti exchange can izinso usebenzisa amalungiselelo ezithaka imithi ezikhethekile ukuthi akhandwe ukuthi iguqule okuqukethwe isamba electrolyte, i-hydrogen ion namanzi. Ukusekela ukulungiswa yezinto eziyinhloko of homeostasis ngezithukuthuku umsebenzi lovumelanako excretory, endocrine kanye izinhlelo zokuphefumula. Noma yimuphi, ngisho izinguquko ezincane kakhulu okuqukethwe amanzi noma electrolyte kungaholela nemiphumela kuyindaba ebalulekile, ezinye zazo ngisho kusongela ukuphila komuntu.

Yini ezinqunyiwe?

Ukuze kulesetayelekile ukwabelana amanzi-usawoti umuntu, ungasebenzisa lokhu okulandelayo:

• Asparangiat magnesium kanye potassium. Ezimweni eziningi kunenzuzo babelwe kuphela ibhekwa njengoba yokwelapha eziyisisekelo ngokwehluleka inhliziyo kwenzeka, kwempilo kwenhliziyo isigqi kwenzeka noma isilethikusebenza. Izimo zethu zihluke kakhulu esikuthola kalula lapho kuthathwe ngomlomo, bese excreted ngu nezinso.
• Sodium Bicarbonate. Ngokuyinhloko zinikwa khona duodenal isilonda isifo nasesiswini, lactic umzimba, kanye kolwelwesi ne-asidi eningi okwenzeka lapho i ukudakwa, ukuhlaselwa amagciwane, noma isifo sikashukela, futhi ngesikhathi nasezinkingeni ezilandela ngemva kokuhlinzwa. Ngokwanele ngokushesha neutralizes esiswini acid usawoti, futhi inikeza umphumela fast kakhulu antacid futhi sithuthukisa yokutakula isiyonke gastrin kusebenze yesibili uketshezi.
• Sodium chloride. Kusolwa ebukhoneni ukulahlekelwa enkulu uketshezi extracellular noma khona engayitholi yayo ingafaneleki. Futhi, odokotela batusa njalo ngokwanele ukuyisebenzisa hyponatremia, chloropenia, isimiso emathunjini bese intoxications ahlukahlukene. Leli thuluzi has a rehydration futhi detoxication umphumela, futhi ihlinzeka ukushoda yokutakula sodium ebukhoneni izimo ezihlukahlukene sokugembula.
• Sodium citrate. Isetshenziselwa ukuqinisekisa kuqiniswa wegazi nemingcele. Kuyinto yokuhlanganisa i-calcium, kanye inhibitor wegazi coagulation. Ngemva kwalokho kwandisa okuqukethwe Imininingwane sodium emzimbeni futhi kwandisa igazi izinqolobane alikhali, esinikela nomphumela omuhle.
• Hydroxyethyl isitashi. Asetshenziswa inqubo imisebenzi, kanye ukusha, ukuhlukumezeka, nokopha oyingozi futhi yizifo ezihlukahlukene ezithathelwanayo.

Ngakho, wena uyokwazi kulesetayelekile umzimba amanzi-usawoti kanye ukubuya komzimba operation evamile. Khethani inkambo oluthile lokwelashwa kumele udokotela abaqeqeshiwe kuphela, njengoba owakho, ungakwazi kakhulu isimo sibe sibi isimo.