Kazimir Valishevsky nangemisebenzi yakhe umhlabeleli

Izincwadi zakhe ku izimpawu zendawo ahlukahlukene zomlando emlandweni wezwe kukhona ososayensi abaningi ideskithophu abakholelwa ukuthi lo umbhali hola ilungelo ukuba belingana enjalo abacwaningi adumile njengo Vasily Tatishchev, Nikolai Karamzin futhi Vasily Klyuchevskii. Sam Lev Tolstoy impahla kanye bewazisa kakhulu, okuyinto uchaza Pole. Kamuva ukuba awabhale: "Casimir Valishevsky kuthintwa avulekile kungaba ayidlulisela ngokucacile into ebaluleke."

Ngandlela-thile, kodwa emibhalweni yakhe ngezikhathi ezithile ingena luhlangotsi, ngakho umbono sowezizwe ezinye Izenzakalo zesikhathi esidlule ngezinye izikhathi abakwazi ukuthola ukuvumelana impendulo umphefumulo wabantu Russian. Alo, ngubani-ke, Casimir Valishevsky? Futhi kungani incwadi yakhe is riveted kakhulu ngakho isithakazelo abafundi bewenza umlando kazwelonke? Cabanga ngalo mbuzo kabanzi.

Iminyaka Engu esakhula

Kazimir Feliksovich Valishevsky kuyinto Pole ngokuzalwa. Wazalwa Novemba 19, 1849 edolobhaneni Gole (Kuyavian-Pomeranian Poland).

Ukuze ukwakheka kokuqala Casimir ezilotshwe Warsaw sokuzivocavoca. Kodwa ngemva kwesikhathi esithile lo mfana waphoqeleka ukuba uqhubeke imfundo yabo ongumJesuit esikoleni, okwakubekelwa elise eFrance. Sikhula, Kazimir Valishevsky balithanda umthetho futhi wagcina esengumKristu iziqu eSikoleni Yomthetho esijana eParis, lapho yena yanikezelwa degree of Doctor Yomthetho. Ngemva kokutadisha insizwa eyingoduso ekufundiseni ezikhungweni zemfundo Krakow.

emkhakheni journalism

Kusukela maphakathi nawo-80s kwekhulu le-19 Kazimir Valishevsky esikhathini esiningi eFrance. Wayengumuntu iminyaka eminingana waziphatha ngokubhala umsebenzi, okuyinto ihilela izimpikiswano nezokusigcoba zepolotiki, kwezomthetho nakwezomnotho. Ingxenye yezincwadi zakhe, ezifana "Poland naseYurophu engxenyeni 2nd kwekhulu le-18." Ngisho okuhunyushiwe Russian.

Izincwadi mayelana nobuntu abavelele kusukela Russia esidlule

Ngokushesha, udokotela oyisazi basePoland baba nesithakazelo emsebenzini Russian umlando inkathi 17-19 eminyaka.

Wabhala uchungechunge lwezinsiza-imisebenzi mayelana mithi ngubani "ngokwethembeka" bakhonza Motherland yethu. Kwelinye izindaba ngokuningiliziwe isikhulumi ubhala mayelana nobudlelwane kunzima langaphandle phakathi Russia nase-Poland, okuyinto esezikhona Inkathi Isikhathi Nezinkinga. Lapha, eqinisweni, ngaphandle abadumile Kazimir Valishevsky, ogama amabhuku bayindlala kakhulu hhayi kuphela ezweni lethu kodwa futhi phesheya. Imisebenzi yakhe akuzona singase sihluke khona amaqiniso langempela esidlule, isikhulumi "isuswe" zomlando isimo e Vienna, London, Berlin, futhi-ke, eSt Petersburg.

Ake sihlaziye okuqukethwe imisebenzi athandwa kakhulu kumbhali Polish onesifo kweminyaka engamashumi amathathu ukuphila okusetshenziswe ekutadisheni isayensi zomlando Russian.

"Omunye Roman Empress. Ekaterina Velikaya "

Lo msebenzi we-mlando Polish waphuma e 1892. Kakade leli gama lisikisela kuyacaca ukuthi object cwaningo wakhetha Casimir Valishevsky. "URoman Empress" - is, eqinisweni, umvuthwandaba ochungechungeni, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kusukela iphuzu Ngenxa ncwadi umlando lalotshwa kuqala. Ingabe umlobi wazama ukuchaza ke ngokuningiliziwe konke ukuzidela yokubonisana uthando of uCatherine II?

Nakancane, umsebenzi akuyona ngalokho. umqondo wayo lomkhulu - ukugcizelela kanjani ukuzinikela okukhulu futhi isifundazwe German Russia wamthanda, futhi njengalokho anyukela kwesihlalo sobukhosi, akwenzele zizinhle ngokuchuma nenhlalakahle. Kodwa kule noveli liqukethe iphuzu lombhali umbono ukuthi ungubani iNdlovukazi, okuyinto lidluliselwe umfundi futhi Kazimir Valishevsky. Ekaterina Velikaya emehlweni akhe - kuba ukuvilapha, ngezinye izikhathi ehlakazekele abafundisekile kahle umuntu. Kodwa kulesi sikhundla subjective ye Pole.

"Petr Veliky"

Lo msebenzi uvele 1897. Yini okuqukethwe kokuzikhandla Valishevsky Casimir? "Petr Veliky" - inoveli lapho umlobi akufihli ababaze ukuvelela, uma kungenjalo, khona-ke ukuhlangabezana izindaba umbusi wokuqala Russian. Unika kuye uchungechunge tiphawulo okuhlaselayo: abanesibindi, luhlaza, isineke, nesinamawala ... Casimir F. ugcizelela ukuthi umbusi ubuhlobo obuqinile kanye obuseduze nabantu bakhe. Tsar uPetru ubakhathalela kakhulu futhi ivikela ke. Umbhali Uyazazisa izinguquko kaKesari ezindabeni ezempi, futhi obala usho ukuthi wakwazi ukwakha ibutho elinamandla kakhulu futhi eziphambili kusukela Russia wezinzalamizi.

Nokho, isazi-mlando Polish, futhi ukubonisa subjectivism, ugxeke Icala elithweswe lasolwandle yenkosi. Ngokusho kwakhe, imikhumbi - akudingekile, futhi kuyabiza kakhulu futhi ngenxa yalokho izindleko ezingadingekile isiKhwama ...

"Ivan Grozny"

Lo msebenzi kusukela ngepeni nombhali ngo-1904. Lokho-ke kuchaza Casimir Valishevsky? "Ivan Grozny" - incwadi ukuthi okuqukethwe kwayo kuhlukile imibono okuqinisekile oprichnina, kwakhiwa kusukela mlando zendawo. Iqiniso lokuthi siye sasebenzisa ngokwesiko ukuhlola inkosi okwenzeka kulo ngesilinganiso esithile yangaphakathi in the state, bese kuphela sinake ikhwalithi inqubomgomo angaphandle umbusi. Casimir F. washintsha izinto eziza kuqala kuye futhi wanikeza incazelo u-Ivan IV ngokuya ikhono ukwakha enobudlelwane ne zithi "izihambi". Lokhu, ikakhulukazi, kuziwa Lithuania nasePoland lwakubo. Yiqiniso, i-Waliszewski mibandela ethinta inqubo yangaphakathi, kodwa yesibili. I iphutha nezikhundla mlando Russian esiboniswe kwebalingisi of ubuntu Ivana Groznogo, elalisendlini isayensi yasekhaya lizimelele isimo zikamashiqela, umbulali kanye villain.

Casimir F. ku kulinganisela kahle futhi uphatha isidlaliso Grozny ngokuthi "ohlonishwayo" futhi "abahlonishwa". Ngaphezu kwalokho, umsunguli incoma izinguquko ukuthi waqala inkosi.

"Isikhathi Nezinkinga"

Lo msebenzi ezazitholakala sokufunda ngo-1911. Ngangifuna ukuthi le noveli Kazimir Valishevsky. "Isikhathi Nezinkinga" - incwadi uhlobo phambili umsebenzi emikhulu we intatheli yasePoland, enesihloko esithi "The Origin of Modern Russia". Amakhasi wokuqala "Isikhathi Nezinkinga 'abazinikele nokuhlolwa omunye wenzalo Ivana Groznogo - Fedora Ioanovicha, owakhulela isimo ukwesaba nokwesaba. Ngokushelela kumbhali wabe cula izenzakalo yasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17, lapho ibalazwe yezombusazwe eMpumalanga Yurophu Kwaba umzabalazo wangempela ngoba ayezozibusa. Nakuba Poland isibe isimo oqinile kwezikhathi eziyiminyaka nempi enamandla. Kodwa eRussia alizanga izikhathi ezingcono. "Kubi," inkosi ufile, amandla kuleli zwe wadlulela indodana u-Ivan IV, okuyinto eqinisweni kwenzakala umbusi ababuthakathaka. Oprichnina futhi Livonian neMpi babe Echoes abalulekile kokuntengantenga kwezomnotho kwezokuhlalisana. Kube ezikhulayo ukunganeliseki kwabo.

Casimir F. likuchaza ngokuningiliziwe isimo sezombusazwe ekuthuthukiseni eRussia nePoland. Ukhuluma iqiniso lokuthi Smoot umthelela ehluke ngokuphelele ekuphileni esizayo baseRussia nabasePoland. Valishevsky usebenzisa "Ubumnene lawo lokuthanda ukufunda nokubhala", egqamile futhi ezimibalabala ephawula isikhathi eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi esinzima emlandweni kazwelonke, okwenzeka ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17.

Ukuhlolwa zomsebenzi yayo

I cindezela eRussia, yebo, abaphoqwa ukuba ayilinde isikhathi eside impendulo ngemisebenzi mlando basePoland isikhulumi, ngubani inoveli yakhe yokugcina, eyanyatheliswa ngo-Paris ngo-1925, anikezelwe uMbusi u-Alexander I.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukubuyekezwa komsebenzi wakhe kungenanjongo emihle nemibi. Futhi Casimir F. aqikelele ukuthi walandela izilinganiso, okwakunginika abafundi izincwadi zakhe. Uyabhala: "Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi isimo sengqondo sabaningi umsebenzi wami condescendingly, mina namanje babengakwazi ukubona ukuthi i-akhawunti yami lezinkathi zomlando ezithile Russia sokucasuka mpikiswano abanye emphakathini. Futhi iqiniso lokuthi abanye abantu engibeka icala klevetnichestve esidlule, Akazange acasuke kimi. "

intatheli yasePoland nesazi-mlando, washona ngo-Paris ngo-1935.

Ukushicilelwa amabhuku Waliszewski e laseRussia laqala ngo-1905 kwaze kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Kwaba ngasekupheleni 80-yalolucwaningo kwekhulu elidlule resurfaced isithakazelo yomfundi ngemisebenzi yakhe.