Kuyini ukholo? Ukholo lwe-Orthodox. Ukholo esikhathini esizayo. Ukholo kumuntu

Kulesi sihloko, sizozama ukuqonda nawe ukuthi ukholo luni. Sizocabangela lo mqondo hhayi kuphela ekubukeni kwenkolo kanye nemfundiso yenkolo, kodwa futhi ngenxa yocwaningo lwasosayensi.

Ukholo lungenye yezisekelo zokuziveza kanye nokukhona komuntu emphakathini, ngakho ukuqonda okunembile kwalokhu kuvele kudingekile kuwo wonke umuntu.
Funda phambili, futhi uzothola ukuthi abalandeli bezinkolo ezahlukene bacabanga ngani ngesidingo sokholo, kanye nabantu bezenhlalakahle, izazi zengqondo kanye nabanye abacwaningi.

I-etymology kanye nencazelo yesilasi yegama

Ngaphambi kokukhuluma ngencazelo yalesi simo, ake sihlale ku-etymology yegama elithi "ukholo." Ososayensi bokubaluleka babona isichazamazwi esiqhamuka esiLatini. Kulolu hlobo lwangaphambili, elithi "verus" lisho "okuyiqiniso, kuyiqiniso." Amagama anomsindo ofanayo kanye nalokho okushiwo yi-Old Irish ne-Old High German.

Manje ake sikhulume ngokuthi yikuphi ukukholwa kumuntu ojwayelekile ongangeni ekuqapheleni kwengqondo, ifilosofi noma izinkolo ezahlukene.

Ngakho-ke, kuvame ukukholelwa ukuthi ukukholwa ukuhlonishwa kweqiniso okungenakuqinisekiswa ngokuqonda, okuyiqiniso, okuhlangenwe nakho noma ezinye izindlela. Emathematika, umqondo ofanayo ubizwa ngokuthi i-axiom.

Ngakho-ke, kuvela ukuthi ikholo yiqiniso elingaqinisekisiwe, elilungele ukukholelwa ngokuzithoba, akudingi ukuqinisekiswa, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi lingamazama ukuthola.

Ngakho-ke umqondo othi "ukwethemba" uvela. Lesi simo yisisekelo sabo bonke ubudlelwane bezenhlalakahle. Kufaka ubuqotho, kuxhomeke emithethweni ethile, leyo, uma iphulwa, ihumusha ubuhlobo ibe esinye isigaba - ukukhwabanisa.

Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba izimo zibonwe, lo mqondo usho ikhono elingenamthetho lokudluliselwa kwamalungelo athile, ulwazi, izinto noma abantu ezintweni ezithembekileyo.

UBertrand Russell ubhala ukuthi ngokushesha nje lapho kuvela ubufakazi, ngeke kube khona umbuzo wokholo. Khona-ke sesivele sikhuluma ngolwazi.

Into Nesihloko Sokholo

Ngemuva kokuthi sichaze ngokucacile umqondo oyisisekelo walokho okukholelwa kukho, kufanelekile ukuqala ukujulisa. Manje sizozama ukuhlukanisa into nendaba.

Owokuqala ngokuvamile akazweli neze. Ayikho yezinzwa ezinhlanu umuntu okwazi ukubona ukuthi kukhona into yokholo. Uma kungenjalo kungaba ubufakazi obunamandla bokuphila komzimba.

Ngakho-ke, into emphakathini ikhona kuphela esimweni sengqondo. Nakuba umuntu noma iqembu labantu kubonakala sengathi liyiqiniso ngempela. Ngenxa yezinqubo ezihlukahlukene emzimbeni, ingazizwa ngokomqondo, ngokomzwelo, ngokomfanekiso.

Isihloko sonke sabantu njengabantu bonke kanye nabo bonke ngokukhethekile. Uma ubheka le ndawo, khona-ke ukholo lusho ubuhlobo bomuntu noma umphakatsi entweni.

Isibonelo, abantu basendulo babekholelwa ukuthi ukuduma kuyabhonga ezinqoleni zonkulunkulu, abathukuthele futhi bakhipha umbane. Kwakuyibudlelwane bemiphakathi yakudala kuya esimweni esifanayo semvelo, okwabangela ukwethuka nokukhathazeka. Namuhla, ngenxa yokutholakala kwesayensi, ngisho nomfundi wesikole uyazi ukuthi lezi ziyizinqubo nje emkhathini weplanethi. Abaphili nganoma iyiphi indlela, basebenze nje.

Ngakho-ke, ukholo luye lwashintsha. Asihlabeli "ukuduma okukhulu" ukusindisa izimpilo zethu, ngokungafani nabantu basendulo ababekholelwa ngobuqotho ekusebenzeni okunjalo.

Ukuqonda kwezenkolo

Ukholo olungokomoya luvame ukungena esikhundleni sezingqinamba ezifana nenkolo, imfundiso kanye nezimfundiso zenkolo. Ungakwazi ukuzwa amagama "ubuKristu", "inkolo yobuKristu", kanye "nokholo lobuKristu". Ngokuvamile inkhulumomphendvulwano endala, lokhu kuyinto efanayo.

Ngaphansi kwegama elithi "ikholwa" esimweni esingokwenkolo, siyaqonda umsekeli wesithombe esithile sezwe esisekela imibono yenye yezinkolo ezikhona.

Uma sibuza ukuthi yikuphi ukukholwa, amaKristu, amaSulumane noma abanye abameleli bomhlaba jikelele, sizozwa ukuthi lokhu kuyisici esibaluleke kakhulu somuntu. Ngaphandle kwekhwalithi, izenzakalo eziningi azikwazi ukubili kokubili ngesikhathi sokuphila nangemva kokufa kwekholwa.

Isibonelo, ezinkolweni zika - Abrahama zabangakholwayo nabangabaza, ukuhlushwa okuphakade kulindeleke esihogweni noma emlilweni womlilo.

Abahlakaniphileyo basendulo, abanobufakazi babo obunemifanekiso ehlukahlukene, bahola izibonelo ezimangalisayo ngale ndaba ekuphileni kwansuku zonke.

Uma uthatha isibonelo somlimi. Ungaba ngumKristu, umhedeni noma ngisho noNkulunkulu, kodwa ukholo lwakhe lusekelwe emsebenzini wakhe. Akekho ozotshalwa umsebenzi onzima ekuhlakuleleni insimu, ehlwanyela okusanhlamvu, engakholelwa ekuvuneni okuningi okuzayo.

Izepolitiki

Isisekelo somphakathi wesimanje saseNtshonalanga yikholwa lobuKristu. Yizimiso zakhe ezilawula ubuhlobo phakathi kwabantu cishe kuwo wonke amazwekazi.

Kodwa izazi zezenhlalo zincenga ukuba nenkolo ehlukile ekukholweni. Bathi izinto zangaphambili zenzelwe ukunciphisa isisekelo somuntu kulowo muntu. Ngokuqondene nesithakazelo ngempela kumakholwa kuphela, izidingo zakhe nezinzuzo zakhe. Izifiso zangempela zomuntu azihlanganisi nesifiso sokusiza okungelona iSonto noma kumpristi.

Imicabango yemvelo yabantu isekelwe kuphela ebugovu, eqaliswa ohlelweni lwezenhlalo zokuziphatha. Ngakho-ke, ukholo kumele lubonwe kuphela kule ndawo yokubuka.

Ngakho-ke, izazi zezenhlalakahle azithakazelisi ngesimo sezenzo ngokwayo, kodwa ngenxa yalokho okuholela emphakathini. Ukufunda izinkolo ezahlukene, ososayensi benza isiphetho mayelana nokufisa kwabantu ngokuhlanganyela emaqenjini, amahlelo, ama-ashram kanye nezinye izinhlangano, ukudala izimo ezihle zokujabula komuntu ngamunye.

I-Psychology

Ochwepheshe bezokwelapha kuqala ukuthi yonke inkolelo iyingqayizivele. Ngakho-ke, angeke kube khona umbuzo wezinto ezifanayo, okufana ncamashi kubo bonke abahlanganyeli. Wonke umuntu uyazibona futhi uzizwa ngendlela engcono kakhulu yamakhono abo, izimo zengqondo, ukulimala kwangaphambilini nokungabaza.

Kusukela ekubukeni kwengqondo, ukholo lobuKristu lusekelwe ekungabikho kokuphikisana. Ayikho imibuzo ecacile, futhi imibono yabasonto abavamile ayinandaba nanoma ubani. Umfundisi kufanele anakekele futhi ahole umhlambi wakhe ensindisweni.

Ngakho-ke, ukucwaninga kwengqondo kubhekisela ekukholweni njengento ehlukile. Awukwazi ukuqonda, kulinganiswa noma kubalwa. Lokhu kufana nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi "isici somuntu", okuholela emiphumeleni engalindelekile.

Imfundiso yenkolo

Lesi siyalo sibeka ukholo esisekelweni solwazi lwezwe. "Ngikholelwa ukuthi ngikhona."

Izinkinga zalezi zemibuzo yezinkolo zihlukaniswe ukuqonda okubanzi nokulula.

Esikhathini sokuqala, isifundo sihlanganisa yonke isayensi, njengoba ihlola hhayi kuphela okuqukethwe komqondo, kodwa futhi nokuqaphela kwayo emhlabeni wethu. Ukuthi, ukunakekelwa okukhethekile kubhalwa ukholo njengendlela yokuphila kanye nobuhlobo bomuntu siqu noNkulunkulu.

Ngomqondo omncane, ukholo lubuhlobo nolwazi loPhezukonke ngabantu iNkosi eyayiqala. Okusho ukuthi, ukholo lwe-Orthodox lukhuluma ngokuqonda kukaNkulunkulu kuphela ngosizo lwezinto yena ngokwakhe azinike zona. Lokhu kuhlanganisa kuqala kuzo zonke izambulo.

UNkulunkulu ubonakala engenakuqaphela. Ngakho-ke, singakwazi kuphela ukuthi yini ekhuluma nathi, esekelwe emandleni abantu ukuqonda.

Ama-atheists

Ngaphakathi kohlaka lwalesi sihloko, kufanelekile ukukhuluma into enjengokuthi uNkulunkulu akakho. Uma siphendukela ekuhunyushweni kweli gama, lisho ukuthi "ukungamhloniphi uNkulunkulu."

Eqinisweni, ukungakholelwa kuNkulunkulu kuyakholelwa kumuntu, isayensi nenqubekela phambili. Kodwa umqondo we "ukholo" awamukeleki lapha. Isayensi ye-atheism ithi isisekelo sesimo sengqondo sabalandeli bakhe ukutholwa kwamaqiniso asekelwe futhi aqinisekisiwe, hhayi ukukholelwa emlandweni.

Ngakho-ke, umbono onjalo wezwe uzama ukuchaza izwe elibonakalayo, ngaphandle kokuthinta umbuzo kaNkulunkulu nokholo nhlobo.

Izinto ezibonakalayo

Ezikhathini zaseSoviet, ukuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo kwaziwa njengokholo lwaseRussia. Kwakuyiqiniso le mbono yezwe ngokubheka isayensi nokukholelwa kuNkulunkulu okuzama ukushintsha izimiso zenhlalo zangaphambilini.

Kodwa-ke, namuhla abagqugquzeli befilosofi bakhuluma njengokholo. Namuhla ukuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo kuyinkolelo engekho emthethweni ukuthi indaba yayiyinhloko, futhi umoya ungowesibili.

Ngakho-ke, ukukholwa kumuntu namandla akhe okubusa umhlaba, futhi ngentuthuko efanele kanye nomhlaba wonke kuyakha isisekelo salokhu kubheka umhlaba.

Ukholo emiphakathini yasendulo

Ake sixoxe ngalokho okwenzekile ngaphambi kokuba izinkolelo zokuqala zomhlaba zivele.

Emphakathini omdala, abantu baqale banikeza zonke izinto, izidalwa eziphilayo, izinto ezibonakalayo nemvelo yemvelo nomphefumulo. Lokhu kubuka umhlaba kubizwa ngokuthi i-animism namuhla.

Khona-ke kufika i-fetishism (inkolelo emandleni angaphezu kwamandla ezintweni ezithile), imilingo kanye no-shamanism (inkolelo emandleni omuntu wokulawula imvelo).

Kodwa phakathi kwale mibono, ukungakholelwa kuNkulunkulu nokubuyela emuva kokomoya kuyindlela ende abantu abayenzile ezinkolweni ezihlukahlukene.

UbuKristu

Ukukhuluma ngesimo sengqondo mayelana nokholo ezinkolweni ngayinye kufanele kuqale ngobuKristu njengenkolelo evame kakhulu emhlabeni. Lokhu kubuka kwezwe kunabalandeli abangaphezu kwezigidi ezimbili nesigamu.

Zonke izifiso ezibalulekile zomKristu weqiniso zihloselwe insindiso. Izazi zemfundiso yenkolo zithi isisekelo sokholo asigcini nje ekufisweni kweNkosi, kodwa nakwezenzakalo ezenzeka ekuphileni kwangempela. Uma sibheka umlando wesintu, sizobona ukuthi isithombe asishintshi phakathi nazo zonke izinkulungwane zeminyaka. Njengoba i-Fromm ibona kahle, umlando ubhalwe egazini.

Kungenxa yalokhu ukuthi ukholo lwe-Orthodox luhlala. Lapha isisekelo yisono sangempela. Abapristi bathi izwe esiphila kulo liwumphumela wezifiso ezingafani zomzimba, ingqondo nomphefumulo. Ngakho-ke, phakathi nesikhathi kuleli zwe kuyadingeka ukuhlenga, lungisa lo msebenzi, ukuze emva kokufa kufanele uzizwe ujabule epharadesi.

Ukholo lwaseRussia luye lwazama njalo ubungcwele. Kule ndawo lapho izimangaliso zenzeka khona emangqamuzaneni futhi abantu bakaNkulunkulu abahlukahlukene bahamba ngekhono lokuphulukisa, ukushumayela nezinye izipho.

Islam

AmaSulumane asondela ezindabeni zokholo ngokuqinile. Lapha "Iman" (ukholo) lisho ukwamukelwa okuphelele nokungenamthetho konke okwakushiwo nguMprofethi Muhammad kubantu. Noma yikuphi ukungabaza, ngisho nenye yezinsika eziyisithupha zamaSulumane, uphendukela amaSulumane abe yi-kafir. Kulokhu, kuzodingeka aphenduke ngobuqotho futhi afunde i-degree, uma nje eqonda yonke into ekhulunywe ngayo.

Isisekelo samaSulumane sisezinhlinzekweni eziyisithupha eziyisisekelo: inkolelo ku Allah, izingelosi, izincwadi, izithunywa, uSuku Lokwahlulela kanye nokuhlelwa kabusha kokugcina. UmSulumane wama-Orthodox kufanele azi zonke "izinsika" ezinikeziwe, thandaza izikhathi ezinhlanu ngosuku futhi ungapheli ngisho nokuziphatha okungekho okuncane.

Ngakho-ke, eqinisweni, ukholo esikhathini esizayo luxoshwa eceleni. I-fatalism yama-Muslim ngakolunye uhlangothi ukuthi akukho lutho oluxhomeke kumuntu, konke sekuvele kubhalwe eNcwadini Enkulu, futhi akekho ongashintsha isiphetho sabo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kunenkolelo eqondile yokuthi u-Allah ukhethe kuphela okungcono kakhulu kubantwana bakhe, izenzakalo ezimbi kakhulu ziyizifundo nje.

UbuJuda

Uma uqhathanisa ubuJuda nezinye izinkolo, uzothola ukungahambisani. Lapha, ukholo alubekwe ngaphezu kwelwazi. Lapha bazama ukuphendula noma yikuphi, ngisho nombuzo odidekayo kakhulu, ngoba bakholelwa ukuthi ngokucela kuphela, umuntu angazi iqiniso.

Ezinye imithombo ibhekisela ekuchazeni ukucaphuna kweHavakkuk. Wathi ukukholwa kweqiniso kuphela ngokholo lwakhe kuyophila. Kodwa ngesihumusho sesiHebheru igama elithi "emuna" lisho "ukwethemba".

Ngakho-ke, ngokuqhubekayo kukhona ukucabanga nokuqhathaniswa kwala magama amabili. Ukholo ngumzwa ongaqinisekisiwe weqiniso lento noma umcimbi. Ukuthembela kusekelwe kokwazi kwemithetho ethile, elandelwa yizinhlangothi zombili.

Ngakho-ke, amaJuda akholelwa ukuthi uSomandla uyabathumela kuphela okuhle, okuhle nokuhle. Futhi isisekelo sokuphila komuntu sithembele ngokugcwele eNkosini, okuyinto, futhi, iyigumbi lekhoneni kuyo yonke imiyalo.

Ngakho ukukhula kokholo esikhathini esizayo, njengenqubo eqhubekayo yentuthuko nokuthuthukiswa komphefumulo womuntu.

UbuBuddha

Abaningi bacabanga ukuthi amaBuddha abe enye yezinkolo ezithandwa kakhulu emhlabeni. Kodwa empeleni kuyinkolelo yefilosofi. Uma siphendukela emlandweni wokuvela kwalesi senzakalo, kanye nefilosofi yayo, sizobona ukungezwani okukhulu, isibonelo, ezikholweni zika-Abrahama.

AmaBuddha awaqapheli isono sangempela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, babheka i-karma njengomthetho oyisisekelo, ongeyona ikhodi yokuziphatha. Ngakho-ke, isono asiyona imvelo ngokwemvelo. Lokhu kuyiphutha elilula, indoda iphutha endleleni yokukhanyisa.

UBuddha uthe umgomo oyinhloko ukufezekisa ukukhanya. Ngenxa yalokhu, kukhona amaQiniso amane Ahloniphekile kanye Nendlela Eyisishiyagalombili. Uma yonke imicabango, izinkulumo nezenzo zihambisana nalezi zimo ezimbili ngemuva kokubili, kuzokwazi ukuphazamisa isondo le-samsara (ukuzalwa kabusha) bese ufinyelela ku-nirvana.

Ngakho-ke, siye sazi ukuthi ikholo luni. Saxoxa ngokubaluleka kwalesi senzakalo ososayensi, kanye nabakholwa bezinkolo ezahlukene.